The Rat's Adjustment to 23-, 47-, and 71-Hour Food-Deprivation Schedules

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Dufort

In this experiment the adjustment of rats to three schedules of food deprivation was studied. Groups of Ss were placed on either 23-hr., 47-hr., or 71-hr. food-deprivation schedules for a period of 18 days. A fourth, non-deprived control group was also employed. The measures of adjustment used were body weight, and weight gain and food intake during the time food was available. The results showed that, as expected from previous research, Ss on the 23-hr. schedule were in the process of adjusting to the schedule at the end of 18 days. Ss on the 47-hr. and 71-hr. schedules, however, experienced severe weight loss and were not able to adjust to their schedules.

2005 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 820-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Foster-Schubert ◽  
Anne McTiernan ◽  
R. Scott Frayo ◽  
Robert S. Schwartz ◽  
Kumar B. Rajan ◽  
...  

Weight loss resulting from decreased caloric intake raises levels of the orexigenic hormone, ghrelin. Because ingested nutrients suppress ghrelin, increased ghrelin levels in hypophagic weight loss may result from decreased inhibitory input by ingested food, rather than from lost weight. We assessed whether ghrelin levels increase in response to exercise-induced weight loss without decreased caloric intake. We randomized 173 sedentary, overweight, postmenopausal women to an aerobic exercise intervention or stretching control group. At baseline, 3 months, and 12 months, we measured body weight and composition, food intake, cardiopulmonary fitness (maximal oxygen consumption), leptin, insulin, and ghrelin. Complete data were available for 168 women (97%) at 12 months. Exercisers lost 1.4 ± 0.4 kg (P < 0.05 compared with baseline; P = 0.01 compared with stretchers) and manifested a significant, progressive increase in ghrelin levels, whereas neither measure changed among stretchers. Ghrelin increased 18% in exercisers who lost more than 3 kg (P < 0.001). There was no change in caloric intake in either group and no effect on ghrelin of exercise per se independent of its impact on body weight. In summary, ghrelin levels increase with weight loss achieved without reduced food intake, consistent with a role for ghrelin in the adaptive response constraining weight loss and, thus, in long-term body weight regulation.


Author(s):  
Н. Ю Коропецька ◽  
Д. Д Остапів ◽  
І. О. Нєктєгаєв ◽  
Р. Б Лесик ◽  
О. Р Піняжко

ВПЛИВ РЕТАБОЛІЛУ, РЕЧОВИНИ LES-2222*, ТЕСТОСТЕРОНУ ПРОПІОНАТУ НА МАСУ ТІЛА ТА ВНУТРІШНІХ ОРГАНІВ ЩУРІВ ПРИ ХАРЧОВІЙ ДЕПРИВАЦІЇ - Метою дослідження було вивчення рівня анаболічної дії вказаних речовин на масу тіла і внутрішніх органів щурів за умов харчової депривації. Було сформовано 5 груп тварин по 6 особин у кожній: контрольна І отримувала повноцінний раціон, контрольна ІІ піддавалась харчовій депривації; тваринам дослідних груп вводили щоденно досліджувані речовини. Дослід тривав 9 діб з вільним доступом тварин до води. Статистичну вірогідність визначали за Н. А. Плохін- ським [1]. Результати досліджень показали позитивний вплив застосованих речовин на зміни маси тіла і внутрішніх органів щурів, вірогідність яких підтверджується силою кореляційного відношення між величиною показників щурів контрольних і дослідних груп до та після проведення експерименту, яка зростала від слабкого (т|2=0,115) до сильного (т|2=0,718) для маси тіла, т|2=0,554 для печінки, п2=0,377 для нирки, п2=0,308 для сім’яників; для маси селезінки і серця сила кореляційного відношення не перевищувалат|2=0,209. При цьому, найменше зниження маси тіла тварин виявлено при введенні речовини LES-2222-14,8 %, проти 19,3 та 20,3 % за дії ретаболілу і тестостерону пропіонату, маси печінки -10,1; 8,7 та 4,3 %, нирки - 4,6; 13,7 і 18,2 %, сім’яника - 7,9; 9,9 та 11,8 % відповідно. Таким чином, введення досліджуваних речовин в організм щурів, які піддавались харчовій депривації, призводить до вірогідного зменшення величини показника зниження маси тіла та внутрішніх органів тварин. Максимально високу анаболічну активність забезпечує речовина LES-2222. Ймовірно, досліджувані засоби гальмують процеси катаболізму, що проявляється меншими втратами як маси тіла тварин в цілому, так і внутрішніх органів зокрема.<br />ВЛИЯНИЕ РЕТАБОЛИЛА, ВЕЩЕСТВА LES-2222 *, ТЕСТОСТЕРОНА ПРОПИОНАТА НА МАССУ ТЕЛА И ВНУТРЕННИХ ОРГАНОВ КРЫС ПРИ ПИЩЕВОЙ ДЕПРИВАЦИИ - Целью исследования было изучение уровня анаболического действия указанных веществ на массу тела и внутренних органов крыс при пищевой депривации. Было сформировано 5 групп животных по 6 особей в каждой: контрольная I получала полноценный рацион, контрольная II подвергалась пищевой депривации; животным исследовательских групп вводили ежедневно исследуемые вещества. Опыт длился 9 дней со свободным доступом животных к воде. Статистическую вероятность определяли по Н. А. Плохинс- кому [1]. Результаты исследований показали положительное влияние применяемых веществ на изменения массы тела и внутренних органов крыс, вероятность которых подтверждается силой корреляционного отношения между величиной показателей крыс контрольных и опытных групп до и после проведения эксперимента, которая росла от слабого (п2=0,115) до сильного (п2=0,718) для массы тела,п2=0,554 для печени, п2=0,377 для почки, п2=0,308 для семенников; для массы селезенки и сердца сила корреляционного отношения не превышалап2=0,209. При этом наименьшее снижение массы тела животных обнаружено при введении вещества LES-2222-14,8 %, против 19,3 и 20,3 % за действия рета- болила и тестостерона пропионата, массы печени-10,1; 8,7 и 4,3 %, почки 4,6; 13,7 и 18,2 %, семенника - 7,9; 9,9 и 11,8 % соответственно. Таким образом, введение исследуемых веществ в организм крыс, подвергавшихся пищевой депривации, приводит к достоверному уменьшению величины показателя снижения массы тела и внутренних органов животных. Максимально высокую анаболическую активность обеспечивает вещество LES-2222. Вероятно, исследуемые вещества тормозят процессы катаболизма, что проявляется меньшими потерями как массы тела животных в целом, так и внутренних органов в частности.<br />EFFECT OF RETABOLIL, LES-2222* SUBSTANCE, TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON BODY WEIGHT AND INTERNAL ORGANS<br />OF RATS UNDER FOOD DEPRIVATION - The aim of study was to investigate the anabolic action of these substances on body weight and internal organs of rats under conditions of food deprivation. It was formed 5 groups of animals, 6 heads in each: I control one received a full-diet, II control group-subjected to food deprivation; animals were injected daily the research substances. The experiment lasted for 9 days with free access of animals to water. Statistical significance was determined by N. A. Plohinskyi [1]. The results showed a positive effect of applied substances on weight change and internal organs of rats, the probability of which is confirmed by the strength of the correlation ratio between the size indices rat control and experimental groups before and after the experiment, which grew from weak (n2 = 0.115) to severe (n2 = 0.718) for body weight, n2 = 0.554 for the liver, n2 = 0.377 for the kidneys, n2 =<br />0.308 for the testes; for the mass of the spleen and heart strength of the correlation ratio did not exceed n2 = 0.209. The least weight loss was observed when administered to animals the LES-2222 substance - 14.8 %, against 19.3 and 20.3 % for the actions of retabolil and testosterone propionate, liver weight, 10.1; 8.7 and 4.3 %, kidney-4.6; 13.7 and 18.2 %, testis-7.9; 9.9 and 11.8%, respectively. Thus, the introduction of these substances in the body of rats under food deprivation, leads to a possible decrease in the index of weight loss and internal organs of animals. Maximum high anabolic activity provides LES- 2222 substance. Probably the research substances inhibit catabolic processes, shown smaller loosses in body weight of animals in general and in internal organs in particular.<br />Ключові слова: анаболічна дія, харчова депривація, ретаболіл, тестостерону пропіонат, речовина LES-2222.<br />Ключевые слова: анаболическое действие, пищевая депривация, ретаболил, тестостерона пропионат, вещество LES-2222.<br />Key words: anabolic action, food deprivation, retabolil, testosterone propionate, LES-2222 substance.


Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald M Stauss ◽  
Daniel P Dias ◽  
Donald A Morgan ◽  
Kamal Rahmouni

Chronic electrical vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a new tool to treat human diseases including obesity. Indeed, chronic VNS has been shown to cause weight loss in humans and in experimental animal models. However, the mechanisms for VNS-induced weight loss are largely unknown. We hypothesized that an increase in metabolic rate together with reduced caloric intake and reduced feeding efficiency (body weight gain per calories consumed) contribute to chronic VNS-induced weight loss or reduced weight gain. To test this hypothesis, we developed a miniaturized microprocessor-operated nerve stimulator for chronic use in conscious mice. Effectiveness of the stimulator was verified by bradycardia at stimulation frequencies above 5 Hz (3V, 1mA, 1ms pulses). Male C57Bl/6 mice (16 weeks old, standard mouse chow diet) were instrumented with nerve stimulators (3V, 1mA, 1ms pulses at 5 Hz) on the right cervical vagal nerve and body weight, food intake and metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry) were determined at baseline and weekly thereafter. After the initial post-surgical weight loss, sham animals (n=9, stimulators off) regained pre-surgical body weight within 16 days (100.0±2.7%). In contrast, mice with chronic VNS (n=12) never reestablished pre-surgical body weight (94.5±0.9% on day 16, P<0.05 vs. sham). Caloric intake was significantly reduced in mice with chronic VNS compared to sham animals (74.7±2.4 vs. 84.6±4.2 kcal/week, P<0.05). Likewise, mice with chronic VNS showed significantly reduced feeding efficiency compared to sham mice (2.6±2.0 vs. 10.6±2.4 mg body weight gain per kcal consumed). Oxygen consumption tended to be elevated (2734±152 vs. 2490±124 mL/kg/h, P=0.23) during the first week, but not thereafter. In conclusion reduced food intake and lower feeding efficiency contribute to reduced weight gain in mice with chronic VNS. We speculate that an initial increase in metabolic rate (assessed by oxygen consumption) may be antagonized by compensatory mechanisms in response to chronic VNS.


2013 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keld Fosgerau ◽  
Kirsten Raun ◽  
Cecilia Nilsson ◽  
Kirsten Dahl ◽  
Birgitte S Wulff

Obesity is a major burden to people and to health care systems around the world. The aim of the study was to characterize the effect of a novel selective α-MSH analog on obesity and insulin sensitivity. The subchronic effects of the selective MC4-R peptide agonist MC4-NN1-0182 were investigated in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats and DIO minipigs by assessing the effects on food intake, energy consumption, and body weight. The acute effect of MC4-NN1-0182 on insulin sensitivity was assessed by a euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp study in normal rats. Three weeks of treatment of DIO rats with MC4-NN1-0182 caused a decrease in food intake and a significant decrease in body weight 7±1%,P<0.05 compared with 3±1% increase with the vehicle control. In DIO minipigs, 8 weeks of treatment with MC4-NN1-0182 resulted in a body weight loss of 13.3±2.5 kg (13±3%), whereas the vehicle control group had gained 3.7±1.4 kg (4±1%). Finally, clamp studies in normal rats showed that acute treatment with MC4-NN1-0182 caused a significant increase in glucose disposal (Rd) compared with vehicle control (Rd, mg/kg per min, 17.0±0.7 vs 13.9±0.6,P<0.01). We demonstrate that treatment of DIO rats or minipigs with a selective MC4-R peptide agonist causes weight loss. Moreover, we have demonstrated weight-independent effects on insulin sensitivity. Our observations identify MC4 agonism as a viable target for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Hermine Doungue Tsafack ◽  
Anne Pascale Nouemsi Kengne ◽  
Hilaire Marcaire Womeni

This study was aimed at evaluating the nutritional value of the mesocarp of Raphia hookeri (Rh) fruit and the effect of powder and aqueous extract of the fruit on hematological parameters in rats which have undergone neurotoxicity by aluminum chloride. The nutritional content was evaluated with the standard method. Seven groups of six Wistar rats were used, neurotoxicity was induced by 4.2 mg/kg of body weight of aluminum chloride 3 times a week intraperitonealy with treatment. Rat treatment was as follow: aqueous extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, 5 and 10% of formulation, negative, positive and normal groups. The experiment lasted 28 days. The data obtained from the nutritive value showed that Rh mesocarp is a good source of lipids (48.97%), fibers (25.82%), calcium (3183.3mg/100g of dry matter), potassium (1218.3 mg/100g of DM), zinc (0.88 mg/100g of DM) and selenium (8.6 mg/100g of DM). Nevertheless, it contains a little amount of phytic acid and hydrocyanic acid which is acceptable for human consumption. It can then be used in many formulations as a source of these nutrients. Aluminum administration indicates the reduction in food intake, a low weight gain and Hematological alteration in the Positive control group. However, consumption of Rh mesocarp indicated an increase in food intake, weight gain and a restoration of hematological parameters to the normal level with the best values in groups that were administered Rh powders (Rh5% and Rh10%). Raphia hookeri mesocarp is a rich source of nutrients involved in the prevention of hematological disorder.


1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (5) ◽  
pp. E510
Author(s):  
K A Houpt ◽  
T R Houpt ◽  
W G Pond

The energy balance of suckling Yorkshire pigs 1 day to 2 wk old was challenged by: food deprivation, glucoprivation, and caloric and noncaloric gastric loads delivered by intubation. tafter 2--4 h fasts, food intake greatly increased over nonfasted control intake during a 3-h refeeding period. This response occurred both when body weight gain was used as a measure of intake for pigs nursing on the sow and when intake was measured directly in bottle-fed pigs. Glucoprivation produced by 0.5--2 U/kg insulin did not stimulate food intake although plasma glucose fell to a mean of 49 mg/100 ml (43% of control) after 1 U/kg insulin. Gastric loads of water or 3% NACl depressed intake after 3-h fast, but 0.9% NaCl did not. All the caloric gastric loads depressed intake; in order of increasing effectiveness, they were: heavy cream, protein hydrolysate, corn oil, milk, 5% glucose, and 5% lactose. The carbohydrate loads were most effective, a result which indicates that the response was not to calories alone but to some specific nutrient, possibly glucose.


2007 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepehr Sani ◽  
Kirk Jobe ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Jeffrey H. Kordower ◽  
Roy A. E. Bakay

Object Given the success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in a variety of applications (for example, Parkinson disease and essential tremor), other indications for which there is currently little effective therapy are being evaluated for clinical use of DBS. Obesity may be one such indication. Studies of the control of feeding and appetite by neurosurgical lesioning have been completed previously. This study was conducted to test the authors' hypothesis that continuous bilateral stimulatory inhibition of the rat lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LH) would lead to significant and sustained decrease in food intake and subsequent weight loss. Methods Sixteen Sprague–Dawley rats were maintained on a high-fat diet. Daily food intake and weight gain were measured for 7 days, at which time the animals underwent stereotactic placement of 0.25-mm-diameter bipolar stimulating electrodes bilaterally in the LH. On postoperative Day 7, eight animals began to receive continuous stimulation of the LH. The remaining eight animals were left unstimulated as the control group. Individual animal weight, food intake, and water intake were monitored daily and continuously throughout the experiment until postoperative Day 24. Results There was a decreased rate of weight gain after surgery in all animals, but the unstimulated group recovered and resumed a linear weight gain curve. The stimulated group, however, failed to show weight gain and remained below the mean baseline for body mass. There was a significant weight loss between the stimulated and unstimulated groups. On postoperative Day 24, compared with the day of surgery (Day 0), the unstimulated group had a mean weight gain of 13.8%, whereas the stimulated group had a 2.3% weight loss on average (p = 0.001), yielding a 16.1% weight difference between the two groups. Conclusions Bilateral electrical stimulatory inhibition of the LH is effective in causing significant and sustained weight loss in rats.


2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (6) ◽  
pp. E1173-E1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L. Dakin ◽  
Caroline J. Small ◽  
Adrian J. Park ◽  
Asha Seth ◽  
Mohammad A. Ghatei ◽  
...  

Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a product of proglucagon processing in the intestine and the central nervous system. We reported that intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intranuclear administration of OXM caused an inhibition of food intake in rats (Dakin CL, Gunn I, Small CJ, Edwards CM, Hay DL, Smith DM, Ghatei MA, and Bloom SR. Endocrinology 142: 4244–4250, 2001). In this study, we investigated the effect of twice-daily ICV administration of OXM, 1 nmol, for 7 days. A pair-fed control was included. These animals were restricted to the food intake of the OXM group but injected twice daily with saline. OXM-treated animals gained significantly less weight than either control group ( day 8: OXM, 12.2 ± 1.9 g vs. pair fed, 21.0 ± 2.1 g; P < 0.005). OXM treatment caused a reduction in epididymal white adipose tissue (OXM, 1.13 ± 0.03 g vs. pair fed, 1.29 ± 0.04 g; P < 0.05) and interscapular brown adipose tissue (OXM, 0.15 ± 0.01 g vs. pair fed, 0.18 ± 0.01 g; P < 0.05) and increased core temperature compared with saline control, suggestive of enhanced energy expenditure. The food restriction-induced suppression in plasma TSH, seen in the pair-fed group, was prevented by OXM, potentially via increased release of hypothalamic TRH. In summary, ICV OXM causes reduced body weight gain and body adiposity following chronic administration.


Hypertension ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P Dias ◽  
Donald A Morgan ◽  
Harald M Stauss ◽  
Kamal Rahmouni

Electrical vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a new tool to treat human diseases including obesity. Indeed, chronic VNS has been shown to cause weight loss in humans and in experimental animal models. However, the mechanisms by which chronic VNS causes weight loss are largely unknown due in part to the unavailability of implantable nerve stimulators for mice excluding the use of genetically engineered mouse models to investigate these mechanisms. Identification such mechanisms promises to identify novel approaches for weight loss. Here, we report the development of a miniaturized microprocessor-operated nerve stimulator for chronic use in conscious mice. Effectiveness of the stimulator was verified by the bradycardia induced at stimulation frequencies above 5 Hz (3V, 1mA, 1ms pulses). Next, we used the stimulator to test whether changes in metabolic rate, caloric intake and feeding efficiency (body weight gain per calories consumed) contribute to chronic VNS-induced weight loss. Male C57Bl/6 mice (16 weeks old, on standard mouse chow diet) were instrumented with nerve stimulators (3V, 1mA, 1ms pulses at 5 Hz) on the right cervical vagal nerve and body weight, food intake and metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry) were determined at baseline and weekly thereafter. After the initial post-surgical weight loss, sham animals (n=9, stimulators off) regained pre-surgical body weight within 16 days (100.0±2.7%). In contrast, mice with chronic VNS (n=12) never re-established pre-surgical body weight (94.5±0.9% on day 16, P<0.05 vs. sham). Caloric intake was significantly reduced in mice with chronic VNS compared to sham group (74.7±2.4 vs. 84.6±4.2 kcal/week, P<0.05). Likewise, mice with chronic VNS showed significantly reduced feeding efficiency compared to sham mice (2.6±2.0 vs. 10.6±2.4 mg body weight gain per kcal consumed). Oxygen consumption tended to be elevated (2734±152 vs. 2490±124 mL/kg/h) during the first week, but not thereafter. In conclusion, reduced food intake and lower feeding efficiency contribute to VNS-induced weight loss in mice. We speculate that an initial increase in metabolic rate (assessed by oxygen consumption) may be antagonized by compensatory mechanisms triggered by chronic VNS.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1359
Author(s):  
Noga C Minsky ◽  
Dafna Pachter ◽  
Galia Zacay ◽  
Naama Chishlevitz ◽  
Miriam Ben-Hamo ◽  
...  

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, billions of people have gone into lockdown, facing pandemic related challenges that engender weight gain, especially in the obese. We report the results of an online survey, conducted during Israel’s first quarantine, of 279 adults treated in hospital-based obesity clinics with counseling, medications, surgery, endoscopic procedures, or any combination of these for weight loss. In this study, we assessed the association between changes in dietary and lifestyle habits and body weight, and the benefits of receiving weight management care remotely through telemedicine during lockdown. Compared to patients not receiving obesity care via telemedicine, patients receiving this care were more likely to lose weight (OR, 2.79; p = 0.042) and also to increase participation in exercise (OR, 2.4; p = 0.022). While 40% of respondents reported consuming more sweet or salty processed snacks and 33% reported less vegetables and fruits, 65% reported more homemade foods. At the same time, 40% of respondents reported a reduction in exercise and 52% reported a decline in mood. Alterations in these eating patterns, as well as in exercise habits and mood, were significantly associated with weight changes. This study highlights that lockdown affects health behaviors associated with weight change, and advocates for the use of telemedicine to provide ongoing obesity care during future quarantines in order to promote weight loss and prevent weight gain.


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