Stimulus-Change Effects of Forcing in Alternation Behavior

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Stimulus Change ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Alternation Behavior ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Transparent Barrier ◽  
Initial Attraction ◽  
High Degree

To test the hypothesis that forcing left or right in a T-maze produces more alternation because of the stimulus-change resulting from subsequent removal of the arm barrier, rats were given free-choice trials and forced trials with a wooden barrier (favouring a high degree of change) and with a transparent barrier (favouring a lower degree of change). Although alternation was unaffected by the three conditions, the percentage of first investigatory responses directed toward the alternate arm on Trial 2 was highest following forcing with the wooden barrier. It was concluded that a stimulus-change explanation for the effects of forcing was acceptable if these first investigatory responses were acknowledged as indices of initial attraction of attention by an arm.

Foreign Employment, Income Shifting, and Tax Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine D. Drake ◽  
Nathan C. Goldman ◽  
Frank Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Income Shifting ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Tax Uncertainty

We examine the effect of foreign employment on two outcomes-income shifting and the tax uncertainty of foreign transactions. Using a hand-collected sample of employment disclosures, we partition our sample into firm-years with a higher or lower degree of foreign employment. Using two distinct income shifting models, we document that, on average, a high degree of foreign employment is associated with greater tax-motivated income shifting out of the U.S. We also posit and find that a high degree of foreign employment enhances the economic substance of foreign transactions, reducing the tax uncertainty associated with foreign income. We conduct additional analyses to mitigate selection bias concerns, and we use exogenous changes to the costs and benefits of income shifting using foreign employment to strengthen identification. Our results highlight firms' use of employees as part of a tax-efficient supply chain and how foreign employment enhances income shifting opportunities between jurisdictions.

Patience Alone is not Enough – A Guide for the Preparation of Low-Defect Sections from Pure Copper

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 388-407
Author(s):  
S. M. Lößlein ◽  
M. Kasper ◽  
R. Merz ◽  
C. Pauly ◽  
D. W. Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pure Copper ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Metallographic Preparation ◽  
High Degree

Abstract The preparation of metallographic sections from soft metals such as pure copper constitutes a particular challenge: the high degree of ductility promotes the formation of preparation artifacts and complicates the preparation of homogeneous, low-deformation surfaces. A metallographic preparation routine is therefore presented which has proven effective for pure copper and which can also be applied to additionally soft annealed samples. The subsequent removal of fine crystalline deformation layers is discussed and different setups for electropolishing and its optimization are presented.

scholarly journals Political parallelism in Iceland

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (s2) ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
Birgir Guðmundsson
Keyword(s):  
Political Communication ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Media System ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
High Degree ◽  
National Local

Abstract My main objective in this article is to examine the importance of political parallelism in Iceland through establishing the extent to which political parallelism is perceived to char-acterise political communication in Iceland by politicians and voters. Political parallelism is one of the defining elements of Hallin and Mancini's typology of media systems. Based on candidate surveys from five elections and a voter survey, indexes of perceived political parallelism are configured for politicians and voters. The analysis suggests a high degree of perceived political parallelism and that the perceptions are reflected in partisan ideological views of individual media outlets. The same – or at least similar – perceptions about political parallelism in the media system seem to penetrate the system irrespective of age and at the national, local, and individual level of politics. However, voters and candidates of social democratic and liberal internationally oriented parties perceive a significantly lower degree of parallelism than others.

scholarly journals Adsorption and Desorption Behaviour of Polychlorinated Biphenyls onto Microplastics’ Surfaces in Water/Sediment Systems

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Marta Llorca ◽  
Manuela Ábalos ◽  
Albert Vega-Herrera ◽  
Miquel A. Adrados ◽  
Esteban Abad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Π Interactions ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
High Degree

The potential of microplastics (MPLs) in marine ecosystems to adsorb and transport other micropollutants to biota, contributing to their entry in the food chain, is a primary cause of concern. However, these interactions remain poorly understood. Here, we have evaluated the adsorption/desorption behaviour of marker polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), onto MPL surfaces of three widely used polymers—polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The range of MPL sizes ranged from 1 to 600 μm. The adsorption/desorption was evaluated in sediment/water systems in marine microcosms emulating realistic environmental conditions for 21 days. The adsorption percentages ranged from 20 to 60%. PCBs with a lower degree of chlorination showed higher adsorption percentages because of conformational impediments of PCBs with high-degree chlorination, and also by their affinity to be adsorbed in sediments. Glassy plastic polymers as PET and PS showed a superior affinity for PCBs than rubbery polymers, such as PE. The polymers that can bond PCBs by π-π interactions, rather than van der Waals forces showed better adsorption percentages, as expected. Finally, the adsorption/desorption behaviour of selected PCBs onto MPLs was fitted to a Freundlich isotherm model, with correlations higher than 0.8 in most of the cases.

Bait palatability influences the caching behaviour of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marjolein van Polanen Petel ◽  
Clive A. Marks ◽  
David G. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Beef Liver ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bait Stations ◽  
High Degree

In a free-choice experiment conducted in a series of pen trials, the influence of food preference on caching behaviour by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was investigated for three unpoisoned bait types: deep-fried beef liver (DFL), dried deep-fried beef liver (DDFL) and a commercial bait (Foxoff®). Although some variation in individual preferences for the DDFL and Foxoff was observed, all of the foxes in the pen trials preferred the DFL (P < 0.01) and all cached it least often (P < 0.01). Field trials then compared the uptake, consumption and incidence of caching for the most preferred (DFL) and least preferred (Foxoff) bait types. Radio-transmitters were inserted into unpoisoned Foxoff and DFL baits and a free choice of either was provided at bait stations at three independent sites. A clock module recorded the precise time that each bait was taken from the bait station. The fate of each bait (it could either be eaten, cached or remain in situ) was recorded daily and baits were replaced for five consecutive nights. There was no difference in the rate of uptake for the two baits (P > 0.05) and, despite some variation between the sites, DFL was the most often eaten (P < 0.001) and Foxoff the most often cached (P < 0.001). These data strongly suggest that a highly palatable bait will increase the likelihood of rapid consumption of baits and reduce the incidence of caching. This is likely to increase the cost-effectiveness of baiting and limit the potential for nontarget impacts due to the movement of baits. The high degree of concordance between the results of the pen and field trials suggests that pen trials can assist in the development of more effective bait types. However, conclusions about the relative efficacy of bait types drawn from the results of baiting programs that measure only bait uptake are unlikely to be reliable.

Brainstem audiometry as a diagnostic tool in psychiatry: Preliminary results from a blinded study

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S391-S391
Author(s):  
V. Wahlström ◽  
R. Wynn
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Blinded Study ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Scientific Testing ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Brain

BackgroundSome prior studies of brainstem audiometry have found illness-specific aberrations, suggesting that this procedure can be of use to clinicians in diagnosing certain psychiatric illnesses.AimsThe study aimed to examine the diagnostic properties of a brain stem audiometry procedure (SD-BERA®) for patients suffering from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.MethodsA blinded study including 12 patients with schizophrenia, 12 patients with bipolar disorder, and 12 healthy controls was performed in 2014/2015. The patients were recruited from psychiatric specialist services and a primary care office in the County of Troms, Norway. The patients and controls were examined with brainstem audiometry. The clinical diagnoses were not known to the researchers who analysed the brain stem audiometry data at the Swedish company SensoDetect. Sensitivity and specificity for each group (compared to healthy controls) was calculated.ResultsThe brain stem audiometry procedure had a high degree of sensitivity (1.00), but a lower degree of specificity (0.45) when patients suffering from bipolar disorder were compared to healthy controls. For the diagnosis of schizophrenia, the brain stem audiometry procedure had a high degree of specificity (0.91), but a lower degree of sensitivity (0.33) when patients were compared to healthy controls.ConclusionsThis method may help clinicians by lending support to a clinically suspected diagnosis of schizophrenia. The relatively low specificity for bipolar disorder could suggest that the method needs further development before it can be useful clinically when the diagnosis of bipolar disorder is suspected. Further scientific testing is needed to verify these findings.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Approximation of B-Spline Geometries With Lower Degree Representations

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-198
Author(s):  
N. M. Patrikalakis ◽  
L. Bardis ◽  
G. A. Kriezis
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Modeling ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
B Spline ◽  
Surface Patches ◽  
Spline Curves ◽  
Modeling Systems ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Reliable Methods ◽  
Prespecified Accuracy

Exchange of data between geometric modeling systems of different inherent capabilities frequently requires approximate conversion of high degree, piecewise, polynomial curves and surface patches to lower degree representations. The objective of this work is to provide reliable methods for the approximation of high-order B-spline curves and surface patches by low-order B-spline representations. Our method guarantees a prespecified accuracy at all isoparametric points of the curve and patch, a critical feature for accurate exchange of data.

scholarly journals Location Of Objects with a High Degree of Inner Precision

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Lubomír Kubáček
Keyword(s):  
Relative Accuracy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Characteristic Points ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Let us have two coordinate systems in a plane. In the first one (e.g. JTSK) the accuracy of the coordinate estimators is signicantly lower than the accuracy in the other system (the inner system of an object). The task is to determine the coordinate estimators of the characteristic points of the object in the first system (with a signicantly lower degree of accuracy) in such a way that the relative accuracy of the characteristic points is the same as the relative accuracy in the inner system.

Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers

1976 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 574-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-D. Weigmann ◽  
M. G. Scott ◽  
A. S. Ribnick ◽  
L. Rebenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Void Formation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Disperse Dyes ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Fiber Structure ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Strongly Interacting ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Dye Diffusion ◽  
High Degree

Pretreatment of polyester yarns with a strongly interacting solvent (dimethylformamide) leads to modifications of the fiber structure which permit rapid diffusion of even “high-energy” disperse dyes under atmospheric conditions without the addition of carriers. A comparison of the effects of solvent pretreatments with the effects of thermal pretreatments on the dyeing behavior has been carried out. Pretreatment in a strongly interacting solvent leads to a high degree of swelling and at higher temperature to the formation of crystallites within the swollen structure. It appears that the swollen structure can be stabilized, depending on the size and stability of the crystallites formed, leading to cavitation and void formation upon subsequent removal of the interacting medium. It is suggested that a rigid pore mechanism of dye diffusion becomes operative in this structure, as opposed to the free volume mechanism of diffusion in thermally-treated polyester yarns.

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