Relationship between Extraversion and Assertiveness and Related Personality Characteristics

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1187-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Averett ◽  
Donald L. McManis

103 college students were assessed for extraversion level on the Eysenck Personality Inventory and for assertiveness on the Adult Self-expression Scale. A significant correlation of .46 indicated a substantial positive relationship between these characteristics. Subjects were classified as being low, medium, or high on both characteristics, and it was determined that those scoring at either extreme on one variable were about equally distributed between the same extreme and the medium level on the other variable. Nine subjects scoring congruently at each level on both extraversion and assertiveness were also given the California Psychological Inventory to explore general personality trait differences between the two extreme groups. Low extraversion—low assertiveness subjects scored significantly lower than high—high subjects on scales measuring poise, ascendancy, self-assurance, and interpersonal adequacy but significantly higher on scales measuring socialization, maturity, responsibility, and intrapersonal structuring of values.

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 978-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Szabo

Two personality characteristics of 21 habitually exercising and 14 nonexercising college students were compared by using the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The former scored higher on Extraversion than the latter. Both groups of men ( ns = 9 and 6), as well as 12 exercising women, scored lower on Neuroticism than 8 nonexercising women.


1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 706-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Vingoe

66 female college students rated themselves and their peers on extraversion and filled out the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). The group was dichotomized into Introverts and Extraverts on the basis of their self-ratings and their extraversion scores. Self-rated Introvert and Extravert criterion groups were significantly different from each other and from the total group on Extraversion score and Introvert and Extravert groups as determined by Extraversion score were significantly different from each other and from the total group on the basis of self-ratings, thus supporting the validity of the extraversion scale. Correlations of scores on the EPI and the CPI support the validity of the extraversion and neuroticism scales.


1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn L. Wilson ◽  
Roger L. Greene

Several writers have suggested that female homosexuals have personality profiles that differ from those of female heterosexuals, but these profiles are not pathological in nature. This hypothesis was tested on 46 “normal” female homosexuals using the California Psychological Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. There was only a slight personality pattern difference between the groups and neither group showed a pathological personality patttern.


1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darhl M. Pedersen

The California Psychological Inventory and a Privacy Regulation Rating Scale were administered to 35 men and 40 women college students to estimate correlations between personality characteristics and attained privacy. The California Psychological Inventory measured 18 personality traits, and the rating scale assessed the amount of desired privacy actually achieved for six kinds of privacy: Reserve, Isolation, Solitude, Intimacy with Friends, Intimacy with Family, and Anonymity. Pearson product-moment correlations between the two sets of variables indicated distinct and meaningful personality profiles for people who were dissatisfied with their customary attainment of each kind of privacy. The profiles for men and women were dissimilar.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Reza Naqavi Moqaddam

This study attempts to find a relation between the amount of interest in poetry and the degree of sensitivity, especially among the college students. If a positive correlation can be found, scholars and teachers may be able to offer students with weak perception of the environment, poetry reading. Dr. Elaine N. Aron’s questionnaire, Highly Sensitive Person Scale 2007, was the tool of this paper to evaluate the hypersensitivity of students, the results of which were tested correlation with a number of five questions that was added to the original questionnaire. The added questions were to demonstrate the students’ interest or disinterest toward poetry, and through Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and independent Samples T-Test it became possible to calculate the correlation of sensitivity tests and the interest in poetry. The results answered research questions, and it was found that except the question number five, there was no significant relationship between sensitivity and the other variables. However, the question number five which showed a positive relationship between sensitivity and the amount of empathetic understanding of those who are interested in poetry, could indicate a meaningful correlation by reminding that empathy is an equivalence of unconscious admittance


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-218
Author(s):  
Catarina L. Carosa ◽  
Amy L. Button

Aim This epidemiological study focused on prevalence of the personality trait, alexithymia – the inability to recognize and describe one’s own emotions – among college-aged students. Method Levels of normative alexithymia (measured by the NMAS), clinical alexithymia (measured by the TAS), as well as attitudes towards help seeking behavior (measured by the ATSPPH) were assessed. Results A total of 547 participants were collected from over 48 colleges and universities, primarily in Western New York. Results indicated that 89.5% of college students displayed moderate to high levels of normative alexithymia and 48.7% displayed moderate to high levels of clinical alexithymia. Additionally, there were no significant differences between the scores of men and women on either alexithymia measure. Significant findings indicated that there was a positive relationship between clinical alexithymia scores and attitudes toward help-seeking. Conclusion These results call into question previous literature, which states that there is no correlation between alexithymia and help-seeking behavior (Berger et al., 2005, https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.6.1.73). The results of this study suggest a shift in culture, as well as a need for more research regarding alexithymia.


2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Milan Palat

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’den göç ve Almanya’nın ekonomik göstergeleri arasındaki ilişkiyi, nicel metot yöntemleri kullanarak değerlendirmektir. Türkiye’nin belirsiz Avrupa ile bütünleşme beklentilerine rağmen  Avrupa Birliğinin köklü üyelerine olan Türk göçü devam edecektir. Çok sayıda Türk azınlığın yaşadığı ve hayat standartlarının yüksek olduğu Almanya, Hollanda ve Fransa’ya  büyük bir göç dalgası gerçekleşebilir. Çalışmanın istatistiksel bölümünün sonuçları, toplam göç ile gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladaki büyüme arasında pozitif, toplam göç ile işsizlik arasındaki negatif ve tahmin edilen bağımlılık yönüyle uygunluk içerisinde olan toplam göç ile aylık gelir arasında pozitif ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Türkiye’den göçle işsizlik arasındaki ilişki, toplam göçle olan ilişkiden daha düşüktür. Ancak, Almanya’daki yabancı mevcudiyeti ile Türkiye’den göç arasında bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Bu durum, var olan göçmen topluluğunun olduğu yerin, yeni göçmenleri, köken bağlarına dayanarak cezbetmesi ve maliyet- riskler sebebiyle göçün düşük seviye de olduğuna dayanan kuramsal Ağ teorisi görüşü ile uygunluk göstermektedir. Göç ve işsizlik arasında gözlenen ilişki, Almanya’ya göçün  işgücü piyasasında talepte meydana gelen değişime karşılık geldiği gerçeğini göstermektedir. İşsizlik ve göç olgularının meydana geliş zamanlarında bir aralık  olsa bile  göç, Alman emek pazarında var olan dengesizliklerin azaltılmasında nispeten etkili bir mekanizma gibi görünmektedir. ENGLISH TITLE & ABSTRACTTurkish Immigration to the European Union: The Case of GermanyThe objective of the paper was to evaluate the relationships between immigration from Turkey and economic indicators in Germany using  quantitative methods. Despite Turkey’s unclear European integration prospects, it is predicted that Turkish immigration to  established member countries of the EU will continue. The strongest waves may flow to Germany, Netherlands or France, where numerous Turkish minorities are already present and where the living standards are high. Results from the statistical analysis of the paper showed a positive correlation between immigration total and the growth of gross domestic product. On the other hand, a negative correlation of immigration total and unemployment was found and a positive relationship between immigration total and income total which is in agreement with the expected dependency direction. With regards to  immigration from Turkey it is less correlated to unemployment than immigration total. But there is a correlation between immigration from Turkey and the stock of foreigners in Germany This is in accordance with the theoretical concept of network theory where an existing community of migrants keeps attracting new migrants because the costs and risks associated with migration are lower, thanks to established linkages to the country of origin. The observed correlation of migration and unemployment points to the fact that immigration to Germany responds to changes in demand in the labour market. Even though a time lag may occur in the case of unemployment and immigration, migration appears to be a relatively effective mechanism to offset existing imbalances in German labour markets. 


1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne Brun ◽  
Bruno Claustrat ◽  
Michel David

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.


2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Tracy ◽  
Nicholas Greco ◽  
Erika Felix ◽  
Donald F. Kilburg

Many proverbs seem to convey wisdom because they help people to reframe life's predicaments. Positive reframes, such as Every cloud has a silver lining, often draw positive implications from adverse circumstances (cf. “positive reappraisals,” “gain frames”). In contrast, negative reframes, such as All that glitters is not gold, provide helpful warnings about difficult situations, and therefore encourage proactive coping (cf. “problem-focused coping”). This study examined the validity of the distinction between positive and negative reframes and whether the distinction applies to proverbs. Six judges categorized 199 proverbs as positive or negative reframes. Results showed that the positive reframes were rated by college students as more pleasant, conceptually simpler, and more familiar than the negative reframes. Further, proverbs that were composed by students were of higher quality when they were positive rather than negative reframes. On the other hand, positive and negative reframes occurred similarly often among the 199 proverbs, and did not differ consistently in rated truth, rated imagery arousal, or reading grade level. We concluded that many proverbs can be regarded as positive or negative reframes, which constitute basic thinking strategies that help people cope with life's challenges.


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