Fear of Success and Sex-Role: There are Reliable Relationships

1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon B. Forbes ◽  
Sharon King
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Fear Of Success ◽  
College Males ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between fear of success and sex-role was investigated in college males and females. While no sex differences were found, 44 men and 83 women classified as masculine sex-typed had lower fear of success scores than subjects (35 and 8) classified as feminine sex-typed or undifferentiated. Significant negative correlations for men and women (—.34 and —.40) were found between scores on the Bem masculine subscale and on fear of success. No relationship was found with the Bem feminine sub-scale. These results replicated previous studies and indicate the relationship between fear of success and sex-role is reliable.

Sex Differences in the Relationship between Machiavellianism and Self-Disclosure

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Domelsmith ◽  
James T. Dietch
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Willingness To Disclose ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Individual Achievement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Existing Data

Previous research suggests that there should be a negative correlation between Machiavellianism (Mach) and willingness to reveal things about oneself. However, existing data are unclear and contradictory, especially regarding differences between males and females. College students (48 male, 77 female) completed measures of both Machiavellianism and self-disclosure, and the two sets of scores were correlated. As expected, Mach was significantly correlated with unwillingness to self-disclose among males. For the females, however, Mach was significantly correlated with willingness to disclose. The two correlations are significantly different. Culturally defined differences in the goals of men and women may account for the results. According to current stereotypes, men are oriented toward individual achievement, while die goals of women are more “social,” being popular, nurturant, skilled at getting along with others, etc. Women who accept these goals and who are willing to employ manipulative (Machiavellian) tactics to achieve them could use self-disclosure effectively, while it would be an ineffective strategy for men.

Teachers View People: Sex-Role Stereotyping

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara G. Zimet ◽  
Carl N. Zimet
Keyword(s):  
Women Educators ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Check List ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Adjective Check List ◽  
Personal Adjustment ◽  
Sex Role Stereotyping ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

175 women and 80 men educators completed the Gough Adjective Check List identifying each word as being stereotypically associated with males, with females, or with both. Only those adjectives on which at least 70% of all educators agreed were assigned by society either to males ( N = 74) or to females ( N = 67) were used in eight of the check list scales. Men and women educators saw males as being perceived as significantly more achievement oriented, autonomous, and aggressive and females as being seen as significantly more deferent. No significant differences in educators' views of society's perception of males and females were found regarding personal adjustment, intraception, and favorable and unfavorable characteristics. The relationship between culturally stereotyped characteristics identified by educators as being assigned to males and females and the characteristics associated with performance in school are discussed.

Reactions to Men and Women Who Cry: A Study of Sex Differences in Perceived Societal Attitudes versus Personal Attitudes

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Cretser ◽  
William K. Lombardo ◽  
Barbara Lombardo ◽  
Sharon Mathis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Stimulus Situation ◽  
Sex Role Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Subjects

This study examined sex differences and similarities in sex-role attitudes using reactions to males' and females' crying as the stimulus situation. 285 male and 307 female students completed questionnaires. Subjects were asked to indicate their reactions to the sight of a woman crying and to the sight of a man crying. They were also asked to indicate how they thought “people” react to the sight of a man or a woman crying. Subjects perceived “people” as holding a double standard of crying, with much greater acceptance of females' than of males' crying. The proportion of subjects of both sexes who considered crying by males acceptable was significantly greater than the proportion who felt “people” would find it acceptable. Women seemed to hold a unisex standard of crying, while male subjects endorsed a double standard.

ACHIEVEMENT AND AFFILIATION: A MOTIVATIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF SEX DIFFERENCES

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Paul Kelemen
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
College Males ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Achievement Behavior

Achievement and affiliation behavior are important issues in the literature of sex-role differences. Males have been viewed as being achievement-oriented, and female affiliation-oriented. Deaux (1976) has mentioned a series of arguments which attempt to explain how and why males and females differ in these behaviors. This study replicated the Lunneborg and Rosenwood (1972) study in an attempt to further review the achievement versus affiliation argument. In addition to their techniques, the Personality Research Form (Form A) was also administered to a sample of 180 high school and college males and females. While the results of this study fail to resolve the achievement versus affiliation argument, it nevertheless offers some new possible explanations to the noted differences. Ultimately, the achievement-affiliation argument will have to be viewed only insofar as age and education remain important considerations in the sex differences studies of achievement behavior.

Relationship between Bem Sex-Role Inventory Groups and Attitudes of Sexism

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Faulkender
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between scores on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and a newly developed scale designed to measure external sexism, internal sexism, and perceived innate sex differences. Both scales were administered to 85 female and 28 male undergraduates. There was a significant main effect for sex, with men having higher sexism scores than women. Both men and women scored significantly higher on internal sexism, the measure over familial division of labor. There was a significant interaction of sexism scores × sex-role groups; traditional sex-role groups scored highest on internal sexism and perceived innate sex differences.

The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽  
Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Relationship Between Insomnia, Sex, and Cardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 247028972098001
Author(s):  
Rebecca Leeds ◽  
Ari Shechter ◽  
Carmela Alcantara ◽  
Brooke Aggarwal ◽  
John Usseglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sex Research ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality have been attributed to differences in pathophysiology between men and women and to disparities in CVD management that disproportionately affect women compared to men. Similarly, there has been investigation of differences in the prevalence and presentation of insomnia attributable to sex. Few studies have examined how sex and insomnia interact to influence CVD outcomes, however. In this review, we summarize the literature on sex-specific differences in the prevalence and presentation of insomnia as well as existing research regarding the relationship between insomnia and CVD outcomes as it pertains to sex. Research to date indicate that women are more likely to have insomnia than men, and there appear to be differential associations in the relation between insomnia and CVD by sex. We posit potential mechanisms of the relationship between sex, insomnia and CVD, discuss gaps in the existing literature, and provide commentary on future research needed in this area. Unraveling the complex relations between sex, insomnia, and CVD may help to explain sex-specific differences in CVD, and identify sex-specific strategies for promotion of cardiovascular health. Throughout this review, terms “men” and “women” are used as they are in the source literature, which does not differentiate between sex and gender. The implications of this are also discussed.

Rotary Pursuit Performance as a Function of Sex, Sex-Role, and Intertrial Interval

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betsy L. Wisner ◽  
John P. Lombardo ◽  
John F. Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Distributed Practice ◽  
Massed Practice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Rotary Pursuit ◽  
Practice Condition ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Better Than

Rotary pursuit performance (time on target) and reminiscence data were collected for 113 androgynous and feminine men and women under massed or distributed practice conditions. On the final (eighth) block of practice men performed better than women under conditions of massed practice; while no sex differences were found under distributed practice conditions. Under distributed practice conditions androgynous women performed better than feminine women. In addition, men performed better over-all than women, and subjects in the distributed practice condition performed better than subjects in the massed practice condition. Reminiscence data indicated that under massed practice feminine women obtained larger scores than did feminine men and androgynous women. For women sex-role as well as practice condition influenced performance and reminiscence.

Abstract P190: Do We Combine the Data for Analysis from VENUS and MARS? The Time Has Come for Consistent Sex-Based Analysis of Health Outcome Data

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen M Norris ◽  
Donald Schopflocher ◽  
Emeleigh Hardwicke-Brown ◽  
P D Galbraith ◽  
Merril L Knudtson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcome ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Hrqol Outcome ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

Background Previous investigations by our group have consistently identified important sex differences in HRQOL outcomes of patients with CAD with women reporting poorer HRQOL compared with men. The purpose of this study was to extend our previous work to determine whether sex differences and/or associations in bivariate analyses may provide insight in the modeling of health outcomes data. Method A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed. Sex differences on all variables were examined using t test and Chi-square analyses. The relationships between all clinical, demographic, socio-demographic and HRQOL outcome variables were examined stratified by sex. Results 7062, 1- year HRQOL questionnaires were collected on patients catheterized between Jan 2006 and Dec 2009. 20.8% (1468 of 7062) were from women. Statistically significant sex differences were noted in 10/23 clinical and all 8 of the sociodemographic variables measured. A critical sex difference in the nature of the relationship between depression scores and age was identified. Whereas a quadratic relationship was seen in the men's group, the relationship in the women's group was cubic (figure 1). This implies that analyzing data by including sex, age, and depression scores in the same model will in essence sacrifice the unique nature of the relationship for at least one sex. Conclusions Our data suggests that sex-based analyses should be conducted particularly when modeling predictors of HRQOL outcome. Failing to do so may result in misleading conclusions that will miss opportunities to intervene early in clinically treatable circumstances and to improve the outcomes of men and women with CAD.

Achievement Motivation in College Women in an Arab Culture

1985 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-271
Author(s):  
Mostafa A. Torki
Keyword(s):  
College Women ◽  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Fear Of Success ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
American Women ◽  
Arab Culture ◽  
Arab Men ◽  
The Relationship

The present study was designed to explore the achievement motivation and fear of success in the Arab culture. Research was carried out in Kuwait, Lebanon, Quatar and Iraq on achievement motivation of men and women. The relationship between femininity and fear of success was studied. There were no differences in achievement motivation of Arab men and women in Kuwait, Lebanon, Quatar, and Iraq. There was no correlation between femininity and fear of success. The Kuwaiti women showed less fear of success than American women. Factors in the Arab culture which affect achievement motivation were discussed.

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