Courtroom Observation of Ethnic Representation among Jurors in Harris County, Texas

1999 ◽  
Vol 85 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1218-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ray Hays ◽  
Stacy Cambron
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
General Population ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Decennial Census ◽  
Harris County ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Ethnic Representation ◽  
Selection Factors

The ethnic composition of 22 juries in Harris County, Texas was compared with the ethnic composition of the decennial census of the county. Results showed an under-representation of Hispanic members and an over-representation of Euro-American jury members in civil, family law, and criminal trials. African-American members were represented on juries in proportion to their presence in the general population in the county. Whether this misrepresentation reflects selection factors in developing the jury pools, is the result of exercise of peremptory challenges by lawyers, or some other biasing factor is unknown.

The Security-Force Ethnicity (SFE) Project: Introducing a new dataset

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Lorenzo Johnson ◽  
Ches Thurber
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Security Force ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Ethnic Representation ◽  
Conflict Processes ◽  
State Security ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

The ethnic composition of state security forces is believed to have important effects on the dynamics of conflict processes, but data limitations have impeded our ability to test such hypotheses cross-nationally until now. To address this problem, the Security Force Ethnicity dataset provides time-series, group-level measures of the ethnic composition of military forces in the Middle East between 1946 and 2013. We draw on an extensive review of case studies and histories to produce unique ordinal codings for participation rates in the officer corps and in the rank and file. We demonstrate the utility of the data through empirical applications, examining the relationship between military ethnic composition and the incidence of coups and repression. Our findings illustrate the theoretical and empirical importance of disaggregating ethnic representation in the military from inclusion in other institutions of the state.

10. The jury

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Wilson ◽  
Helen Rutherford ◽  
Tony Storey ◽  
Natalie Wortley
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
The Public ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Jury Deliberations ◽  
Jury Trials ◽  
Jury Service ◽  
The Impact

The jury consists of twelve, randomly-selected members of the public, who decide guilt or innocence in the most serious criminal trials in the Crown Court. This ensures that the general public are represented in the criminal justice system. This chapter explains the rules on eligibility for, and disqualification or excusal from, jury service. It considers issues such as the power of the jury to acquit in defiance of the evidence (‘jury equity’); the confidentiality of jury deliberations and the implications of that for appeals; the ethnic composition of a jury; whether juries should be excluded from certain trials such as those involving serious fraud or where there is evidence of jury ‘tampering’; whether the accused should be able to ‘waive’ their right to jury trial; and the impact of social media on jury trials. It concludes by examining the relative advantages and disadvantages of jury trials.

Documentation of Ethnicity

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Robert Brašić
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Population ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intermediate Care ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
White Population ◽  
United States Census

The comparison of the ethnic composition of an intermediate care facility with several Hispanic residents and the general population was hindered by the absence of categorization of ethnicity according to the United States Census. If all Hispanic residents of the facility were white, then 55% of the facility population were white, a proportion comparable to the 58.2% white population of the general population. On the other hand, if all the Hispanic residents were not white, then 27.5% of the facility residents were white. In that case, the proportion of white residents of the facility is much less than in the general population. Therefore, a Demographic Coding Form was developed to capture the essential data to make direct comparisons and contrasts with the general population recorded by the United States Census. Since the United States Census records Hispanic ethnic minority status as a separate category independent from all other ethnic groups, the design of experiments to investigate the possible effects of ethnicity on populations wisely incorporates the administration of a Demographic Coding Form to capture the key ethnic data to permit direct comparison with the general population.

PERCEPTIONS OF VULNERABILITY TO AIDS AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN: CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRIMARY PREVENTIVE COUNSELING FOR UNDERGRADUATES

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torrance T. Stephens ◽  
Joseph Watkins ◽  
Ronald Braithwaite ◽  
Sandra Taylor ◽  
Felicia James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
College Age ◽  
Counseling Interventions ◽  
Aids Risk ◽  
And Gender

The purpose of this paper is to suggest some factors counselors should consider in dealing with perceptions of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among African American college-age males. For this study, perceived vulnerability to AIDS is a latent variable that refers to an individual's belief of their likelihood of contracting HIV when not using a condom. The objective of the study is to contribute to the knowledge needed by counselors, school educators, and health professionals to develop and implement effective educational programs and counseling interventions that are race and gender specific. In particular, programs that promote the use of AIDS risk-reduction practices among African American male, college-age adolescents. We acknowledge that any potent effort to prevent the spread of the disease among men in the African American community must: a) evaluate existing prevention strategies used with a similar population, b) utilize activities that focus on collective cultural experience, c) utilize activities that enhance communication and accent collective participation, d) utilize strategies that focus on acceptance of sexuality, e) focus on reccurring patterns of communication, f) base intervention on the current social and political climate, g) consider threats and belief in genocide as real, h) include messages which consistently emphasize the potential benefits and gains of community and i) consider racial/ethnic composition in the counselor-client relationship.

Subordinate Citizens

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Women's Literacy ◽  
Capital Cases ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Inalienable Rights

Though no one doubted that women and children were citizens, there was also general agreement that they could not possess all the rights of citizens, especially full property and political rights. Abigail Adams challenged this status quo in 1776; and in succeeding decades a movement to supply equal rights for women gained momentum. Women’s literacy fed women’s political advocacy, including petitioning campaigns on behalf of Indians, abolition, and women’s rights. But post–Civil War politics blocked women’s suffrage, and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of women’s subordination. Because women, like children, were understood to be not fully responsible, in criminal trials they were sometimes treated less harshly than men—especially in capital cases. Indeed, subordination to husbands remained a pillar of family law. And whether rich or poor, the marital bond meant bondage for some wives, where they surrendered not only their property rights but also personal and religious liberty. As for people of color, inclusion of women within the doctrine that all “are created equal and endowed with certain inalienable rights” proved a deeply challenging proposition.

scholarly journals Impact of Serum Nutritional Status on Physical Function in African American and Caucasian Stroke Survivors

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica C. Serra ◽  
Charlene E. Hafer-Macko ◽  
Frederick M. Ivey ◽  
Richard F. Macko ◽  
Alice S. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
African American ◽  
General Population ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Minute Walk

Background. The purpose of this study is to compare serum nutritional profiles in chronic stroke survivors to a representative sample of US Adults (NHANESIII) and determine whether these serum markers differed by race and impact physical function in stroke.Methods. Fasting serum samples were collected for analysis of lipids, uric acid, and albumin in 145 African American (AA) and 111 Caucasian (C) stroke survivors (age: 60 ± 1 years [mean ± SEM]). A six-minute walk was performed in a subset of stroke survivors (N= 134).Results. Triglycerides were higher and HDL-cholesterol and albumin lower in C than AA women stroke survivors (Ps < 0.05). Uric acid was lower in C than AA stroke survivors (P< 0.05). Compared to NHANESIII, HDL-cholesterol, albumin, and hemoglobin generally were lower (Ps < 0.05) and lipids were more favorable in stroke (Ps < 0.01). Uric acid was related to six-minute walk performance among a subset of stroke survivors (P< 0.05).Conclusion. In stroke, racial differences exist with regard to serum nutritional risk, but these differences are similar to that observed in the general population. Regardless of race, nutritional risk appears elevated above that of the general population with regard to many of the serum markers. As a modifiable biomarker, uric acid should be monitored closely as it may provide insight into the functional risk of stroke survivors.

scholarly journals Effect of Local Norms on Racial and Ethnic Representation in Gifted Education

AERA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 233285841984844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J. Peters ◽  
Karen Rambo-Hernandez ◽  
Matthew C. Makel ◽  
Michael S. Matthews ◽  
Jonathan A. Plucker
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Gifted Education ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
Large Data ◽  
School Level ◽  
Gifted Identification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ethnic Representation ◽  
Large Data Set ◽  
Normative Criteria

Educators have sought to understand and address the disproportional representation of students from certain student subgroups in gifted education. Most gifted identification decisions are made with national comparisons where students must score above a certain percentage of test takers. However, this approach is not always consistent with the overall goal of gifted education. Scholars have long argued for the use of local normative criteria to increase the diversity of students identified for gifted services, and although some districts across the country have applied such recommendations, little research has been carried out. In this study, we use a large data set to assess the extent to which identifying gifted students with either school-level norms or a combination of national and school-level norms would improve gifted education representation rates for students who are from African American and Latinx families. A preprint of this registered report and this project’s preregistration documentation are available at https://osf.io/z2egy/ .

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document