scholarly journals Insect fat in animal nutrition – a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelbasset Benzertiha ◽  
Bartosz Kierończyk ◽  
Mateusz Rawski ◽  
Zuzanna Mikołajczak ◽  
Arkadiusz Urbański ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Fat Quality ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractThe aim of this review is to discuss the usage of insect fats as an energy source in animal nutrition. Insects are a rich carrier of proteins, fat, and minerals. They are successfully introduced in animal diets (poultry, swine, rabbits, fish, and pets) as a source of many nutrients, including energy and essential fatty acids (FAs). The insects’ fat content and quality are highly affected by the type of substrate provided to the insects during the rearing period. The majority of the studies have shown that insect fats may be used as promising substitutes for conventional energy resources in animal nutrition without adverse effects on growth performance and feed utilization. They can positively affect meat quality by increasing the level of long-chain polyunsaturated FAs but may also positively influence animals by regulating the gut microbiota and stimulating the immune system. In conclusion, insect fat supplementation showed promising results in terms of their application in animal nutrition. However, compared to insect protein application, very few studies have been performed on insect fats. Therefore, because of the fat quality and content of insects, there is a need to extend experimentation regarding their implementation in animals’ diets as a replacement for conventional dietary energy resources.

scholarly journals Iberian Halophytes as Agroecological Solutions for Degraded Lands and Biosaline Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1005
Author(s):  
Bernardo Duarte ◽  
Isabel Caçador
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Green Solution

Research on biosaline agriculture has been increasing worldwide in recent years. In this respect, the Iberian halophyte diversity present a high-value ecological solution to be implemented for biosaline-based agroecosystems. The research on these halophytic species has been increasing worldwide and, in the recent years, especially in terms saline agriculture adaptation, osmophysiology and nutraceutical potential, highlighting the importance and potential of these species in terms of agrosolutions. The Mediterranean area has high biodiversity in terms of endemic halophytic vegetation (ca. 62 species), providing an alternative pool of potential new agricultural products to be cultivated in adverse conditions. Besides being highly diverse, most of these species are endemic and present a perennial life cycle with several applications in terms of food, forage, nutraceutical, feedstock and remediation. More specifically, the Iberian halophytic flora shows potential as resources of essential fatty acids, minerals and antioxidants—all very important for human and animal nutrition. Alongside the establishment of halophyte agroecological solutions is the provision of key ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration and soil rehabilitation. Moreover, halophyte-based ecosystems provide additional recognized ecosystem services, beyond the final product production, by improving soil health, ecosystem biodiversity and storing large amounts of carbon, thereby increasing the ecosystem resilience to climate change and offering a green solution against climate change.

scholarly journals Essential Fatty Acids in the Fetal and Newborn Lamb

1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Rajion ◽  
JG McLean ◽  
R NP Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Status ◽  
Newborn Lamb ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Fetal Lamb ◽  
Acid Status ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Long Chain

The concentrations of linoleic and linolenic acids and their metabolites in the liver, kidney, brain, erythrocytes and plasma of fetal lambs at various stages of gestation, and of newborn and 2-week-01d suckled lambs was determined. Throughout gestation the fetal tissues, erythrocytes and plasma all contained low levels of linoleic and linolenic acids together with consistently high levels of their long-chain polyunsaturated metabolites. The triene : tetraene (eicosa-5,8, 11-trienoic acid/arachidonic acid) ratio was always 0 . 4 or less except at birth when it reached 0 . 6 in liver and 0 . 9 in plasma. Milk intake significantly increased the linoleic and linolenic acid levels in the lamb by 2 weeks after birth. These results show that the developing fetal lamb should not be regarded as being deficient in essential fatty acids, as suggested by previous investigators. It is proposed that the total metabolites of linoleic and linolenic acids are the most appropriate measure of the essential fatty acid status of the fetal lamb.

scholarly journals The effect of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20: 3, n-6) on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids in the liver of rats deficient in essential fatty acids

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Hassam ◽  
M. A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acids ◽  
Phospholipid Fraction ◽  
Liver Phospholipid ◽  
Dietary Energy

1. Rats were fed on either a diet deficient in essential fatty acid (EFA) or one supplemented with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3,n-6) at levels that represented 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of the dietary energy.2. Supplementation of the diet of EFA-deficient animals with 20:3,n-6 reversed most of the fatty acid changes induced in the liver phospholipid fraction.3. The EFA potency of 20:3,n-6 was found to be similar to that of γ-linolenic acid (18:3,n-6) which has been shown to be higher than that of linoleic acid (18:2,n-6).

Maternal adipose tissue, maternal and cord blood essential fatty acids and their long-chain polyunsaturated derivatives composition after elective caesarean section

2007 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Pankiewicz ◽  
Andrzej Cretti ◽  
Elżbieta Ronin-Walknowska ◽  
Maria-Beata Czeszyńska ◽  
Halina Konefał ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Elective Caesarean Section ◽  
Long Chain

scholarly journals Enhancing Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content of Dairy-Derived Foods for Human Consumption

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang V. Nguyen ◽  
Bunmi Malau-Aduli ◽  
John Cavalieri ◽  
Aduli E.O. Malau-Aduli ◽  
Peter Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Pufa Content ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Long Chain

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are termed essential fatty acids because they cannot be synthesized de novo by humans due to the lack of delta-12 and delta-15 desaturase enzymes and must therefore be acquired from the diet. n-3 PUFA include α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3), and the less recognized docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3). The three long-chain (≥C20) n-3 PUFA (n-3 LC-PUFA), EPA, DHA, and DPA play an important role in human health by reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Up to the present time, seafood, and in particular, fish oil-derived products, have been the richest sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. The human diet generally contains insufficient amounts of these essential FA due largely to the low consumption of seafood. This issue provides opportunities to enrich the content of n-3 PUFA in other common food groups. Milk and milk products have traditionally been a major component of human diets, but are also among some of the poorest sources of n-3 PUFA. Consideration of the high consumption of milk and its processed products worldwide and the human health benefits has led to a large number of studies targeting the enhancement of n-3 PUFA content in dairy products. The main objective of this review was to evaluate the major strategies that have been employed to enhance n-3 PUFA content in dairy products and to unravel potential knowledge gaps for further research on this topic. Nutritional manipulation to date has been the main approach for altering milk fatty acids (FA) in ruminants. However, the main challenge is ruminal biohydrogenation in which dietary PUFA are hydrogenated into monounsaturated FA and/or ultimately, saturated FA, due to rumen microbial activities. The inclusion of oil seed and vegetable oil in dairy animal diets significantly elevates ALA content, while the addition of rumen-protected marine-derived supplements is the most effective way to increase the concentration of EPA, DHA, and DPA in dairy products. In our view, the mechanisms of n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway from ALA and the biohydrogenation of individual n-3 LC-PUFA in ruminants need to be better elucidated. Identified knowledge gaps regarding the activities of candidate genes regulating the concentrations of n-3 PUFA and the responses of ruminants to specific lipid supplementation regimes are also critical to a greater understanding of nutrition-genetics interactions driving lipid metabolism.

Quantitative changes in long-chain fatty acids during fetal and early postnatal development in rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (1) ◽  
pp. R14-R19 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Cunnane ◽  
Z. Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Early Postnatal Development ◽  
Liver Triacylglycerols ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The quantitative importance of triacylglycerol as a source of total essential fatty acids during early postnatal development is reported in the accompanying article. Our objective here was to measure the quantitative changes in individual long-chain fatty acids in specific lipid classes of the carcass, liver, and brain of the developing rat mainly to describe the relative accumulation of long-chain vs. precursor fatty acids. Fatty acids in carcass phosphatidylcholine (micrograms/g) were lower at fetal days 18-21 than at either fetal day 15 or postnatal days +3 to +9. Individual long-chain fatty acids in liver phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine increased markedly by day +3 postnatally, whereas in brain phosphatidylethanolamine, the postnatal increase was delayed to between days +6 and +9. Fatty acids in carcass and liver triacylglycerols increased quantitatively by 10- to 300-fold from fetal day 21 to postnatal day +3 with amounts of both arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid equaling linoleic acid. The ratios of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids to respective long-chain products were significantly higher in triacylglycerols, whereas that of stearic to oleic acid was higher in phospholipids. We conclude that, during early postnatal life, oleic, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acids are required in quantitatively greater amounts in triacylglycerols, whereas stearic acid and long-chain essential fatty acids are required in phospholipids.

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