scholarly journals Effects of self-controlled knowledge of performance on motor learning and self-efficacy: A kinematic study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-196
Author(s):  
Rezvaneh Makki ◽  
Maryam Abdoshahi ◽  
Saeed Ghorbani
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Acquisition Phase ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Coordination Patterns

Abstract Study aim: To evaluate the effects of providing the learners with self-controlled knowledge of performance (KP) on motor learning and self-efficacy (SE) in a dart-throwing motor task. Material and methods: The participants were thirty female university students who were divided into two groups including self-control and yoked groups. Participants performed five blocks of five trials in the acquisition phase, and retention and transfer tests of 10 trials one day later. Intra-limb coordination patterns (movement pattern), throwing scores, and SE (both movement pattern and movement outcome) were measured as dependent variables. Independent t test and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used as statistical tests. Results: The self-controlled group performed significantly better than yoked group on movement pattern during the acquisition phase (F1,28 = 24.239, p = 0.001) and the retention test (t28 = –3.074, p = 0.007). However, there were no significant differences between groups in terms of throwing scores and SE during the acquisition, retention, and transfer phases (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: Providing self-controlled KP can improve learning of movement pattern in the novices but do not necessary increase movement outcome or SE.

scholarly journals Anticipatory Postural Adjustments in Dart Throwing

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Juras ◽  
Kajetan Słomka
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Anticipatory Postural Adjustments ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Postural Adjustments ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Task Parameters ◽  
Kinetics Of

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of accuracy constraints on the characteristics of anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) in a task that involves a movement consisting of a controlled phase and a ballistic phase. It was hypothesized that APA scaling with task parameters (target size) would be preserved even when the task is performed by muscles that have no direct effects on APA. Sixteen healthy right handed subjects participated in the study. All participants had no prior experience in dart throwing. Subjects’ average age was 24.1 ± 1.9 years. A force platform and a motion capture system were used to register kinetics of the body and kinematics of the throwing arm and throwing accuracy. The experiment consisted of six series of twenty consecutive dart throws to a specified target. Target sizes (T2-T6) were set at 25%, 50%, 75%, 125% and 150% of target 1 (T1) initially set as the spread of the last 20 throws in a 50 throw training session. This allowed to distinguish six indexes of difficulty (ID’s) ranging from 2,9 to 5,9. A one-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. Results of ANOVA showed a significant effect of target size at Constant Error but no effect at APA time. There were also no significant differences between hit and miss throws. From a control perspective, it can be stated that changes in central commands did not lead to changes in APA time in the analyzed motor task.

The Effects of Manipulating Task Difficulty and Feedback Frequency on Children’s Dart Throwing Accuracy and Consistency

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110393
Author(s):  
Fatma Bahri ◽  
Yousri Elghoul ◽  
Liwa Masmoudi ◽  
Cain C. T. Clark ◽  
Jordan M. Glenn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Retention Testing ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Frequency Changes

In the present study we investigated the effects of manipulating task difficulty (constant vs. progressive difficulty) and frequency of knowledge of results (KR) on the accuracy and consistency of children’s performance of a novel fine motor coordination task (dart throwing). We assigned 69 right-handed physical education (PE) students ( M age = 10.73, SD = 0.89 years) to progressive (PDG) or constant difficulty (CDG) groups. PDG and CDG were each split into three subgroups who received varying KR frequency (100%KR, 50%KR, and 33%KR), creating a total of six groups. We increased difficulty in the PDG by manipulating the distance to the target (2 m, 2.37 m, and 3.56 m), while distance to the target was constant for CDG throughout the experiment (2.37 m). We conducted performance assessments during familiarization (pre-test), acquisition (post-test), and retention (retention testing) learning phases under both normal condition (NC) and a time pressure condition (TPC). Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of difficulty manipulation on skill learning under both NC and TPC. Further analyses revealed that skill learning was enhanced by progressive difficulty manipulation. However, learning was not affected by KR frequency changes. Progressive difficulty practice enhanced both accuracy and consistency, specifically at retention testing. These results suggest that motor learning in children may be enhanced by practicing with progressive increases in difficulty. PE teachers are encouraged to gradually introduce difficulty levels in motor learning tasks that require high accuracy.

Ego Depletion and Attention Regulation Under Pressure: Is a Temporary Loss of Self-Control Strength Indeed Related to Impaired Attention Regulation?

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Englert ◽  
Kris Zwemmer ◽  
Alex Bertrams ◽  
Raôul R.D. Oudejans
Keyword(s):  
Motor Task ◽  
Ego Depletion ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Attention Regulation ◽  
Control Strength ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Impaired Attention

In the current study we investigated whether ego depletion negatively affects attention regulation under pressure in sports by assessing participants’ dart throwing performance and accompanying gaze behavior. According to the strength model of self-control, the most important aspect of self-control is attention regulation. Because higher levels of state anxiety are associated with impaired attention regulation, we chose a mixed design with ego depletion (yes vs. no) as between-subjects and anxiety level (high vs. low) as within-subjects factor. Participants performed a perceptual-motor task requiring selective attention, namely, dart throwing. In line with our expectations, depleted participants in the high-anxiety condition performed worse and displayed a shorter final fixation on bull’s eye, demonstrating that when one’s self-control strength is depleted, attention regulation under pressure cannot be maintained. This is the first study that directly supports the general assumption that ego depletion is a major factor in influencing attention regulation under pressure.

scholarly journals Constant-random practice and motor learning: Effects of constant practice amount and the manipulation of motor task requirements

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umberto C. Corrêa ◽  
Lucia A. Gonçalves ◽  
João A. de C. Barros ◽  
Marcela Massigli
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Adaptive Process ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Constant Practice

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of different amount of constant practice, prior to random practice with manipulation of motor requirements of the task, in the adaptive process in motor learning. The task consisted of pressing five buttons sequentially in conjunction with visual stimulation provided by a coincident timing apparatus in complex tasks. Different sequential response patterns were performed during the random practice. Thirty-three children aged between 10 and 12 randomly assigned to three groups performed different amounts of constant practice: C-R, C-R33%, and C-R66%. The data were analyzed in respect to the timing coincident (absolute, variable, and constant errors) and measures of invariant (relative timing and relative peak force) and variant (overall absolute movement time and peak force) aspects of the movement pattern. The results showed similar performance among groups and that the C-R66% group adapted by modifying the macrostructure.  

scholarly journals How Do Movement Patterns in Weightlifting (Clean) Change When Using Lighter or Heavier Barbell Loads?—A Comparison of Two Principal Component Analysis-Based Approaches to Studying Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Werner ◽  
Nicolai Szelenczy ◽  
Felix Wachholz ◽  
Peter Federolf
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
The One ◽  
Coordination Patterns ◽  
Initial Elevation

This study compared whole body kinematics of the clean movement when lifting three different loads, implementing two data analysis approaches based on principal component analysis (PCA). Nine weightlifters were equipped with 39 markers and their motion captured with 8 Vicon cameras at 100 Hz. Lifts of 60, 85, and 95% of the one repetition maximum were analyzed. The first PCA (PCAtrial) analyzed variance among time-normed waveforms compiled from subjects and trials; the second PCA (PCAposture) analyzed postural positions compiled over time, subjects and trials. Load effects were identified through repeated measures ANOVAs with Bonferroni-corrected post-hocs and through Cousineau-Morey confidence intervals. PCAtrial scores differed in the first (p < 0.016, ηp2 = 0.694) and fifth (p < 0.006, ηp2 = 0.768) principal component, suggesting that increased barbell load produced higher initial elevation, lower squat position, wider feet position after squatting, and less inclined arms. PCAposture revealed significant timing differences in all components. We conclude, first, barbell load affects specific aspects of the movement pattern of the clean; second, the PCAtrial approach is better suited for detecting deviations from a mean motion trajectory and its results are easier to interpret; the PCAposture approach reveals coordination patterns and facilitates comparisons of postural speeds and accelerations.

scholarly journals The effects of external and internal focus of attention on motor learning and promoting learner’s focus

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Saeed Ghorbani ◽  
Amir Dana ◽  
Zynalabedin Fallah
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Acquisition Phase ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
External Focus ◽  
Task Goal ◽  
Optimal Theory ◽  
Internal Focus ◽  
And Control

SummaryStudy aim: External focus of attention is considered as a critical factor in the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. This theory proposes that external focus of attention facilitates motor performance and learning because it promotes focusing on the task goal. However, the effects of external focus of attention on focusing on the task goal are not well understood. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effects of an external focus of attention versus an internal focus of attention on motor learning and promoting focus of the learner on the task goal.Material and methods: Thirty-six right-handed male students (mean age 21.16 ± 1.85 years old) with no prior experiences with the motor task were randomly assigned to three groups: external focus, internal focus, and control groups. Participants were asked to throw darts at a target during an acquisition phase (10 blocks of six trials each) and during subsequent retention and transfer tests. Throwing accuracy and focus on the task goal were measured as dependent variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures as well as a one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in accuracy scores between groups during the acquisition phase as well as retention and transfer tests, respectively. The significance level was set at p < .05. The author supervised all phases of the experiment.Results: The results showed that adopting an external focus promoted a focus on the task goal and resulted in significantly better motor learning than adopting an internal focus and control conditions (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The findings of the present study provided support for the propositions of the OPTIMAL theory and showed that adopting an external focus of attention promotes focus of the learner on the task goal. The results are discussed in terms of benefits of external focus instructions for facilitating motor learning and goal-action coupling.

Exercise slightly above the maximal lactate steady state reduces self-efficacy and increases negative affect

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Graeme Wrightson ◽  
Louis Passfield
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Maximal Lactate Steady State

Objectives: To examine the effect of exercise at and slightly above the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) on self-efficacy, affect and effort, and their associations with exercise tolerance.Design: Counterbalanced, repeated measures designMethod: Participants performed two 30‐minute constant‐load cycling exercise at a power output equal to that at MLSS and 10 W above MLSS, immediately followed by a time‐to‐exhaustion test at 80% of their peak power output. Self-efficacy, affect and effort were measured before and after 30 minutes of cycling at and above MLSS.Results: Negative affect and effort higher, and self-efficacy and time to exhaustion were reduced, following cycling at MLSS + 10 W compared to cycling at the MLSS. Following exercise at the MLSS self-efficacy, affect and effort were all associated with subsequent time-to exhaustion. However, following exercise at MLSS + 10 W, only affect was associated with time-to exhaustion. Conclusions: Self efficacy, affect and effort are profoundly affected by physiological state, highlighting the influence of somatic states on perceptions and emotions during exercise. The affective response to exercise appears to be associated with exercise tolerance, indicating that the emotional, as well as physiological, responses should be considered when prescribing exercise training.

Assessing variability in surgical decision making among attending neurosurgeons at an academic center

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 1970-1976
Author(s):  
Ashwin G. Ramayya ◽  
H. Isaac Chen ◽  
Paul J. Marcotte ◽  
Steven Brem ◽  
Eric L. Zager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spine Surgery ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
P Values ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Radiology Reports ◽  
Operative Notes ◽  
First Time

OBJECTIVEAlthough it is known that intersurgeon variability in offering elective surgery can have major consequences for patient morbidity and healthcare spending, data addressing variability within neurosurgery are scarce. The authors performed a prospective peer review study of randomly selected neurosurgery cases in order to assess the extent of consensus regarding the decision to offer elective surgery among attending neurosurgeons across one large academic institution.METHODSAll consecutive patients who had undergone standard inpatient surgical interventions of 1 of 4 types (craniotomy for tumor [CFT], nonacute redo CFT, first-time spine surgery with/without instrumentation, and nonacute redo spine surgery with/without instrumentation) during the period 2015–2017 were retrospectively enrolled (n = 9156 patient surgeries, n = 80 randomly selected individual cases, n = 20 index cases of each type randomly selected for review). The selected cases were scored by attending neurosurgeons using a need for surgery (NFS) score based on clinical data (patient demographics, preoperative notes, radiology reports, and operative notes; n = 616 independent case reviews). Attending neurosurgeon reviewers were blinded as to performing provider and surgical outcome. Aggregate NFS scores across various categories were measured. The authors employed a repeated-measures mixed ANOVA model with autoregressive variance structure to compute omnibus statistical tests across the various surgery types. Interrater reliability (IRR) was measured using Cohen’s kappa based on binary NFS scores.RESULTSOverall, the authors found that most of the neurosurgical procedures studied were rated as “indicated” by blinded attending neurosurgeons (mean NFS = 88.3, all p values < 0.001) with greater agreement among neurosurgeon raters than expected by chance (IRR = 81.78%, p = 0.016). Redo surgery had lower NFS scores and IRR scores than first-time surgery, both for craniotomy and spine surgery (ANOVA, all p values < 0.01). Spine surgeries with fusion had lower NFS scores than spine surgeries without fusion procedures (p < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSThere was general agreement among neurosurgeons in terms of indication for surgery; however, revision surgery of all types and spine surgery with fusion procedures had the lowest amount of decision consensus. These results should guide efforts aimed at reducing unnecessary variability in surgical practice with the goal of effective allocation of healthcare resources to advance the value paradigm in neurosurgery.

Time of imagery’s effect on performance and self-efficacy in college baseball players

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colton Haight ◽  
Sandra Moritz ◽  
Tanis Walch
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Interaction ◽  
Physical Effect ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Significant Time ◽  
Imagery Group ◽  
College Baseball ◽  
Group 2

AbstractThe relationships among the time of imagery use on performance and self-efficacy in college baseball players during a hitting task was examined. Participants (n=24) were randomly assigned to one of three imagery conditions: (a) before practice, (b) during practice, (c) after practice. A one-shot MG-M imagery intervention was used. Results from a 3 (imagery group) ×2 (pretest and posttest) repeated measures ANOVA showed only a significant time by imagery group interaction for self-efficacy (F (2, 21)=4.67, p<0.05). These findings suggest that imagery had a stronger psychological effect than physical effect.

scholarly journals Feasibility study of the Home-based Exercises for Responsible Sex (HERS) intervention to promote correct and consistent condom use among young women

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Knights ◽  
Nicole Stone ◽  
Tom Nadarzynski ◽  
Katherine Brown ◽  
Katie Newby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recruitment Strategy ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Home Based

Abstract Background Male condoms are effective in preventing common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy, if used correctly and consistently. However, condom use errors and problems are common and young people report negative experiences, such as reduced pleasure. The Kinsey Institute Home-Based Exercises for Responsible Sex (KIHERS) is a novel condom promotion intervention for young women, which aims to reduce condom errors and problems, increase self-efficacy and improve attitudes towards condoms, using a pleasure-focussed approach. The study objective was to test the operability, viability and acceptability of an adapted version of the KIHERS intervention with young women aged 16–25 years in the United Kingdom (UK) (Home-Based Exercises for Responsible Sex-UK (HERS-UK). Methods A repeated-measures single-arm design was used, with a baseline (T1) and two follow-up assessments (T2 and T3), conducted 4 weeks and 8 weeks post intervention over a 3-month period. Participants were provided a condom kit containing different condoms and lubricants and were asked to experiment with condoms alone using a dildo and/or with a sexual partner. Ten process evaluation interviews were conducted post intervention. Results Fifty-five young women received the intervention; 36 (65%) completed T2 and 33 (60%) completed T3. Condom use errors and problems decreased, self-efficacy increased and attitudes towards condoms improved significantly. The proportion of participants who reported using a condom for intercourse in the past 4 weeks increased from T1 (20; 47%) to T2 (27; 87%) and T3 (23; 77%) and using lubricant with a condom for intercourse increased from T1 (6; 30%) to T2 (13; 48%)) and T3 (16; 70%). However, motivation to use condoms did not change. Cronbach’s alpha scores indicated good internal consistency of measures used. Qualitative data provided strong evidence for the acceptability of the intervention. Conclusions HERS-UK was implemented as intended and the recruitment strategy was successful within a college/university setting. This feasibility study provided an early indication of the potential effectiveness and acceptability of the intervention, and the benefits of using a pleasure-focussed approach with young women. Measures used captured change in outcome variables and were deemed fit for purpose. Future research should explore cost-effectiveness of this intervention, in a large-scale controlled trial using a diverse sample and targeting young women most at risk of STIs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document