scholarly journals Influencing Factors of the Informal Investment in Central Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-91
Author(s):  
Lehel Györfy ◽  
Szilárd Madaras
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Household Income ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Central European ◽  
Informal Investment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship

AbstractThis paper examines the influencing factors of becoming informal investors in two groups of Central European countries: the innovation-driven (Estonia, Latvia, Slovenia and Slovakia) and efficiency-driven economies (Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Romania), based on the GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) database from 2014. According to the results, in the studied innovation-driven economies of Central Europe the probability of becoming an informal investor is higher for those, who know other entrepreneurs, who are confident in their own entrepreneurial skills, who are in the higher percentile of the household income, who are older and male. The results also suggest that in the studied efficiency-driven economies of Central Europe the probability of becoming an informal investor is higher for those who are confident in the own entrepreneurial skills, who know other entrepreneurs, who are in the higher percentile of the household income, who are older and male. The probability is decreased, if somebody is employed full-time. The study emphasises similarities instead of differences regarding the analysed aspect between the two groups of countries.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Case of Central Europe

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3415
Author(s):  
Bartosz Jóźwik ◽  
Antonina-Victoria Gavryshkiv ◽  
Phouphet Kyophilavong ◽  
Lech Euzebiusz Gruszecki
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ekc Hypothesis ◽  
Central European ◽  
Long Run

The rapid economic growth observed in Central European countries in the last thirty years has been the result of profound political changes and economic liberalization. This growth is partly connected with reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, the problem of CO2 emissions seems to remain unresolved. The aim of this paper is to test whether the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis holds true for Central European countries in an annual sample data that covers 1995–2016 in most countries. We examine cointegration by applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound testing. This is the first study examining the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth in individual Central European countries from a long-run perspective, which allows the results to be compared. We confirmed the cointegration, but our estimates confirmed the EKC hypothesis only in Poland. It should also be noted that in all nine countries, energy consumption leads to increased CO2 emissions. The long-run elasticity ranges between 1.5 in Bulgaria and 2.0 in Croatia. We observed exceptionally low long-run elasticity in Estonia (0.49). Our findings suggest that to solve the environmental degradation problem in Central Europe, it is necessary to individualize the policies implemented in the European Union.

scholarly journals Contribution of avoidable causes of death to premature mortality in Poland and selected European countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Wojtyniak ◽  
Jakub Stokwiszewski
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Difference

Our study, availing the new, agreed by the OECD and Eurostat, lists of preventable and treatable causes of death, seeks to quantify the contribution of avoidable causes to premature mortality and its dynamics in Poland and Central European countries – Czechia, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovenia, in comparison with Sweden serving as a benchmark country in 1999–2017. We calculated age standardised death rates for the broad groups of avoidable causes and more specific ones, which comprised preventable and treatable cancer and diseases of the circulatory system (DCS), preventable injuries and alcohol-related diseases. Deaths from not avoidable causes were also analysed. The analysis of time trends in the death rates and calculation of the Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) for the overall trend were performed with joint-point models. The contribution of changes in mortality from avoidable causes to increase life expectancy during 1999–2017 and contribution of the difference in mortality from these causes to the difference in life expectancy between five countries and Sweden were based on the decomposition of temporary life expectancy between birth and age 75 [e(0-75)]. For the calculation of life expectancy, we used the classic Chiang method and the decomposition of life expectancy by the death causes and age was conducted with the Arriaga method. The AAPC of death rates from avoidable causes in 1999–2017 was similar in all the countries but Lithuania, where the decline started later. The decline in the death rates from not avoidable causes is much slower than the rates from avoidable causes. Mortality from treatable causes was decreasing faster than from preventable causes in most populations. In 1999–2017, the average rate of mortality decline for preventable cancer was greater among men than among women, while for treatable cancer the sex-related differences were much smaller and in favour of women. As for preventable and treatable death from DCS, their decrease was faster among women than men in all the countries but Sweden. Improvements in mortality from causes that could be avoided through prevention or treatment made substantial positive contributions to the overall change in life expectancy in all the countries. The differences in temporary life expectancy e(0-75) between the analysed Central European countries and Sweden were much smaller in 2017 than in 1999, due to the reduction of the gap in mortality from avoidable causes. Our results show that among men, and to a lesser extent among women, mortality from preventable causes contributes more than mortality from causes that can be effectively treated to shorter life expectancy in the countries of Central Europe than in Sweden. This indicates that in reducing the health gap between the inhabitants of Central Europe and Western Europe, the healthcare system should consider disease prevention even to a greater extent than just treating them.

Prunus serotina (black cherry).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Terwei
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Central European ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
Temperate Climates

Abstract P. serotina is a deciduous, single-stemmed tree, often medium- to large-sized, up 38 m in height and over 1.2 m or more in dbh in its native range in the eastern USA, though south-western varieties are much smaller. However, where introduced in Central Europe, P. serotina is mostly a shrub, only rarely a tree up to 20 m in height. Black cherry was among the first American trees to be cultivated as an ornamental in European gardens, introduced to England in 1629. In many places it has become naturalized and appears to be highly invasive. The invasive behaviour of this species in several northern and central European countries should be taken into account when considering future introductions to moist, temperate climates.

scholarly journals The Environmental Situation in the Visegrad Region: Neglect and Insufficient Cooperation in the Face of Serious Environmental Threats

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šárka Waisová
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Environmental Cooperation ◽  
Central European ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
The Face

Abstract Only a few studies have covered environmental problems in Central Europe and analysed environmental governance in Central European countries and no study has considered environmental cooperation in this region. The goal of the article is to map and analyse the environmental situation in Central Europe, paying attention to Central Europeans’ perceptions about the environment, key environmental problems and the policy tools these countries plan to use to face them. For this purpose, I concentrate mainly on the Visegrad Four (V4) countries, which represent the core of Central Europe. My findings suggest that the most active and successful environmental cooperation is taking place in an area that includes the V4 countries, their neighbours and other European countries. The EU offers the most important framework to support and develop this environmental cooperation. My assessment of the environmental situation in the V4 region shows that environmental cooperation among the V4 countries cannot be expected and would only have limited value. Because of their geopolitical situation and physical geography, Poland and Hungary in particular are linked to environmental issues that go beyond Central Europe and call for far wider environmental action. Dealing with environmental threats successfully and protecting the Central European environment efficiently cannot be tasks for the V4 group alone. Clearly we require a cooperative and cross‑border Europe‑wide approach.

scholarly journals The Hungarian Atlas of Historic Towns

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-274
Author(s):  
Katalin Szende
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Project Phases

This article surveys the work carried out in the past two decades on the Hungarian Atlas of Historic Towns in a Central European context. With its more than 550 atlases published in nineteen European countries in the last fifty years, the European Atlas of Historic Towns is one of the most comprehensive collaborative projects in the field of humanities. The countries of East Central Europe could join the project only after the fall of the Iron Curtain, and Hungary published its first atlas as late as 2010. In four subsequent project phases, the Hungarian atlas team has been working on nineteen atlases of eighteen towns, out of which eight have been published so far. The editors follow the standards set by the International Commission for the History of Towns and have adopted best practices represented by the Austrian, Polish and Irish atlas series. In addition to describing the source basis and the main methodological concerns, the article highlights examples of comparative urban research for which the atlases offer an unparalleled potential. The article also advocates a more extensive use of this exceptional resource.

Contested Constitutions

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper de Raadt
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Constitution Making

What were the effects of constitution-making procedures on the acceptance of the new “rules of the political game” in postcommunist Central Europe? This article sets out to scrutinise the increasingly popular claim among politicians and scholars of democratisation that inclusiveness and popular involvement in constitution-making processes enhance a constitution's legitimacy. The concept of constitutional conflict, referring to political contestation over the interpretation and application of constitutional relations among state institutions, is introduced as a way to assess constitutional acceptance among politicians. The investigation concentrates on constitutional conflict patterns during the five years following constitution-making in seven Central European countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. Constitution-making procedures varied substantially among the cases, as did the intensity and timing of constitutional conflict. The article finds that differences in constitution-making procedures do not necessarily determine the legitimacy of constitutions among political elites. Instead, ambiguity on the allocation of formal competencies among political actors and increasing political tensions between pro-reform and anti-reform parties during the early 1990s proved to be more important triggers of constitutional conflict. Accordingly, studies on constitution-making and democratisation should focus less on procedural aspects and take into account the fuzziness of important constitutional provisions and the extent to which constitutions can survive periods of intense political polarisation.

Variety of Knowledge Sources and Competency Acquisition Modes in the Scope of HRM in MNCs in Central Europe – Empirical Research Results

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Marzena Stor
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Knowledge Sources ◽  
Central European ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Management Perspective ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Changing Practices

The main goal of the article is to identify changes that appeared in local subsidiaries of MNCs in Central Europe in the scope of variety of HR knowledge sources and HR competency structuring and acquisition as a  response to the changing macroeconomic conditions in the last decade. Additionally, the aim is to determine if such changes have been experienced in Poland and whether they have been similar to those that characterize Central Europe or not. The empirical research findings come from 5 Central European countries. The general conclusion is that to face altering worldwide economic situation MNCs had to reformulate their strategies of operation and this found its reflection not only in changing practices within the variety of HR knowledge sources and HR competency structurization and acquisition but within the scope of these practices evaluation from the management perspective as well.

Anti-Communist Justice and Founding the Post-Communist Order: Lustration and Restitution in Central Europe

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Appel
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Economic Order ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
Secret Service ◽  
Soviet Russia

This article explores how ideas and beliefs shaped the development of programs of retrospective justice. By focusing on lustration, property restitution, and the declassification of secret service files in four central European countries, this article investigates the role of formalized anti-communist programs in the founding of the new political and economic order. After reviewing the development of anti-communist programs in East Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary, the article examines the motivation behind these programs and the variation in approaches across countries. It then analyzes the implications of anti-communist programs for the creation of a post-communist national identity, and concludes with a discussion of the weak anti-communist programs in post-Soviet Russia.

Entrepreneurial activity and national innovative capacity in selected European countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudiu Tiberiu Albulescu ◽  
Anca Drăghici
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Innovative Capacity ◽  
Monitor Data

The present article assesses the role of entrepreneurship in strengthening the national innovative capacity of the European countries. For this purpose, we use the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data for the entrepreneurial activity, while the innovative capacity is assessed based on the Global Innovation Index and the Summary Innovation Index. Our panel data estimations for the period 2009–2012 show that the total entrepreneurial activity does not influence the national innovative capacity. Furthermore, the role of opportunity or innovation-driven entrepreneurs in enhancing the national innovative capacity cannot be documented, either in the Central and Eastern European countries or in the Western European countries. Our findings are robust regarding the change in data sample, control variables or the way national innovative capacity is assessed.

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