scholarly journals Differences in Nervous Autonomic Control in Response to a Single Session of Exercise in Bodybuilders Using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Jefferson Fernando Coelho Rodrigues Júnior ◽  
Alexandre Sérgio Silva ◽  
Glêbia Alexa Cardoso ◽  
Valmir Oliveira Silvino ◽  
Acácio Salvador Veras-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Androgenic Steroids

Abstract Considering the role of autonomic nerve activity in blood pressure control, this study aimed to investigate the cardiac autonomic nerve responses after an aerobic exercise session in Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) users. Twenty men (AAS, n = 9; control group, n = 11) performed an aerobic exercise session (60 min, 70 to 80% of HRmax). Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed before and during a 60-min post-exercise recovery period. RMSSD (root mean square successive difference of the RR intervals) and the LF/HF ratio (low frequency/high frequency spectra) were also evaluated. The Student's t-test for independent samples was used to compare differences between initial group characteristics. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare pre- and post-exercise HRV recovery (p < 0.05). AAS had a lower SDNN (standard deviation of the intervals) (40.8 ± 16.8 vs. 71.6 ± 24.7 ms; p = 0.04, d = 1.4) and a higher LF/HF (3.4 ± 2.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.9%; p = 0.03, d = 0.9) before exercise. AAS and controls had similar RMSSD (14.0 ± 15.8 vs. 18.9 ± 12.1 ms; p = 0.20) and a LF/HF (2.8 ± 1.6 vs. 2.4 ± 1.2 ms; p = 0.41) immediately post-exercise. The between-groups comparison revealed a higher HF/LF at 30 min (4.3 ± 1.4 vs. 2.5 ± 1.3%; p = 0.008, d = 1.3) and 60 min (5.0 ± 2.2 vs. 2.3 ± 0.8%; p = 0.001, d = 1.6) for the AAS group in the recovery time. This study demonstrated impaired parasympathetic activity at rest and immediately after the exercise session as an adverse effect of AAS usage, but similar behavior regarding the restoration of sympathetic activity.

Plasma glycerol during the acute post-exercise recovery period: influence of exercise intensity

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
R.J. Bloomer ◽  
T.M. Farney
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Exercise Recovery ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Post Exercise Recovery

Intensity of exercise can influence substrate utilization, with increasing intensity resulting in lower rates of fat oxidation and the reliance on carbohydrate as the preferred fuel. Fat oxidation (or more specifically, mobilization) can be assessed via the measurement of circulating glycerol, with most prior research focusing on aerobic exercise and measurements obtained during the actual exercise bout. The present study determined the degree of fat oxidation/mobilization by measuring plasma glyctierol concentrations during the one hour post-exercise recovery period following three difference exercise bouts. On four different days, exercise trained men (n=12; 23.7±1.1 years) either rested quietly or performed aerobic cycle exercise (60 min at 70% heart rate reserve), 60 s cycle sprints at 100% max wattage obtained during graded exercise testing (GXT) - a total of five, or 15 s cycle sprints at 200% max wattage obtained during GXT - a total of 10. Blood was collected before and at 1, 30 and 60 min post-exercise. Haematocrit and haemoglobin were measured to correct for changes in plasma volume. Glycerol was analysed in plasma and the area under the curve was calculated. Glycerol increased across time (P<0.0001) from pre-exercise (8.4±0.3 μg/dl) to 1 min (13.1±0.7 μg/dl), 30 min (11.3±0.6 μg/dl) and 60 min (9.1±0.5 μg/dl) post-exercise, with 1 min and 30 min post-exercise greater than pre-exercise and 60 min post-exercise (P<0.05). Area under the curve was greater (P=0.0004) for aerobic exercise (24.7±2.0 μg/dl/h), 60 second sprints (23.4±1.9 μg/dl/h) and 15 sec sprints (24.4±1.5 μg/dl/h), as compared to rest (15.3±0.8 μg/dl/h), with no differences noted between exercise bouts (P≯0.05). All exercise bouts increase circulating glycerol, with no differences noted between bouts. Although previous data indicate that low intensity aerobic exercise results in greater fat oxidation than high intensity exercise (when assessed during the actual exercise session), our findings suggest that high intensity exercise may result in similar fat oxidation/mobilization as compared to aerobic exercise during the acute post-exercise period.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF A THERMOGENIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON POST AEROBIC EXERCISE HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES IN HEALTHY YOUNG MEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (38) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Vilton Emanoel Lopes de Moura E Silva ◽  
Valmir Oliveira Silvino ◽  
Jefferson Fernando Coelho Rodrigues Júnior ◽  
Alyson Felipe da Costa Sena ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Neves Amorim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exercise Recovery ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Post Exercise Recovery

Introduction: The use of food supplements with esthetic or performance-enhancing goals has been largely investigated. Thermogenics are supplements that increase energy expenditure through thermogenesis and are widely consumed by individuals seeking to improve body composition and exercise performance. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a commercially available thermogenic supplement on post-exercise blood pressure responses. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven healthy thermogenic supplements users participated in the study. Nine were assigned in the control group (21.67 ± 1.87 years), nine in the thermogenic group (24.00 ± 4.18), and nine in the placebo group (23.67 ± 3.04). The volunteers performed a treadmill aerobic exercise session for 60 minutes at 65 to 85% max heart rate. The hemodynamic variables were measured at rest and during 60 minutes in the post-exercise recovery. The normality of the data was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Baseline momentum and post-exercise recovery were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA test (group versus time factors), with Bonferroni post-hoc test. The level of statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: The thermogenic supplement did not significantly compromise post-exercise hypotension when compared to the other groups. However, thermogenic supplementation increased the blood pressure in >5 mmHg, which reportedly plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion: The use of the thermogenic Lipo 6 Black Ultra Concentre Nutrex ® did not alter PEH in healthy youngsters. However, since an increase in the blood pressure was observed, this supplementation must be administered with caution.

Doping and effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on the heart: histological, ultrastructural, and echocardiographic assessment in strength athletes

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Hassan ◽  
MF Salem ◽  
Mael Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Experimental Group

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are used by some athletes to enhance performance despite the health risk they may pose in some persons. This work was carried out to evaluate the possible structural and functional alterations in the heart using two-dimensional, M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and strain rate imaging (SRI) in athletes using supraphysiological doses of AAS. Additionally, the histological and ultrastructural changes in cardiac muscles of adult albino rats after injection of sustanon, as an example of AAS, were studied. Fifteen male bodybuilders using anabolic steroids constituted group 1, five male bodybuilders who are not using anabolic steroids constituted group 2, and five nonathletic males constituted negative control group (group 3). They were investigated by two-dimensional, M-mode, TDI and SRI. This study was performed on 30 adult albino rats. They were divided into two groups. Group I (Control group) (10) was subdivided into negative control, subgroup 1a (5), and subgroup 1b (5), which received 0.8 ml olive oil intramuscular once a week for 8 weeks. Group II (Experimental group) (20) received sustanon 10 mg/kg intramuscularly once a week for 8 weeks. The heart specimens were prepared for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Echocardiographic results showed that bodybuilders who use steroids have smaller left ventricular dimension with thicker walls, impaired diastolic function, as well as higher peak systolic strain rate in steroid-using bodybuilders as compared to the other two groups. Light microscopy examination of cardiac muscle fibers showed focal areas of degeneration with loss of striations and vacuolation in the experimental group. Ultrastructural examination showed disturbance of the banding pattern of the cardiac muscle fiber with disintegration, loss of striations, dehiscent intercalated disc, and interrupted Z-bands. Administration of supraphysiological doses of AAS caused severe deleterious effects in the myocardium both in athletes and in experimental animals. The SRI shows promise in the early detection of systolic dysfunction in those athletes who use steroids.

scholarly journals Acute Citrulline-Malate Oral Supplementation does not Improve Post-Aerobic-Exercise Autonomic Response in Normotensive and Hypertensive Subjects: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-249
Author(s):  
Juliano Casonatto ◽  
Adeluci Moraes ◽  
Kamila Grandolfi
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Autonomic Response ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Citrulline Malate ◽  
E 32

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate whether citrulline malate (CM) supplementation might influence post-aerobic-exercise autonomic response in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Forty individuals (20 normotensives and 20 hypertensives) were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups (normotensive-placebo [NP], normotensive-CM [NC], hypertensive-placebo [HP], and hypertensive-CM [HC]). The participants ingested CM (6 g) or placebo dissolved in water (100 ml) 120 min before the exercise session. The exercise session was conducted on a treadmill and consisted of 40 min of running/walking at 60-70% HRreserve. The heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded continuously for 60 min post-exercise. In normotensive subjects at “post-30”, LF increased and HF decreased after the CM supplementation (16% [P=0.041] and -32% [P=0.037], respectively). No significant differences were found in “pre”, “post-30” and “post-60” considering the pooled (NP, NC, HP, and HC) z-scores for time and frequency HRV domains. These results suggest that a single dose of CM supplementation does not promote significant effects on post-exercise autonomic modulation in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Keywords: Autonomic Nervous System. Citrulline Malate. Hypertension. Exercise. ResumoO presente estudo foi desenvolvido para investigar se a suplementação de citrulina malato (CM) pode influenciar a resposta autonômica após exercício aeróbico em indivíduos normotensos e hipertensos. Quarenta indivíduos (20 normotensos e 20 hipertensos) foram aleatoriamente designados para um dos quatro grupos experimentais (normotenso-placebo [NP], normotenso-CM [NC], hipertenso-placebo [HP] e hipertenso-placebo [HP] e hipertenso-CM [HC]). Os participantes ingeriram CM (6 g) ou placebo dissolvido em água (100 ml) 120 minutos antes da sessão de exercícios. A sessão de exercícios foi realizada em esteira e consistiu em 40 minutos de corrida/caminhada a 60-70% da FCres. A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) foi registrada continuamente por 60 minutos após o exercício. Nos normotensos “pós-30”, houve aumento para LF e redução para HF após a suplementação de CM (16% [P=0,041] e -32% [P=0,037], respectivamente). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos momentos "pré", "pós-30" e "pós-60", considerando os escores-z combinados (NP, NC, HP e HC), tanto para os indicadores de domínio do tempo, quando para os de domínio da frequência. Estes resultados sugerem que uma dose única de suplementação de CM não promove efeitos significativos na modulação autonômica após exercício em indivíduos normotensos e hipertensos. Palavras-chave: Sistema Nervoso Autônomo. Citrulina Malato. Hipertensão, Exercício.

Mood Alterations in Older Adults following Acute Exercise

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar F. Pierce ◽  
Donald W. Pate
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Affective Change

Limited research indicates positive affective change following acute bouts of exercise, but whether this improved affect among younger subjects may be generalized to older individuals is not known. The present study, then, examined the effects of a single bout of physical activity among older participants. 16 trained women ( Moge = 64.5 ± 7.6 yr.) completed an abbreviated Profile of Mood States prior to and immediately following a 75-min. session of aerobic line dancing. A series of one-way analyses of variance with repeated measures were used to examine differences between pre- and posttest subscores on mood states. Significant decreases following exercise in scores on Tension, Depression, Fatigue, and Anger and a significant increase in scores on Vigor relative to preexercise (control) scores were found. Global mood was significantly improved after the exercise session. No significant difference was found between pre- and postexercise measures of Confusion. Previous findings of significant improvements in affect immediately after an acute bout of exercise may be generalized to older adults. Repetition with a nonexercised control group is desirable.

scholarly journals Interaction of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Induced Tooth Movement in Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-510
Author(s):  
Lilian Mary Karakida ◽  
Cristiano Miranda de Araujo ◽  
Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann ◽  
Elisa Souza Camargo ◽  
Orlando Motohiro Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Orthodontic Devices

Abstract This study evaluated the interaction between tooth movement and two anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), Deposteron® and Nebido®. One hundred Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control (C) n=30, Nebido experimental (N) n=35 and Deposteron experimental (D) n=35. The control group was subdivided into 6 subgroups: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14. The experimental groups were subdivided into 7 subgroups: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14, which corresponded to the day of animal’s euthanasia after applying orthodontic force. Orthodontic devices were used to induce tooth movement using 50 cN of reciprocal force between the maxillary right first molar and the maxillary incisors. After euthanasia, the tissues were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Osteoclasts, Howship’s lacunae and blood vessels were quantified. Groups N and D showed acceleration in the reorganization of the periodontal ligament compared to group C. The peak of the histological events occurred in group C on day 5 and in groups N and D on day 3 after installation of the orthodontic device. There was a statistically significant difference in the number of osteoclasts (p<0.05) between groups N3 and C3, and between groups N3 and D3. Supra-physiological doses of the AAS Nebido® and Deposteron® altered the number of osteoclasts, Howship’s lacunae and blood vessels, accelerating the reorganization of the periodontal ligament, resulting in accelerated biological effects from the induced tooth movement in rats.

Effect of exercise on kinetic gait analysis of dogs afflicted by osteoarthritis

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Moreau ◽  
B. Lussier ◽  
R. Beraud
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Force Platform ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Propulsion Force ◽  
Potential Factor ◽  
Hindlimb Lameness

Summary Objective: To evaluate the effects of moderate exercise on kinetic gait analysis using a force platform in dogs with hindlimb lameness due to osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Ten control dogs (Control) and 10 dogs presented with chronic and stable hind-limb lameness (OA) were recruited. Dogs were subjected to force platform gait analysis to determine baseline data. They were thereafter trotted for a distance of 1.2 km on a short leash, lead by the same handler at a gait convenient for each of them (ranging from slow to fast trot), after which the gait analysis was immediately repeated to determine post-exercise values. Peak and impulse of the vertical and braking / propulsion forces were analysed using a linear model for repeated measures and Bonferroni sequential correction. Results: In the Control group, the differences between baseline and post-exercise data were not significant. Conversely, post-exercise peak (p = 0.020) and impulse (p = 0.009) values of the vertical force, as well as the peak of the propulsion force (p = 0.009) values were significantly lower than baseline in the OA group. Clinical relevance: This study demonstrates the significant effect of a moderate amount of exercise in exacerbating hindlimb lameness in dogs clinically afflicted by OA. It is suggested that: 1) exercise should be considered as a potential factor of variation in future force platform gait analyses and an effort should be made to limit bias in data recording; and 2) an exercise-based protocol could be added to the standard force platform gait analysis to potentially increase its sensitivity in the detection of lame dogs.

scholarly journals Sports Mass Age Therapy on the Reduction of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness of the Quadriceps Femoris

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Boguszewski ◽  
Sylwia Szkoda ◽  
Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk ◽  
Dariusz Białoszewski
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Massage Therapy ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Massage Group ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractPurpose. Massage therapy is one of most commonly applied treatments during athletic training. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of sports massage therapy on reducing post-exercise quadriceps muscle soreness. Methods. A sample of 29 women aged 24-26 years was divided into an experimental group (n = 15) receiving classic sports massage therapy and a control group (n = 14) given no treatment. An exercise session consisting of five sets of deep squat jumps was administered after which lower limb power as assessed via the vertical jump test. Muscle soreness was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and exercise intensity with the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale. Subsequent measurements of lower limb power and muscle soreness were performed 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after the exercise session. Differences between the measurements were assessed by the Friedman and least significant difference tests while between-group comparisons involved the Mann-Whitney U test. Results. The largest decrease in lower limb power was observed between the first measurement after the exercise session and 24 h later (p < 0.01). The smallest decrease in power was observed in the massage group. The highest levels of muscle soreness were noted 24 h post-exercise in the massage group and 48 h post-exercise in the control group. The experimental group showed a decrease in muscle soreness in each subsequent measurement, with the results close to zero on the VAS 96 h postexercise. Conclusions. Massage therapy quickened recovery and improved muscle efficiency post-exercise and may serve as an effective treatment of muscle soreness. The analgesic effect of massage suggests it should be widely applied in sport, physical therapy and rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Exercise and Garlic Extract Use on the Blood Pressure, Fat Percentage, and Lipid Profile of Patients with Hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhad Towhidi ◽  
Khalid Mohammadzadeh Salamat ◽  
Ali Soroush ◽  
Ali Pourmotabbed
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

Background: Obesity is known as one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors. Objectives: This quasi-experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of an eight-week aerobic exercise and garlic extract use on the blood pressure, fat percentage, and lipid profile of patients with hypertension. Methods: A total of 50 men with a mean age of 53 ± 7.6 years were recruited from among obese patients with blood pressure. They were randomly divided into five groups of aerobic exercise, garlic extract, aerobic exercise plus garlic extract, placebo, and control. The experimental groups underwent aerobic exercise (3 sessions per week, each session for 35 - 60 min with a maximum heart rate of 50 - 75) or garlic extract supplementation (daily use of 6 g) for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected before interventions and 48 h after the last exercise session. Statistical analysis was done by the dependent t-test and ANCOVA. Results: Body weight, body fat percentage, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and serum LDL significantly reduced in the aerobic exercise, garlic extract, and aerobic exercise plus garlic extract groups compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise plus garlic extract groups showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol level and serum triglyceride and an increase in serum HDL compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise plus garlic extract group indicated a higher increase in serum HDL and a higher decrease in the body weight, body fat percentage, and serum LDL compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise plus garlic extract group indicated a higher serum LDL decrease compared to the aerobic exercise group (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: Both aerobic exercise and garlic extract seem to be able to improve obesity, lipid profile, and hypertension. However, their concurrent use has no additional effects on the blood pressure control although it mostly influences lipid profile and body composition.

scholarly journals The Acute Effects of Yoga on Executive Function

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Gothe ◽  
Matthew B. Pontifex ◽  
Charles Hillman ◽  
Edward McAuley
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Relationship

Background:Despite an increase in the prevalence of yoga exercise, research focusing on the relationship between yoga exercise and cognition is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an acute yoga exercise session, relative to aerobic exercise, on cognitive performance.Methods:A repeated measures design was employed where 30 female college-aged participants (Mean age = 20.07, SD = 1.95) completed 3 counterbalanced testing sessions: a yoga exercise session, an aerobic exercise session, and a baseline assessment. The flanker and n-back tasks were used to measure cognitive performance.Results:Results showed that cognitive performance after the yoga exercise bout was significantly superior (ie, shorter reaction times, increased accuracy) as compared with the aerobic and baseline conditions for both inhibition and working memory tasks. The aerobic and baseline performance was not significantly different, contradicting some of the previous findings in the acute aerobic exercise and cognition literature.Conclusion:These findings are discussed relative to the need to explore the effects of other nontraditional modes of exercise such as yoga on cognition and the importance of time elapsed between the cessation of the exercise bout and the initiation of cognitive assessments in improving task performance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document