scholarly journals Surface Treatment Proposals for the Automotive Industry by the Example of 316L Steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Dudek ◽  
Barbara Lisiecka
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Atmospheric Plasma ◽  
Stainless Steel Surface ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Steel Modification ◽  
316L Steel ◽  
Sintered Stainless Steel

Abstract Nowadays, stainless steels are very interesting and promising materials with unique properties. They are characterized high mechanical strengths, high toughness and good corrosion resistance, so that can be used in many industrial sectors. An interesting alternative to steels obtained using the conventional methods is sintered stainless steel manufactured using the powder metallurgy technology. AISI 316L stainless steel is one of the best-known and widely used austenitic stainless steel. Modification of surface properties of stainless steels, in particular by applying the Cr3C2 coating is becoming more and more popular. The technique of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) was used to deposit Cr3C2 - NiAl powder on stainless steel surface. In this study presents arc surface remelting of two types of stainless steel was used by GTAW method in order to improve function and usability these materials. The results of optical microscope metallographic, hardness and scratch test are presented. The main assumption for this study was to analyze the microstructure and hardness after remelting and alloying the surface of 316L steel (using GTAW method) with current intensity 50 A.

scholarly journals The effect of alloying method on the structure and properties of sintered stainless steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dudek ◽  
B. Lisiecka ◽  
R. Ulewicz
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Duplex Steel ◽  
Sintered Stainless Steel

AbstractSintered duplex stainless steels (SDSSs) appear to be very interesting and promising materials that can be used in many industrial sectors. Ferrite improves material strength while austenite increases hardness and corrosion resistance. This study proposes a method to improve functional properties (e.g. hardness and wear resistance) by means of alloying the surface of the sintered duplex steel with Cr3C2+ 10% NiAl powder. The results of optical microscope metallography, SEM/EDX, XRD analysis and microhardness and wear resistance measurements are also presented. The surface alloying with Cr3C2is a manufacturing method of surface layer hardening in sintered stainless steels and modification of surface layer properties such as hardness and coefficient of friction.

Effects of Nickel and Chromium Additions on Microstructure of P/M 316L Stainless Steels

2017 ◽  
Vol 891 ◽  
pp. 452-457
Author(s):  
Seksak Asavavisithchai ◽  
Panyawat Wangyao ◽  
Fonthip Tangmon ◽  
Pipat Tangsatapornpad
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Hydrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Microstructural Development ◽  
Σ Phase

The present study aims to investigate the effects of Ni and Cr additions on microstructure of P/M 316L stainless steels. The optimum content of both elements to maximize the oxidation resistance of the stainless steel with minimum σ phase formation and microstructural development in various sintering times are also examined. The 316L samples were produced by homogeneously mixing Ni and Cr powders in various contents, followed by cold compaction at high pressure for 30 s. The solutioning process was performed at 1300°C for 45 s under hydrogen atmosphere. The sintering temperature was at 800°C and the sintering times were selected at 200, 400 and 600 hrs, in order to simulate working conditions. The development of microstructure was examined through optical microscope. It is found that the addition of Ni and Cr resulted in the formation of different porosity contents. The porosity increases when the content of the powders increases.

Kinetic characterization of boride layers formed on AISI 316 stainless steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 652-656
Author(s):  
Özlem Aydın ◽  
Polat Topuz ◽  
Tuna Aydgomus
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Boride Layer ◽  
Stainless Steel Surface ◽  
Image Analyzer ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Aisi 316 Stainless Steel ◽  
Aisi 316 ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract This paper presents the growth kinetics of the boride layer formed on a boronized AISI 316 (X5CrNiMo17-12-2) stainless steel surface. Samples were boronized applying the Ekabor 2™ boronizing agent in an atmosphere controlled furnace at 1073, 1173 and 1273 K for 1, 2 and 3 h by the powder pack method. Surfaces of the samples which have completed the boronizing process were prepared for metallographic examinations. An optical microscope and an integrated image analyzer were used to measure the thickness of the boride layer formed on the surface of the samples. Due to the dual phase structure of the boride layer formed on the steels in order to see these phases in detail, an SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) image of the sample was taken with the help of the back scattered electrons. In addition, for determination of the elements constituting these phases, elemental analysis was carried out with the help of an EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) unit connected to SEM. Then XRD (Xray diffraction analysis) analyses were carried out to understand in detail which phases formed the boron layer. For hardness measurements of boride layers, a Vickers hardness device with 100 g weight was used. Finally, to determine the growth kinetics of the boronized samples, calculations were made with the help of the Arhenius equation and compared with the literature.

scholarly journals Weldability of duplex stainless steels- A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 309 ◽  
pp. 01076
Author(s):  
Aditya Ramesh ◽  
Vishal Kumar ◽  
Anuj ◽  
Pradeep Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenite Formation ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Temperature Heat ◽  
High Production ◽  
Corrosive Resistance

Duplex stainless steel finds widespread use in various sectors of manufacturing and related fields. It has many advantages due to its distinctive structural combination of austenite and ferrite grains. It is the need of the current generation due to its better corrosive resistance over high production austenitic stainless steels. This paper reviews the weldability of duplex stainless steels, mentions the reason behind the need for duplex stainless steels and describes how it came into existence. The transformations in the heat-affected zones during the welding of duplex stainless steels have also been covered in this paper. The formation, microstructure and changes in high temperature and low temperature heat-affected zones have been reviewed in extensive detail. The effects of cooling rate on austenite formation has been briefly discussed. A comparison of weldability between austenitic and duplex stainless steel is also given. Finally, the paper reviews the applications of the various grades of duplex stainless steel in a variety of industries like chemical, paper and power generation and discusses the future scope of duplex stainless steel in various industrial sectors.

Corrosion Behaviour of Nitronic Steel in Acidic Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Sharma ◽  
Anurag Bhardwaj ◽  
Daljeet Singh ◽  
Divyansh Mittal ◽  
Rajiv Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Acidic Environment ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Corrosion Studies ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Lower Corrosion Rate

Nitronic steel exhibits an austenitic matrix with carbide precipitates along the grain boundaries. The nitronic steel also shows excellent ductility (nearly 2 times of the other stainless steel) which enhances their structural applications. In the view of the performance of nitrogen alloyed steel, the corrosion behaviour of the as-received nitronic steels wasstudied and compared its corrosion behaviour with the conventional stainless steels being used in chemical and hydropower industries. The corrosion study of the nitronic steel and conventional stainless steels was performed in different aqueous solutions (H2SO4 and NaCl). The results obtained from corrosion studies suggest the lower corrosion rate of nitronic steel as compared to the conventional stainless steels. The corroded surfaces were analyzed using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope for the elemental analysis of corrosion products. Keywords: Nitronic steel; Corrosion; Stainless steel; Acidic solutions

scholarly journals Cavitation Erosion and Wear Mechanisms of AlTiN and TiAlN Films Deposited on Stainless Steel Substrate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosław Szala ◽  
Mariusz Walczak ◽  
Kamil Pasierbiewicz ◽  
Mariusz Kamiński
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Cavitation Erosion ◽  
Stainless Steel Substrate ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Material Transfer

Stainless steel grade AISI 304 is one of the most widespread modern structural material, alas its sliding wear and cavitation wear resistance are limited. Thus, AlTiN and TiAlN coatings can be deposited for increasing the resistance to wear of stainless steel components. The aim of the work was to investigate the cavitation erosion and sliding wear mechanisms of magnetron sputtered AlTiN and TiAlN coatings deposited on SS304 stainless steel. Films surface morphology and structure were examined using a profilometer, light optical microscope (LOM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties (hardness, elastic modulus) were tested by nanoindentation tester. The adhesion of deposited coatings was determined by means of the scratch test and Rockwell test. Cavitation erosion tests were performed according to ASTM G32 (vibratory apparatus) with stationary specimen procedure. Sliding wear tests were conducted using a nano-tribo testes i.e. ball-on-disc apparatus. Wear mechanisms are strongly contingent upon the structure and morphology of the tested materials. In relation to stainless steel substrate, the PVD films present a superior resistance to sliding wear and cavitation erosion. Higher resistance was noticed for AlTiN than for TiAlN film, mainly due to its superior hardness and elastic modulus. Cavitation erosion mechanism of both, AlTiN and AlTiN coatings is prone to embrittlement, imputable to fatigue processes that result in coating rupture and spallation that consist in coating fragmentation, formation of pits and finally detachment from the substrate. Additionally, films nanoindentation results measured before and after cavitation testing indicate changes in coatings structure, that acknowledged wear mechanism that starts with coating internal delamination in flake spallation mode. In contrary to PVD coatings, steel substrate is characterized by developed cavitation erosion wear with roughened surface and plastically deformed, semi-brittle, eroded surface. Sliding wear of thin films is based on micro-ploughing mechanism. For stainless steel adhesive sliding wear mode and plastic deformation with smearing, material transfer and grooving were observed. It was confirmed that various fluid machinery components made from austenitic stainless steel that undergo cavitation erosion, can be prevented by deposition of AlTiN and TiAlN films.

scholarly journals Characteristics of AISI 420 Stainless Steel Modified by Low-Temperature Plasma Carburizing with Gaseous Acetone

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiliang Liu ◽  
Mufu Yan
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Martensitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Stainless Steel Surface ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Temperature Plasma ◽  
Aisi 420 ◽  
Plasma Carburizing

In this research work, low-temperature carburizing of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel was conducted at 460 °C for different amounts of time using an acetone source. The microstructure and phase structure of the carburized layers were characterized by optical microscope and X-ray diffraction. The properties of the carburized layers were tested with a microhardness tester and an electrochemical workstation. The results indicate uniform layers are formed on martensitic stainless steel surfaces, and the carburized layers are mainly composed of carbon “expanded” α (αC) and Fe3C phases. The property tests indicated that after plasma–carburizing, the hardness of the stainless steel surface can reach up to 850 HV0.1. However, the corrosion resistance of stainless steel decreased slightly, and the corrosion characteristic of stainless steel was altered from pitting to general corrosion. The semiconductor characteristic of the passivation film on stainless steel was transformed from the p-type for untreated specimens to the n-type for carburized specimens.

Gas Nitriding of Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel

2011 ◽  
Vol 312-315 ◽  
pp. 524-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Baranowska ◽  
Vicente Amigó
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Gas Nitriding ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
316L Steel ◽  
Sintered Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosive Environments

The results concerning gas nitriding of sintered stainless steel are presented in the paper. The samples made of 316L steel were gas nitrided at temperatures between 400-550°C. The microstructure of the layer was investigated by means of light and atomic force microscopy. The phase composition was identified using X-ray diffraction. Moreover, tribological and corrosion properties of the samples were evaluated. It was demonstrated that in case of gas nitriding it is possible to obtain nitrided layers also inside open pores, which can be beneficial for corrosion response of nitrided sintered austenitic stainless steel applied in corrosive environments.

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