scholarly journals Mission and Limitations. Back to the Origins of Lutheran-Orthodox Contacts in the 16th Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-103
Author(s):  
Dietmar Plajer
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
City Council ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church ◽  
Printing House

Abstract The Reformation in Transylvania, Lutheran in structure, has been from its very beginning in direct contact with representatives of the Orthodox Church. An Orthodox clergyman, Philippus Pictor (Filip Moldoveanul), had worked for decades in Hermannstadt in the service of the magistrate, with tasks – among other responsibilities – in the printing house; it was probably during his activity in office that the (now lost) Romanian catechism of 1544, the church-slavonic and the bilingual (Slavonic-Romanian) gospels were printed. There are good reasons to assume that these prints were made directly by the initiative of the city council; but this was not an attempt at the conversion of Romanians to the Evangelical faith, but rather an exercise of the duty – emerging from Luther’s theology – to make possible for all people the access to Scripture.

scholarly journals Religiøs ikonografi og politisk agitation

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Riis
Keyword(s):  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church ◽  
Religious Aspect

About the painting “The Siege of Constantinople” as found on six churches from the 16th century in Moldavia. In the first decades of the 16th century the late Byzantine iconography flourished in Moldavia on church exteriors. On six churches within a radius of 30 kilometres are found a siege scene, “The Siege of Constantinople”, in connection with a painting of the Akathist Hymn. The article seeks the historical background of the painting in the siege of Constantinople by the Turkish army in 1453. In uncovers, through an interpretation of the painting from the Moldovita Monastery, the Moldavian painters’ knowledge of the fall of Constantinople. At the same time, this was the defeat of the centre of the Orthodox Church to which Moldavia belonged. From the connection with the Akathist Hymn and the explanatory text which follows the painting on the church in Arbore, the religious aspect of the paintings is connected to the Persian siege of Constantinople in 626, where an intervention by Virgin Mary was believed to have saved the city. During the Turkish pressure in the 1530’s, this tradition is moulded into an anti-Turkish ideological manifest in Moldavia. This takes place by altering the historical scene for the events in 626, and in this manner the situation of Moldovia is incorporated into the paintings. The church of Arbore has been painted as the last one and has an account which varies in considerable degree from the five others regarding the historical aspect, because at that time Turkish control of the area increased. However, its religious aspect is still Christian and anti-Turkish. After 1541 the picture is no longer painted, probably because of even stronger Turkish control.

Study of Painting Materials and Techniques in the 18th Century St.Athanasius Church in Moschopolis, Albania

2007 ◽  
Vol 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Pavlidou ◽  
N. Civici ◽  
E. Caushi ◽  
L. Anastasiou ◽  
T. Zorba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Cultural Center ◽  
Green Earth ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church ◽  
Compositional Characterization

AbstractIn this paper are presented the studies of the paint materials and the technique used in 18th century wall paintings, originated from the orthodox church of St Athanasius, in the city of Maschopolis, a flourishing economical and cultural center, in Albania. The church was painted in 1745 by Konstantinos and Athanasios Zografi, and during the last years, restoration activities are being performed at the church. Samples that included plasters and pigments of different colors were collected from important points of the wall paintings. Additionally, as some parts of the wall-paintings were over-painted, the analysis was extended to the compositional characterization of these areas. The identification of the used materials was done by using complementary analytical methods such as Optical Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence (TXRF).The presence of calcite in almost all the pigments is indicative for the use of the fresco technique at the studied areas, while the detection of gypsum and calcium oxalate, indicates an environmental degradation along with a biodegradation. Common pigments used in this area at 15-16th centuries, such as cinnabar, green earth, manganese oxide, carbon black and calcite were identified.

scholarly journals The School Culture Heritage of the Reformation

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
László Trencsényi
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Church Reform ◽  
College Culture ◽  
Educational Innovations ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Culture Heritage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contemporary Education ◽  
The Church

Abstract On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, this essay analyses those educational innovations in the history of central European education that were introduced by the Church reform in the 16th century, following these modernizations and their further developments through the spreading of the universal school systems in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Drawing examples from the innovations in the college culture of the period, the author emphasises that those pedagogical values established in the 16th century are not only valid today, but are exemplary from the point of view of contemporary education. From these the author highlights: pupils’ autonomy (in the form of various communities), cooperation with the teachers and school management and the relative pluralism of values.

scholarly journals John Calvin as ‘public theologian’ in view of his ‘Commentary on Seneca’s de Clementia’

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim A. Dreyer
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Public Theology ◽  
Vast Amount ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
The Church ◽  
Legal Training

During the 16th century, Europe underwent fundamental sociopolitical changes, which challenged theologians and the church to respond theologically. In light of the celebration of the Reformation (1517–2017) and the theme of this conference, this contribution presents Calvin as a ‘public theologian’. To this purpose it is necessary to define ‘public theology’, describe the sociopolitical changes which challenged theologians during the 16th century, and lastly to focus on Calvin’s contribution to the discourse. Because of the vast amount of material that is available, this contribution is limited to Calvin’s first publication, his ‘Commentary on Seneca’s De Clementia’. Calvin’s fundamental understanding of law and justice, as well as his theological engagement with sociopolitical issues, made him a public theologian par excellence. Calvin’s legal training surfaced whenever he addressed the authorities, for instance, when pleading the case of persecuted Protestants. He had a fundamental understanding of issues such as justice and freedom. The rights, responsibilities and obligations of government and people should always remain in balance. Sociopolitical transformation, as experienced in South Africa during the last three decades, requires of theologians to engage theologically with relevant issues. In this, Calvin set a remarkable example.

scholarly journals Organizacja i funkcjonowanie diecezji chełmskiej w świetle relacji „ad limina” z 1594 r.

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4 Zeszyt specjalny) ◽  
pp. 139-158
Author(s):  
Bogumił Szady
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The State ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Apostolic See ◽  
Present Text

The major aim of the present article is to assess the credibility and provide criticism of the source value of the first account on the state of the Chełm diocese from 1594 in reference to the organizational state of the diocese at the end of the 16th century, which was before the fire of the archives of the Episcopal curia in Krasnystaw (7 April, 1597), when most of the documents and books burnt down. The account analyzed in the present text is one of the oldest preserved reports sent by the Polish bishops to the Apostolic See after the Council of Trent. The criticism of the Chełm account from 1594 is preceded by an introduction referring to the research tradition and the editorial tradition related to this category of sources. The circumstances and the historical context concerning the account are presented. The evaluation of the reliability of the information passed to the Apostolic See by the representative of bishop Stanisław Gomoliński was conducted by means of the comparative analysis referring to the content of the account together with the information on the state and organization of the Chełm diocese which comes from other sources and scientific studies. The author of the account pointed to a number of difficulties in the functioning of his diocese in the area where the Orthodox Church prevailed and the network of Latin churches, additionally weakened by the Reformation, did not make up a regular and compact territorial structure. This caused a lot of problems in the material protection of the benefices and in pastoral services (a lack of clergymen, accumulation of benefices, disregarding the duty of residence). The account from 1594, as compared to later reports, has the character of a letter (“stylus epistolaris”), and not a form. It is short and fairly general. Its informative value, especially when we analyze particular problems or particular issues, is only supplementary. It can present greater value while studying the bishop’s relation to his diocese and the way of managing it. It is worth looking at this source in the comparative context – especially through the prism of the accounts presented by the same bishop from various dioceses which were under his management during his pastoral career. This will enable criticism of this source and the answer to the question about the extent to which the accounts were the personal work of a given bishop or the work of the Episcopal curia circles and to what extent the traditions of the bishopric.

Anabaptism and the Reformation: Another Look

1960 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Hillerbrand
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Radical Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Church

It has by and large been characteristic of the current resurgence of Anabaptist studies to understand the Anabaptist movement as an integral part of the Reformation. Thus the two terms presently used to designate the framework of the radical dissent of the 16th century— Roland H. Bainton's now classic “Left Wing” and, more recently, George H. Williams' “Radical Reformation”—suggest a positive relationship with the mainstream Reformation. There is widespread consensus among scholars, particularly in America, that Anabaptism concurred with the Reformation on the major points of Protestant doctrine and dissented merely on secondary issues, such as baptism, the church, or political authority, around which centered indeed most of the theological polemics between the Anabaptists and the Reformers.

Two Orthodox Churches (the Old and the New) of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in Kalisz

Ikonotheka ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 109-131
Author(s):  
Anita Kunikowska
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Post Office ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

The Kalisz Orthodox church from the 1870s (Fig. 1) was demolished in the interwar period and quickly replaced by a “new” Orthodox church by the same name (Fig. 6). The surviving official correspondence reveals a specific set of arguments for the dismantling of the “old” church, e.g. that it was becoming dilapidated, was a threat to public safety and constituted an alien addition to the architectural landscape of the city. The demolition of the Orthodox church was to provide jobs for the unemployed and to open up the possibility of erecting a post office in that spot. The municipal authorities convinced the Ministry of Culture and Art that the local Orthodox parish was not interested in reclaiming the church for their own needs, even though this was not the case. The community ultimately conceded to having the church dismantled but demanded that a new temple be erected as compensation. The example of Kalisz aptly illustrates the attitude the authorities of the Second Republic of Poland had towards Russian Orthodox churches that had been erected in the partition period. The situation mirrored the controversies around the fate of the Orthodox church in Saski Square in Warsaw, if in a more provincial environment. The architectural style of the “new” Orthodox church in Kalisz puzzles many authors – the building, clearly representative of Russian historicism, is associated with Rundbogenstil and Latin- and Occidental-style Orthodox churches, which were spared by the interwar Polish authorities who wished to convert Orthodox citizens to Catholicism within the framework of the so-called neo-Union.

Tithe Controversy in Reformation London

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Brigden
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
National Level ◽  
City Government ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The City ◽  
Parish Priests ◽  
The Church

Nothing put the clergy and laity at odds so much as money. Quarrels over tithe provide the background against which all the hostility between Londoners and their parish priests must be seen. Since the thirteenth century the citizenry had engaged in periodic disputes with the city clergy over the assessment of tithe, but at the Reformation fervent new issues exacerbated the acrimony and the quarrel seemed to have become intractable. In the city, where individual disputes soon became common knowledge and might stir formidable partisanship, the citizens were often convinced that they were being robbed by their priests. Once the reforming ideas of Protestantism began to spread the London clergy were forced to defend themselves not only against criticism of clerical wealth and privilege but also against far profounder attacks upon their authority and faith. The London tithe controversy in many ways reflects the struggle between the lay and ecclesiastical orders at a national level. The conciliation which had marked the negotiations between the Church and city government in the later Middle Ages gave way to open conflict in the reign of Henry vm until, finally, the tithe issue could be settled only by Parliament, and the Church lost its traditional powers of judgement in tithe causes to the city.

4. Early modern sainthood

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Yarrow
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Intellectual Creativity

‘Early modern sainthood’ describes the impact of the 16th-century Reformation on the image of the Christian saint. The Reformation, triggered by Augustinian friar Martin Luther, was a struggle for the highest stakes between fierce adversaries over the relationship between church and state, the authority and mission of the Church, the fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith, and the conscience of every soul in Christendom. It spurred immense intellectual creativity, fuelled iconoclasm and bitter polemic, and brought protracted war and martyrdom. It ultimately divided Europe into the Catholic states of southern Europe and those states of northern Europe whose princes embraced various kinds of Protestantism.

scholarly journals Adopting a New Religion: The Case of Protestantism in 16th Century Germany

2012 ◽  
Vol 122 (560) ◽  
pp. 502-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Cantoni
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Adoption And Diffusion ◽  
The City ◽  
New Religion ◽  
And Diffusion

Abstract Using a dataset of territories and cities of the Holy Roman Empire in the sixteenth century, this article investigates the determinants of adoption and diffusion of Protestantism as a state religion. A territory’s distance to Wittenberg, the city where Martin Luther taught, is a major determinant of adoption. This finding is consistent with a theory of strategic neighbourhood interactions: introducing the Reformation was a risky enterprise for territorial lords and had higher prospects of success if powerful neighbouring states committed to the new faith. The actual spatial and temporal patterns of expansion of Protestantism are analysed in a panel dataset.

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