scholarly journals Gender Matters for the Entrepreneurial Activity: Case of European States

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-302
Author(s):  
Kharlamova Ganna ◽  
Stavytskyy Andriy ◽  
Naumova Mariia
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Support Programs ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Business Innovation ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
The World

Abstract The gender inequality is the hot topic for most countries in the world. However, sometimes the talks about the risks and threats are more dramatic than the reality is. The paper aims to test the gender gap in the selected states and to consider the hypothesis that gender matters in entrepreneurial activity. The methodology of the regression and statistical analyses is proposed to access the main hypothesis and to trace the dynamics of the gender indexes and ranks. The preliminary results show that gender affects the level of entrepreneurial activity; besides government support programs and socio-cultural factors have a significant impact as well. The valid results for all states represented positive correlation and dependence between Entrepreneurial Motivation for TEA and Female/Male ratio for all analysed states. We can conclude that the change in the ratio of women and men engaged in entrepreneurial activity in the state (i.e. Poland) will affect the level of business innovation. For example, when the gender structure of entrepreneurs in Poland changes towards the number of women compared to men, the level of innovation of products and services will increase, or vice versa.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship as a special type of agricultural activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (97) ◽  
pp. 178-187
Author(s):  
S.A. Vlasyuk ◽  
◽  
O.V. Rolinskyi ◽  
Yu.A. Tsymbalyuk
Keyword(s):  
Support System ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
Business Structures ◽  
Business Structure

Today, in Ukraine and, of course, all over the world, the agricultural sector is an important component of the economy. As an agrarian country with huge natural resources, the agricultural sector in Ukraine is a potential branch of entrepreneurship that needs to be developed. Systematic review of the scientific sources of existing researches in the field of agriculture taking into account the current challenges concerning researches contextualizing on the nature of entrepreneurship and focusing on its role in the agricultural sector is important. The purpose of this article is to substantiate theoretically the essence, organizational-and-legal forms and other basic aspects of the functioning of business structures in the agricultural sector. It was found that entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine takes place in the context of reform and in constant conditions of complication of agricultural production, domestic economic environment and against the background of increasing globalization of the world economy. Intensive development of economic processes in the agricultural sector determined the objective need to adapt entrepreneurial activity to new business conditions due to the limited resource potential of each business entity. It was found that agriculture is a main factor in resource conservation, self-sufficiency, development of rural territories, social and cultural guarantees. However, there are problems that limit its development, such as employment mismatch, lack of effective entrepreneurial orientation and productive investment in the agricultural sector, inefficient credit policy, technological backwardness and underdeveloped infrastructure, imperfect support system, vulnerability of a significant part of the main beneficiaries in agriculture, inability of business structures in the agricultural sector to constructive competition in regional and international markets because of the lack of proper legal framework, etc. It was offered to consider the business structure as an organization that has specific features that allow forming alternative views on the future and combines several aspects of entrepreneurship and a flexible, mobile structure, specific decision-making mechanisms. Creating a business structure in the agricultural sector requires a balanced decision, because the relevant knowledge, innovative ideas, financial support, use of new technologies that are necessary for competitiveness at a global level play an important role in its further activities. Further development of entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector requires the formation of a favorable business environment, effective government support, development of financial support system, improvement of crediting regimes, implementation of regional programs, development and realization of measures for information, consulting and staffing support, infrastructure development, etc.

Gender and the Sustainable Development Goals

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Mee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Women And Girls

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) began in 2016 with great hopes that they will promote social development, economic development, and environmentally sustainable development with the motto, “Leave No One Behind” (UN 2016). In particular, SDGs’ goal 5, “Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls” (UN 2016). However, persistently high gender gap was found in many countries around the world whether they are developed or developing. The 2016 Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI), which examines gender inequality across four key areas of health, education, economy and politics, showed that the gender gap widened in many countries, and the gap in “economic participation and opportunity” showed the largest gender gap compared to health, education and political participation (World Economic Forum 2016). Interestingly, the GGGI do not match the global ranking of countries based on their GDP size, GDP per capita, or even the level of poverty. Thus, in order to deal with the underlying causes of deep-rooted and persistent gender inequality we must develop more culturally nuanced and contextualized approaches in the SDGs to tackle gender inequality (Song & Kim 2013). Gender inequality is simply not acceptable in the world where half of the world’s citizens are not provided with the same rights as the other half. It is also economically less productive to rely on only half of the world’s labor force to help eradicate poverty. Education, employment, and full empowerment of women and girls must be a priority for the SDGs.

scholarly journals Is It Time for a Revolution in Work‒Life Balance? Reflections from Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9563
Author(s):  
Rocío Rodríguez-Rivero ◽  
Susana Yáñez ◽  
Celia Fernández-Aller ◽  
Ruth Carrasco-Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Stem Careers ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Digital Divides ◽  
The World ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 crisis has taken the world by surprise, and its effects are widening pre-existing inequalities such as socioeconomical, educational, and digital divides. The gender gap is no exception, and research shows that lockdowns are strongly impacting women, who, on the whole, are more vulnerable to the effects of a crisis. This study analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain on families, from a gender perspective. To this end, 663 participants related to the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields were recruited to participate in the research through their connection with the Equality Office of the major technical university of Spain, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, which offers most engineering and architecture degrees. The results indicate that the great myths of gender inequality are still alive in Spain, and that a crisis of this nature can perpetuate them. However, the crisis also presents an opportunity for change. Will the STEM careers be prepared to take advantage of this opportunity, or will this crisis end up perpetuating their markedly masculine character? Are we ready for a revolution? The COVID-19 crisis and its learnings about the importance of care can open the path to change.

scholarly journals Anthropological Perspective on Gender Disparities in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-425
Author(s):  
Konduru Delliswararao
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Anthropological Perspective ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Very High

Gender is a social term; it is using for both male and female. But due to the inequality and discrimination, the gender term is more adopted only to female or women discrimination. In developing countries like India, gender inequality, discrimination is very high due to so many factors, such as economical factors, cultural factors and others. India is 140th Rank, out of 156 countries in world's gender gap index. It is showing that India's performance in gender equality. Not only a govt, every individual in the society are responsible for the gender inequality in India. When comparing with other nations, India’s ranking is lower than African countries. The main objective of the present paper explains the socio-cultural, economical, and other factors in various sectors in Pondicherry related to gender equality. Another aim of the study is to understanding the women development in a holistic manner. The methodology of the paper is Mixed Method of research. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 8, Issue-3: 416-425.

scholarly journals Gender Inequality in Pakistan Caused by Domestic Factors and Conflict Resolving Based on CEDAW

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-257
Author(s):  
Dewi Masitoh ◽  
Firdha Ayu Pramesti
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Global Gender Gap Index

Gender inequality in Pakistan has been going for a long time from year to year. This can be evidenced by the results of a report from The Global Gender Gap Index in 2018 that was released by the World Economic Forum (WEF), Pakistan was the second worst country in the world in terms of gender equality, especially for the treatment of women, which ranks 148th out of 149 country. The aims of research are women’s participation is needed in a country by guaranteeing their freedom and welfare of state. If the lack of women's participation will be one of the roots of socio-economic and demographic problems that have been experienced by Pakistan until today. This research will use qualitative research methods, that emphasize the observation and understanding of a social phenomenon, where data is collected through secondary data and literature review. This research will use two theoretical frameworks, they are: Feminism and Human Rights. The main finding of the research was found in detail about how the problem of gender inequality in Pakistan; the reasons of gender inequality has been going on for a long time; and how about the conflict resolving from Pakistan Government based on International Law.

Gender Impact on the Enterprise Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Oleksii V. Lyulyov ◽  
Oleksandra I. Karintseva ◽  
Andrii V. Yevdokymov ◽  
Hanna S. Ponomarova ◽  
Oleksandr O. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Representation ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Enterprise Performance ◽  
World Economic Forum ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the situation of gender equality in Ukraine and in the world during the last 5 years, identifies the leading countries in moving towards gender equality in various fields of life by analyzing the indicators of the Global Gender Gap Report of the World Economic Forum. These indicators include: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, Political Empowerment, which are the part of a single index that determines the position of countries in the overall ranking. Based on the results of this analysis, Ukraine has improved value of gender equality index, although in the overall ranking of countries Ukraine has lost its position and dropped 11 ranks lower than in 2014. This means that, among all the countries surveyed by the World Economic Forum, there are countries that are moving much faster towards gender equality than Ukraine. In addition, the article includes the investigation of the gender representation among the board members of 5 enterprises of Ukraine for 2014-2017, which represent the leading sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The dynamics of changes in the level of performance of these enterprises using the return on assets (ROA) indicator is analyzed, the relationship between the leadership of the enterprises and the value of the ROA indicator is graphically presented. The obtained results do not give a clear answer about the gender impact on the enterprise performance. The reason for this is a number of factors, such as: insufficient statistical sampling of enterprises; the selected performance indicator of enterprise activities does not fully reflect the impact of the gender factor on enterprise activities; the methodology used in the work needs improvements, or it is necessary to choose a totally new approach to the analysis of the investigated issue under study. Gender representation among board members and its impact on enterprise performance should be investigated further. Key words: gender, gender equality, enterprise board members, return on assets.

Beyond Technonationalism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn C. Ibata-Arens
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Policy ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Firm Creation ◽  
Biomedical Innovation ◽  
The World ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Biomedical Industry ◽  
Innovation And Entrepreneurship

What explains the rapid and sustained economic rise of Asian countries in high-technology industries, including biomedicals? The biomedical industry, comprised mainly of biopharmaceuticals and medical devices, is among the fastest growing globally and has been an economic-development target of national governments around the world. The book presents a conceptual framework to assess national government management of innovation and entrepreneurship in the fast-growing biomedical industry in Asia, which at current growth rates is on track to become the center of the world economy. Four Asian countries—China, India, Japan, and Singapore—are compared in terms of innovation capacities, government policy, and firm-level strategies underlying competitive advantages in high technology. The book argues that countries that pursue networked technonationalism have been effective in upgrading innovation capacity and also encouraging entrepreneurial activity in targeted industries. The study begins with a global-level analysis of biomedical innovation and entrepreneurship, identifying emerging concentrations of scientific citation, patenting, and firm creation—paying close attention to trends in Asian economies and future prospects. Findings indicate a gradual shift to Asian economies of many biomedical-innovation and new-business-creation activities. The book concludes with implications for innovation policy and entrepreneurship strategy in Asia and elsewhere.

scholarly journals The effect of language on performance: do gendered languages fail women in maths?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Kricheli-Katz ◽  
Tali Regev
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Large Representative ◽  
And Task

AbstractResearch suggests that gendered languages are associated with gender inequality. However, as languages are embedded in cultures, evidence for causal effects are harder to provide. We contribute to this ongoing debate by exploring the relationship between gendered languages and the gender gap in mathematics achievements. We provide evidence for causality by exploiting the prominent (but not exclusive) practice in gendered languages of using masculine generics to address women. In an experiment on a large representative sample of the Hebrew-speaking adult population in Israel, we show that addressing women in the feminine, compared to addressing them in the masculine, reduces the gender gap in mathematics achievements by a third. These effects are stronger among participants who acquired the Hebrew language early in childhood rather than later in life, suggesting that it is the extent of language proficiency that generates one’s sensitivity to being addressed in the masculine or in the feminine. Moreover, when women are addressed in the masculine, their efforts (in terms of time spent on the maths test) decrease and they report feeling that “science is for men” more than when addressed in the feminine. We supplement the analysis with two experiments that explore the roles of general and task-specific stereotypes in generating these effects.

scholarly journals Gender inequality in COVID-19 times: evidence from UK prolific participants

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Sonia Oreffice ◽  
Climent Quintana-Domeque
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Future State ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk

Abstract We investigate gender differences across multiple dimensions after 3 months of the first UK lockdown of March 2020, using an online sample of approximately 1,500 Prolific respondents’ residents in the UK. We find that women's mental health was worse than men along the four metrics we collected data on, that women were more concerned about getting and spreading the virus, and that women perceived the virus as more prevalent and lethal than men did. Women were also more likely to expect a new lockdown or virus outbreak by the end of 2020, and were more pessimistic about the contemporaneous and future state of the UK economy, as measured by their forecasted contemporaneous and future unemployment rates. We also show that between earlier in 2020 before the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic and June 2020, women had increased childcare and housework more than men. Neither the gender gaps in COVID-19-related health and economic concerns nor the gender gaps in the increase in hours of childcare and housework can be accounted for by a rich set of control variables. Instead, we find that the gender gap in mental health can be partially accounted for by the difference in COVID-19-related health concerns between men and women.

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