scholarly journals Application of Neural Networks for Control of District Heating \ Wykorzystanie Sieci Neuronowych Do Regulacji W Ciepłownictwie

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Chmielnicki
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
System Control ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Quality Of Control ◽  
Building Maintenance ◽  
Non Linear

Abstract The annual usage of heat for the demand of heating systems in municipal sector has been estimated as about 650PJ. It is mostly addressed for the demand of central heating systems and hot water consumption. The mode of adopted solutions concerning regulation and control, as well as energy management system, essentially influence its consumption. In the case of residential buildings, the costs of energy constitute the greatest share related to the total cost of building maintenance. Providing buildings with modern digital systems for control and regulation of heating installations is a basic condition enabling their rational usage. In currently employed solutions, algorithms PI or PID are usually applied. However, due to the non-linear properties of heating control systems, they do not secure proper quality. The sequences are often unstable and major control deviations occur. The application of neural networks is an alternative solution to those presently employed. They are especially recommended for adaptive control of non-stationary systems. Such cases occur in heating objects since they demonstrate non-linear properties with a great range of variability of parameters; this especially refers to district heating equipped with flux-through heat exchangers. In this paper, a compile model of heating system control aided by neural networks is presented. The results of the investigation clearly prove the usefulness of such solutions, cause the quality of control is much better than that one applied in traditional systems. Presently, works on the implementation of the proposed solutions are under way.

scholarly journals Analysis of Smart Zone Heating in Different Heating Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-309
Author(s):  
Rastislav Ingeli ◽  
Peter Buday
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Internal Partition ◽  
Partition Structure ◽  
The Individual

The basic concept in the design of buildings with zero energy consumption is, in addition to high-quality thermal properties of the building envelope, also a correct and efficient system of heating and hot water preparation in residential buildings. One of the basic concepts when designing heating systems is a zone heating system. It is a system that brings effective regulation according to heating zones. In practice, the question sometimes arises as to whether zone regulation of individual rooms in small family houses is necessary. That is whether in such buildings, zone heating is not an unnecessary investment cost. In this paper, we analyze the effect of zone heating in two types of heat transfer systems on the internal operating temperature in the individual analyzed zones, which are interconnected by an internal partition structure. It is a verification that even in smaller spaces, zone heating has a significant potential for energy savings.

scholarly journals Innovations in Housing and Communal Services to Increase Real Incomes of the Russian Population

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-157
Author(s):  
D. V. Shcherbakova ◽  
O. E. Ignashin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Heat Networks

The article analyzes innovative technologies for heating residential buildings as an opportunity to solve the problems of housing and communal services in the country and a way to increase the real income of the population. The methods of statistical data analysis, the logical method, and the method of mathematical modeling are used. The problem under study is that the Russian economy has been experiencing a decline in real incomes for a long period of time. Coronavirus restrictions have exacerbated the existing trends. At the same time, a significant share of the expenses of Russians is the payment for utilities. Over the past 10 years, the cost of heating has risen by 80%. The lag of the Russian energy sector from the world indicators is due to several reasons: the low energy efficiency class of houses, significant wear and tear of heating networks, functional shortcomings of centralized heating, the lack of necessary federal and regional legislative acts, and the lack of private investment. At the same time, the centralized heating system has a number of unresolved problems related to the monopoly position of the industry: significant wear of pipelines of heat networks and heat generating equipment; limitations of the maximum temperature in the cold period; systematic exceeding of the value according to the temperature schedule in the warm period; poor quality of hot water supply in the winter period; late start of heating in the early cold; obsolete and extremely dangerous method of testing heat networks. It becomes obvious that there is a need for a radical modernization of the housing and communal sector with the introduction of fundamentally new heating systems and the development of energysaving technologies in the design, construction, and major repairs of residential buildings. The economic calculation of the use of an “Electro-converter heating system” on the example of a panel house of the 507 series showed that the annual savings in heating costs will be 79.5%. The payback period of the project is 11 years. The use of innovative systems of this type in the construction of new homes will pay off the investment much faster. The most acceptable mechanism for implementing such a project may be a public-private partnership. The use of public-private partnerships in the form of concession agreements in the construction of energy-efficient residential buildings and the introduction of innovative heating systems will create favorable conditions for the large-scale introduction of energy-saving technologies, which will have a positive impact on cost savings when paying for heating services and increase real incomes of the population.

scholarly journals Technology Pathways and Economic Analysis for Transforming High Temperature to Low Temperature District Heating Systems

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3218
Author(s):  
Pedro Durán ◽  
Herena Torio ◽  
Patrik Schönfeldt ◽  
Peter Klement ◽  
Benedikt Hanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
District Heating Systems

There are 1454 district heating systems in Germany. Most of them are fossil based and with high temperature levels, which is neither efficient nor sustainable and needs to be changed for reaching the 2050 climate goals. In this paper, we present a case study for transforming a high to low temperature district heating system which is more suitable for renewable energy supply. With the Carnot Toolbox, a dynamic model of a potential district heating system is simulated and then transformed to a low temperature supply. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to see the system performance in case space constrains restrict the transformation. Finally, an economic comparison is performed. Results show that it is technically possible to perform the transformation until a very low temperature system. The use of decentralized renewable sources, decentralized heat storage tanks and the placement of a heat pump on each building are the key points to achieve the transformation. Regarding the sensitivity analysis, the transformation is worth doing until the seasonal storage and solar collector field sizes are reduced to 60% and 80% of their values in the reference case, respectively. The economic analysis shows, however, that it is hard for highly efficient low temperature renewable based heat networks to compete with district heating systems based on a centralized fossile CHP solution. Thus, though the presented transformation is technically possible, there is a strong need to change existing economic schemes and policies for fostering a stronger promotion of renewable energy policies in the heat sector.

scholarly journals Overview of Solutions for the Low-Temperature Operation of Domestic Hot-Water Systems with a Circulation Loop

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3350
Author(s):  
Theofanis Benakopoulos ◽  
William Vergo ◽  
Michele Tunzi ◽  
Robbe Salenbien ◽  
Svend Svendsen
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Heating Power ◽  
Circulation Loop ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Domestic Hot Water

The operation of typical domestic hot water (DHW) systems with a storage tank and circulation loop, according to the regulations for hygiene and comfort, results in a significant heat demand at high operating temperatures that leads to high return temperatures to the district heating system. This article presents the potential for the low-temperature operation of new DHW solutions based on energy balance calculations and some tests in real buildings. The main results are three recommended solutions depending on combinations of the following three criteria: district heating supply temperature, relative circulation heat loss due to the use of hot water, and the existence of a low-temperature space heating system. The first solution, based on a heating power limitation in DHW tanks, with a safety functionality, may secure the required DHW temperature at all times, resulting in the limited heating power of the tank, extended reheating periods, and a DH return temperature of below 30 °C. The second solution, based on the redirection of the return flow from the DHW system to the low-temperature space heating system, can cool the return temperature to the level of the space heating system return temperature below 35 °C. The third solution, based on the use of a micro-booster heat pump system, can deliver circulation heat loss and result in a low return temperature below 35 °C. These solutions can help in the transition to low-temperature district heating.

scholarly journals METHODOLOGY OF THE PRIMARY DATA RECONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PIPE HEATING SYSTEMS/VIENVAMZDŽIŲ ŠILDYMO SISTEMŲ PIRMINIŲ DUOMENŲ NUSTATYMO METODIKA

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 318-322
Author(s):  
Edvardas Tuomas ◽  
Saulius Neverbickas
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Complex Coefficient ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
Central Heating ◽  
Single Pipe

The majority of dwellings in Lithuania are situated in blocks of flats. The dwellings were built after World War II and they are heated by single pipe central heating systems, connected to district heating. The dwellers are not quite satisfied with such a heating system and try to improve it, but do that in a wrong way, by increasing the surface of radiators. Such means lead to violation of thermal regime and comfort conditions for other dwellers. There exists sometimes the necessity of reconstructing premises and together—the heating system. During the reconstruction the primary heat fluxes from radiators should be known, but very often such data are lost and only the size of radiators (number of sections) are known. To reconstruct the required primary data for single pipe systems is complicated because the temperatures of inlet and outlet water for radiators are unknown. In this article the methodology is proposed how to perform the calculations leading to the required data. The aim of calculations is the establishment of heat fluxes from each radiator connected to the riser. Heat flux from radiator can be calculated according the formula (1) but the complex coefficient is unknown. It could be found from formulae (2) but some magnitudes are unknown. According to the proposed methodology the values of unknown magnitudes are taken approximately and calculations are performed with iterations. In such a way the flow rate of water in riser is established from formula (3), which is the same for each radiator (the property of single pipe system). From formulas (3) and (4) an equation is produced (5), and is used for calculations of unknown temperatures. The equation (6) is used for calculation of heat fluxes from radiators. To carry out the above-mentioned calculations without computer practically is impossible due to many cycles of iteration. The programme was prepared to make easy all these calculations. The scheme of algorithm of programme is given in Fig 1. An example of calculation is given in this article. Calculations were fulfilled by newly created programme. The riser chosen for calculation is shown in Fig 2. The results of calculation are given in Table 1. The table shows that according to the proposed methodology the programme based on it can be used for reconstruction of primary data of single pipe heating systems successfully.

Cost and environmental performance of forced air and hot water heating systems in post-Soviet countries

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Begmyrat Kulmedov ◽  
Serdar Durdyev
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
High Price ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Heating Systems

PurposeThe aim of the present study is to assess the selected heating systems (furnace and boiler) commonly used in the dwellings of seven post-USSR (the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) countries. The systems were assessed in terms of their cost and environmental performance, with natural gas and electricity used as the main source of energy.Design/methodology/approachThe cost-effectiveness and environmental performance of the selected heating systems that have been commonly used in the selected post-USSR countries was assessed. Current energy (natural gas and electricity) prices that are applied in those countries were used.FindingsResults show that the furnace is the cheapest option, while natural gas is the cheapest source of energy, despite its high price in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Both heating systems could be considered eco-friendly options, although their efficiencies need to be considered at the design stage. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, which are the top natural gas producers, offer natural gas for the selected heating systems as both cost-effective and eco-friendly options.Practical implicationsA considerable reduction in electricity consumption and less harm to our environment can be achieved through the systems used in residential buildings in the region.Originality/valueThe outcomes of the present study offer value (in terms of cost-effective and eco-friendly options) for the end-users in the region.

scholarly journals Exergy Analyses of Low-Temperature District Heating Systems With Different Sanitary Hot-Water Boosters

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Poredoš ◽  
Kitanovski ◽  
Poredoš
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Intersection Point ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
District Heating Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Exergy Analyses

This paper presents an exergy-efficiency analysis of low-temperature district heating systems (DHSs) with different sanitary hot-water (SHW) boosters. The required temperature of the sanitary hot water (SHW) was set to 50 °C. The main objective of this study was to compare the exergy efficiencies of a DHS without a booster to DHSs with three different types of boosters, i.e., electric-, gas-boiler- and heat-pump-based, during the winter and summer seasons. To achieve this, we developed a generalized model for the calculation of the exergy efficiency of a DHS with or without the booster. The results show that during the winter season, for a very low relative share of SHW production, the DHS without the booster exhibits favorable exergy efficiencies compared to the DHSs with boosters. By increasing this share, an intersection point above 45 °C for the supply temperatures, at which the higher exergy efficiency of a DHS with a booster prevails, can be identified. In the summer season the results show that a DHS without a booster at a supply temperature above 70 °C achieves lower exergy efficiencies compared to DHSs with boosters at supply temperatures above 40 °C. The results also show that ultra-low supply and return temperatures should be avoided for the DHSs with boosters, due to higher rates of entropy generation.

scholarly journals An Efficient Iterative Method for Looped Pipe Network Hydraulics Free of Flow-Corrections

Fluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Brkić ◽  
Pavel Praks
Keyword(s):  
Iterative Method ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Initial Result ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Loop Method ◽  
Hardy Cross ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Previous Iteration

The original and improved versions of the Hardy Cross iterative method with related modifications are today widely used for the calculation of fluid flow through conduits in loop-like distribution networks of pipes with known node fluid consumptions. Fluid in these networks is usually natural gas for distribution in municipalities, water in waterworks or hot water in district heating systems, air in ventilation systems in buildings and mines, etc. Since the resistances in these networks depend on flow, the problem is not linear like in electrical circuits, and an iterative procedure must be used. In both versions of the Hardy Cross method, in the original and in the improved one, the initial result of calculations in the iteration procedure is not flow, but rather a correction of flow. Unfortunately, these corrections should be added to or subtracted from flow calculated in the previous iteration according to complicated algebraic rules. Unlike the Hardy Cross method, which requires complicated formulas for flow corrections, the new Node-loop method does not need these corrections, as flow is computed directly. This is the main advantage of the new Node-loop method, as the number of iterations is the same as in the modified Hardy Cross method. Consequently, a complex algebraic scheme for the sign of the flow correction is avoided, while the final results remain accurate.

scholarly journals District heating simulation in the aspect of heat supply safety

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Babiarz ◽  
Paweł Kut
Keyword(s):  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Simulation Methods ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Network Failure ◽  
State Security ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Heating Networks

District heating systems as strategic objects from the point of view of state security must ensure reliability and security in supply of heat to their customers [1, 2]. Thanks to computer simulation methods, district heating companies can analyse the operation of the heating networks at the design and operation stage. Computer simulations also offer a wide range of possibilities in the aspect of optimization of the district heating operation as well as prediction and analysis of network failure effects [3-6]. The paper concerns the simulation of a district heating network. The methods for the simulation of heating networks were characterized and simulations of district heating system were carried out. The effects of the failure were analysed at different values of outside temperatures and for different durations of failure. The value of compensation for undelivered heat was also determined. Simulations were carried out for an actual district heating system located in Rzeszow.

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