scholarly journals THE STATE AS INTERACTING WITH THE MARKET – A SUITABLE CONTEXT FOR THE NONPROFIT SECTOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Andreea-Angela ȘEULEAN (VONȚEA) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
The State ◽  
Organizational Infrastructure ◽  
General Note ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The paper aims to contextualize the elements that define the peculiarities of the nonprofit nonprofit sector. In a general note, there is provided a series of answers to the following questions: ‘Which ones are the factors that influenced the establishment of the nonprofit sector?’, and ‘Of what consists the object of the conceptual delineations regarding the nonprofit sector?’. In a particular sense, the first part of the paper refers primarily to the aspects regarding the necessity to optimize the manner of organizing the society, along with the one related to the establishment of a distinctive framework in terms of organizational infrastructure of the civil society. The second part of the paper begins with the structural-operational definition of the nonprofit sector and continues with its general characteristics.

Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Bulajić ◽  
Miomir Despotović ◽  
Thomas Lachmann
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Functional Illiteracy ◽  
Scale Levels ◽  
Components Of Reading ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. The article discusses the emergence of a functional literacy construct and the rediscovery of illiteracy in industrialized countries during the second half of the 20th century. It offers a short explanation of how the construct evolved over time. In addition, it explores how functional (il)literacy is conceived differently by research discourses of cognitive and neural studies, on the one hand, and by prescriptive and normative international policy documents and adult education, on the other hand. Furthermore, it analyses how literacy skills surveys such as the Level One Study (leo.) or the PIAAC may help to bridge the gap between cognitive and more practical and educational approaches to literacy, the goal being to place the functional illiteracy (FI) construct within its existing scale levels. It also sheds more light on the way in which FI can be perceived in terms of different cognitive processes and underlying components of reading. By building on the previous work of other authors and previous definitions, the article brings together different views of FI and offers a perspective for a needed operational definition of the concept, which would be an appropriate reference point for future educational, political, and scientific utilization.

The Political Theory of the Disruption

1916 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold J. Laski
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Secular Society ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Principles ◽  
The Church

“Of political principles,” says a distinguished authority, “whether they be those of order or of freedom, we must seek in religious and quasi-theological writings for the highest and most notable expressions.” No one, in truth, will deny the accuracy of this claim for those ages before the Reformation transferred the centre of political authority from church to state. What is too rarely realised is the modernism of those writings in all save form. Just as the medieval state had to fight hard for relief from ecclesiastical trammels, so does its modern exclusiveness throw the burden of a kindred struggle upon its erstwhile rival. The church, intelligibly enough, is compelled to seek the protection of its liberties lest it become no more than the religious department of an otherwise secular society. The main problem, in fact, for the political theorist is still that which lies at the root of medieval conflict. What is the definition of sovereignty? Shall the nature and personality of those groups of which the state is so formidably one be regarded as in its gift to define? Can the state tolerate alongside itself churches which avow themselves societates perfectae, claiming exemption from its jurisdiction even when, as often enough, they traverse the field over which it ploughs? Is the state but one of many, or are those many but parts of itself, the one?

Beyond stateless democracy

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
William J. Novak ◽  
Stephen W. Sawyer ◽  
James T. Sparrow
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
John Locke ◽  
The State ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Classical Liberal ◽  
Liberal Conception ◽  
Neutral Site ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Pierre Bourdieu began his posthumously published lectures “On the State” by highlighting the three dominant traditions that have framed most thinking about the state in Western social science and modern social theory. On the one hand, he highlighted what he termed the “initial definition” of the state as a “neutral site” designed to regulate conflict and “serve the common good.” Bourdieu traced this essentially classical liberal conception of the state back to the pioneering political treatises of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke.1 In direct response to this “optimistic functionalism,” Bourdieu noted the rise of a critical and more “pessimistic” alternative—something of a diametric opposite.

Adjustment Disorder and Its Clinical Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Giovanni Carta ◽  
Antonio Preti
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Key Words Adaptation ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Adjustment disorder is a condition of subjective emotional distress triggered as a consequence of a meaningful change in life. The diagnosis of adjustment disorder is hindered by the difficult operational definition of stress and of its related concept of “vulnerability,” by the problem of disentangling symptoms of adjustment disorder from those attributable to comorbid anxiety and mood disorders, and by the poor boundaries of the disorder with other stress-related conditions on the one hand and with common adaptation to life events on the other. Despite the high frequency of its diagnosis in clinical settings, there has been relatively little research on the adjustment disorder and, consequently, very few hints about its treatments. Several psychotherapies have been developed to deal with patients diagnosed with adjustment disorder, with inconclusive evidence on their effectiveness. Antidepressants may abate the symptoms and help patients reacquire occupational and social functioning. The medium-term outcome of adjustment disorder is good, with 70 to 80% of those diagnosed with it showing no evidence of psychopathology when reassessed 5 years from the episode. However, when comorbid with a personality disorder or a substance use disorder, the short-term risk of suicide may be increased. The long-term outcome of adjustment disorder seems to be worse in children and adolescents than in adults. In particular, adolescents diagnosed with adjustment disorder were more likely than adults to have received a diagnosis of a severe mental disorder at the 5-year follow-up, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. This review contains 1 figure, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key words: adaptation, adjustment disorder, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, treatment, vulnerability

scholarly journals Moving Toward Neo-Totalitarianism: A Political-Sociological Analysis of the Evolution of Administrative Absorption of Society in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoguang Kang
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Three Phases

AbstractChina recently promulgated and revised a number of laws, regulations and measures to regulate the nonprofit sector. All these administrative efforts increase support for Chinese nonprofit organizations (NPOs) on the one hand and put unprecedented pressure on them on the other. The seemingly contradictory effects are actually based on the same logic of Administrative Absorption of Society (AAS). This article proposes three phases in the development of AAS: an subconscious phase, a theory-modeling phase, and an institutionalization phase. The institutionalization of AAS has led to the rise of neo-totalitarianism, which is featured by state capitalism, unlimited government, and a mixed ideology of Marxism and Confucianism. Neo-totalitarianism further strengthens AAS and has begun to reshape the relationship between the state and the nonprofit sector. This article analyzes China’s nonprofit policymaking from a sociopolitical perspective, and clarifies the context, the characteristics, and the evolution of laws and policies in the nonprofit sector in macrocosm.

scholarly journals Legal aspect of social entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 08071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uliana Filatova ◽  
Nina Semeryanova ◽  
Svetlana Suslova ◽  
Alena Gabudina ◽  
Anna Kopytova
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The article discusses the main issues of definition of social entrepreneurship, both from economic and legal point of view. Since Russian legislature is only at the beginning of the way to create legal framework for activities, legislation on social entrepreneurship seems fragmentary and inconsistent. All of that adversely affects development of social entrepreneurship. Official city statistics (Nizhnevartovsk) show that less than a third of all entrepreneurs are interested in this type of activity; entrepreneurs who already have business in the field of social entrepreneurship mostly do not plan to expand current activities in this area. Analysis can contribute to creation of developed socio-economic relations in Russia. It can be achieved by building effective relations between social entrepreneurs and beneficiaries on the one hand, and also between social entrepreneurs and the state on the other.

scholarly journals Romania’s Civil Society and its Moral Underpinnings: The Symbolic Discourse of a Post-Socialist State

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell O. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Social Space ◽  
The State ◽  
Socialist State ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

Using Katherine Verdery’s definition of civil society as the population of a social space between the everyday household and the state, the paper looks at how such events as the rise and fall of the USSR, the advent of the EU, or even the workings of the Ottoman Empire have affected the discussion and development of civil society in Romania.

scholarly journals JUSTICE IN MODERN RUSSIA: THE CONCEPT AND FEATURES

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-546
Author(s):  
Olga V Pankova
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
State Activity ◽  
Judicial Procedures ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The article reveals the essential characteristics of justice as a specific type of state activity; identifies the main features of justice that distinguish it, on the one hand, from other types of state activity, and on the other - from other types of judicial activity. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the features of justice in its modern sense. The versatility of this legal category as an ambivalent definition is reflected in its various characteristics, through the consideration of which the most general definition of justice is formulated in the work. The methodological basis of the article is the modern achievements of the theory of knowledge. In the course of research theoretical, General philosophical (dialectics, system method, analysis, synthesis, deduction), traditional legal methods (formal-logical) were applied. Turning to the question of the characteristics of justice, the author touches upon the problem of its broad and narrow understanding due to the increasing role of mediation, conciliation and arbitration as alternative forms of resolution of legal conflicts, as well as in connection with the empowerment of certain state bodies of jurisdictional powers, and concludes that, unlike a number of foreign countries, justice in Russia can be carried out only by state courts. Of considerable interest is also the study of the subject area of justice, which is related to the situation of legal conflict. In this context, the author's analysis of the concept of "legal conflict" and his proposed differentiation of such conflicts into types with subsequent consideration of each of them is quite legitimate. In the context of the formation of the new Russian statehood, the arbitration sign of justice acquired a different sound, which is considered in the work from the standpoint of the special jurisdictional procedural activity of the court and the situational nature of justice. Since the beginning of the modern judicial reform, objective changes in the activities of the courts associated with the emergence of simplified and writ proceedings that have simplified the procedure for the consideration and resolution of certain categories of administrative and civil cases, as well as the allocation of jurisdictional powers to other state bodies that are not part of the judiciary, but use quasi-judicial procedures, i.e. almost judicial procedures as close as possible to them, have significantly changed the attitude to the procedural form of justice, which has lost its former importance. In this regard, the author substantiates the point of view that nowadays in order to determine the qualitative nature of the jurisdictional bodies, it is necessary to identify, in particular, the distinctive features in each of the procedural forms. Revealing in more detail the content of methods and means of justice, the author touches upon the problem of correlation of this legal category with justice and on the basis of the analysis of different points of view comes to the conclusion that these concepts can not be considered as legal phenomena that coincide in whole or in part. Justice is rather an intrinsic property of justice, contributing to its perception as a social and legal value. As one of the most important signs of justice in the work is considered the state-power nature and reliability of judicial decisions, the execution of which involves the suppression of the will (freedom) or material deprivation of one of the parties with the use in certain cases of power and force of the state. In this regard, some attention is paid to the characterization of the binding nature of the judgment as one of its essential properties. Examining justice as categories which help to reveal the contents and legal merits of this form of state activity, in the definition of the given concept into a single, unified definition.

scholarly journals Functions of constitutional and legal responsibility: problems of conceptualisations

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-104
Author(s):  
Nataliia Batanova
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
Object Composition ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The article considers the problems of the theory of functions of constitutional and legal responsibility. The characteristic features of the functions of constitutional and legal responsibility are analyzed. It substantiates the correlation and relationship between the functions of constitutional and legal responsibility and the functions of the Constitution, the functions of constitutional law, the functions of the state, etc. It is proved that the functions of constitutional and legal responsibility are characterized by legal features that reveal the essence and content of this category, in particular: 1) express the nature and content of this type of legal responsibility, its purpose in society and the state, as well as its place in the system of protection of the Constitution and constitutional order; 2) interrelated with the main functions of the state; 3) is an active way of acting of constitutional and legal responsibility and constitutional law as a whole (its principles, tasks, functions); 4) having an objective nature, on the one hand, is a form of purposeful willful behavior or activity of the subjects of constitutional liability and constitutional law in general (subjects of instances of constitutional responsibility and subjects of violators of constitutional law and order (delinquents)), and, on the other hand, the system of legal states that give rise to the constitutional rights and obligations of participants in constitutional-controversial and constitutional-conflict relations; 5) directly related to the system of constitutional law institutions (people, state, elections and referendums, bodies and officials of state power and local self-government, people and citizens, territorial hromadas, political parties, etc.); 6) are in synergy with the sources of constitutional law as a branch of law (above all the Constitution and its functions); 7) directly affect the constitutional and legal relations (first of all, constitutionally-controversial and constitutional-conflict) and their properties, subject-object composition, constitutional legal facts; 8)are organically related to the functions of constitutional law as a legal science and academic discipline and the like, etc. The definition of the concept of the functions of constitutional legal responsibility as the main normative and organizationally secured areas and types of its influence on the constitutional and legal relations with the purpose of protection of the Constitution, restoration of the constitutional order and proper fulfilment of tasks, functions and powers of the subjects of these relations, constitutional disputes between them and overcoming constitutional conflicts is formulated.

scholarly journals Attack of the snowclones: A corpus-based analysis of extravagant formulaic patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hartmann ◽  
Tobias Ungerer
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distributional Semantics ◽  
Interpersonal Factors ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The concept of ‘snowclones’ has gained interest in recent research on linguistic creativity and in studies on extravagance and expressiveness in language. However, no clear criteria for identifying snowclones have yet been established, and detailed corpus-based investigations of the phenomenon are still lacking. This paper addresses this research gap in a twofold way: On the one hand, we develop an operational definition of snowclones, arguing that three criteria are decisive: (i) the existence of a lexically fixed source construction; (ii) partial productivity; (iii) “extravagant" formal and/or functional characteristics. On the other hand, we offer an empirical investigation of two snowclones that can be considered ‘prototypical’ on the basis of previous literature, namely [the mother of all X] and [X BE the newY]. We use collostructional analysis and distributional semantics to explore the partial productivity of both patterns’ slot fillers. In sum, we argue that the concept of snowclones, if properly defined, can contribute substantially to our understanding of creative language use, especially regarding the question of how social,cultural, and interpersonal factors influence the choice of more or less salient linguistic constructions.

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