The Contemporary System of German Economic Diplomacy

2015 ◽  
pp. 225-231
Author(s):  
R. O. Raynkhardt
Keyword(s):  
German Economy ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Chambers Of Commerce ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Oil Crisis

The article deals with the description and analysis of functioning of the German national system of economic diplomacy. The author provides a brief summary of historical and economic background, stages and conditions of its development from the 1950-s to present time. He casts light upon the procedures and mechanisms of interaction between the key national economic-diplomatic agents i.e. ministries, agencies, other authorized bodies, public and private institutes outlining their usage of concrete economic, administrative and legal instruments in the course of respective policy measures. The author looks into the distinctive features which encompass the essence of the model: a two-level system with three pillars: foreign representations of the MFA, Germany Trade and Investment Agency, chambers of commerce. The above elements do not overlap each other's functions, but complement them; their functioning is based upon interministeriality and the single window concept. A special focus is made on the practice of economic-diplomatic agents, especially chambers of commerce, using private public partnership instruments. In general, notwithstanding recurring negative trends of the domestic and global business climate (oil crisis in the 1970-s, recession of the late 2000s - early 2010s) the German economy demonstrated of high resistibility to exogenous shocks compared to other economies and according to the absolute values of its macroeconomic indicators. Alongside other economic and noneconomic factors this stability can to a certain extent be explained by an efficient system of economic diplomacy. Established in the 1970s it keeps on evolving in order to stand up to new challenges. At any stage of the business cycle it constitutes a pillar of the German economy and, ultimately, of the economy of the European Union.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Predicting Business Cycles in the Ukrainian Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
M. V. Puhachova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
German Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Composite Indicators ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Climate Indicator ◽  
Dynamic Series

It is argued in the article that any common person is able to get an idea about the economy’s conditions and its forthcoming change, if he/she learns information Business Tendency Surveys (BTS), i. e. with combination indicators computed on the basis of indicators from these surveys. A review of the methods for constructing several types of integral composite indicators, based on indicators of BTS of enterprises by selected economic activities, is provided. Indicators of business climate, computed by the methodology of ifo-Institute and European Commission, and indicators of confidence by economic activity are analyzed. Being ahead of the curve, these indicators give good signals on change in the phases of business activity cycles in European economies and allow one to have rather precise short-term predictions of change in GDP and output by economic activity.  The analysis covers dynamic series of these indicators for the Ukrainian economy, with making the conclusion that now only the indicators of confidences for four economic activities can be used for predicting the business cycle for 2 to 3 quarters. The Business Climate Indicator, computed by the European methodology, has good correlation with GDP, but it is only one quarter ahead of it. The Business Climate Indicator, computed by the methodology of ifo-Institute, did show rather good correlation with GDP, but could not demonstrate its good qualities as for the German economy. Unfortunately, this indicator could be computed only for the period before 2013, because subsequently its components were withdrawn from survey questionnaires.  One of the main recommendations given in the article is as follows: an organization performing BTS of enterprises (namely, the State Statistics Service of Ukraine) needs to more actively propagate the information about various composite indicators that can obviously be demanded by a broad range of statistical information users. These indicators should be, inter alia, displayed on the home page of the official web-site of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine together with hot news (probably, in a graph form together with macroeconomic indicators).

scholarly journals Risk and Performance of European Green and Conventional Funds

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4226
Author(s):  
Tiago Gonçalves ◽  
Diego Pimentel ◽  
Cristina Gaio
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
World Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Multifactor Models ◽  
Multifactor Model ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
The Business Cycle

This paper analyzes how the risk-adjusted returns of green funds compare to those of conventional funds, between the years 2005 and 2020 for the European Union countries. Additionally, we tested how the performance of green funds correlates to the business cycle, subdividing their performance through expansionary and recessionary times. The findings are summarized as follows: our regression results demonstrated green and conventional funds exhibiting negative abnormal adjusted-returns against the developed world market benchmark for the single-factor and multifactor models. For the European market benchmark, we found environmental mutual funds presenting a positive performance for both models and conventional funds displaying negative results for the single-factor model and positive results for the multifactor model. The factor loadings for green funds indicated a negative load on momentum, book-to-market (HML) and size (SMB) factors, revealing a higher exposure to big and value companies. Subsampling per business cycle exhibited green mutual funds providing higher risk-adjusted returns to investors during crisis periods and mixed results for the non-crisis periods.

DESIGN OF A EUROPEAN SURVEY ON THE PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PAEDIATRIC HEART FAILURE

2015 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. e1.64-e1
Author(s):  
Cristina Castro Díez ◽  
Feras Khalil ◽  
Michiel Dalinghaus ◽  
Marijke van der Meulen ◽  
Saskia de Wildt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Paediatric Cardiology

BackgroundLittle evidence is presently available to help clinicians guide decisions when tackling the pharmacological management of paediatric heart failure (HF). As a consequence, therapeutic strategies are largely supported by adults' data extrapolation and own expertise. The variability in drug treatment routines across Europe is expected to be high. Nevertheless, there are no epidemiological data that describe the current situation.AimTo develop a survey in the context of the LENA project to characterise the different therapeutic strategies for the management of paediatric HF that are currently practiced across Europe with special focus in the use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE-I).MethodsItems to be included in the survey were selected through a thorough literature review and expert group discussions. European hospitals providing paediatric cardiology care were identified using websites of European and national paediatric cardiology associations as well as the ones of congresses and conferences related to the field. Standard recommendations for survey design were followed. The study protocol was approved by a data protection officer and an ethics committee. Web-survey tool EvaSys® was used. The survey was pre- and pilot-tested by a group of experts. A statistical analysis plan for the later processing and analysis of the data to be obtained was elaborated.ResultsA Europe-wide web-based survey was started in January 2015. 203 clinicians were invited via e-mail to participate. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions addressing different aspects of drug therapy for HF in children. Use patterns of ACE-I (dosage by age group, effectiveness and toxicity assessment, use according to HF aetiology) and drug therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy where explored. Participants' demographic characteristics were also asked.ConclusionsThe procedure followed for the survey development should assure the quality of the tool. The results of this survey will provide an overview of the clinical treatment routine of paediatric heart failure across Europe.The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement n°602295 (LENA).The following authors will also be included in the later poster: Ingrid Klingmann (PHARMAPLEX BVBA, Germany), András Szatmári (GOTTSEGEN GYORGY ORSZAGOS KARDIOLOGIAI INTEZET, Hungary), László Ablonczy (GOTTSEGEN GYORGY ORSZAGOS KARDIOLOGIAI INTEZET, Hungary), Holger Schwender (HEINRICH-HEINE-UNIVERSITÄT DÜSSELDORF, GERMANY)

International Aspects of Investment Liberalization in the PRC: A Case of EU-China Cooperation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-224
Author(s):  
D. A. Potapov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
World Order ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
International Aspects ◽  
The Eu

The paper examines the role of investment cooperation and national foreign investment regime as a means to promote China’s economic and political interests and to respond to new global challenges that the country faces nowadays. To this end, the author examines the main stages of China’s liberalization of the legal regime for foreign investment from the end of the 1970s with a special focus on a new foreign investment law. In doing so the author attempts to link the evolution of investment regulation in the PRC with the dynamics of international relations development and the changing role of China as a regional and global actor. The author emphasizes that a trend towards the emergence of a polycentric world order not only provokes the rise of international tensions but also provides new incentives to promote dialogue and enhance cooperation between states and non-governmental actors, particularly by encouraging foreign investments. At the same time, there is a growing need to improve regulatory mechanisms for direct foreign investments. All these contradictory trends have directly affected China’s foreign investment regime reform. In this context the investment cooperation between the PRC and the European Union is of particular importance. The EU possesses a set of innovative technological solutions and competencies that are of particular interest to the Chinese leaders in the context of their efforts to modernize the country’s economy. The paper examines the volume, dynamics and key directions of investment flows between China and the EU member-states. The fact that after seven years of difficult negotiations, the EU and China managed to develop a special bilateral regulatory mechanism — EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment — underscores again the importance of this cooperation for both parties. Even though the EU has suspended the ratification of this deal on the pretext of human right violations in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the author concludes, that in the future this agreement will come into force, since the very logic of the emerging polycentric world order urges for deeper cooperation between the EU and China. In this context, the investment regulation appears not only as a means to protect the Chinese economic interests, but also as an instrument to strengthen China’s international positions in the changing global context.

The Turkey-UK Free Trade Agreement in Terms of Economic Diplomacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Fall 2021) ◽  
pp. 193-211
Author(s):  
Kaan Yiğenoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
The Uk

This article scrutinizes relations between economic diplomacy and free trade agreements by focusing on the Turkey-UK free trade agreements which came into force in 2021. Accordingly, the article first introduces the concept of economic diplomacy, an important issue as it has been shown that bilateral trade agreements, nowadays preferred by many countries, can be used as a tool of economic diplomacy. The article then discusses the history and development of free trade agreements signed by Turkey, including its long-running experience of economic integration with the European Union. Although Turkey began establishing free trade agreements in the 1990s, it has been concentrating on and accelerating its use since 2000. Based on economic and political reasons underlying the free economic agreements, the reasons why Turkey and the UK have reached such an agreement are summarized. Economic relations between the two countries are then analyzed and the details of the agreement are investigated in the context of the changes that it provides.

scholarly journals Air transport liberalisation in the European Union and its impact on development of the civil aviation sector in Poland

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Pisarek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Market Structure ◽  
European Community ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Traffic Dynamics ◽  
Structure Changes

The objective of this paper is to present an overview of the process of air transport liberalisation within the European Community and its influence on development of the aviation market in Poland. The paper describes the stages of air transport liberalisation in the European Community and its implementation to the Polish market. The special focus is given to problems of existing effects of air transport liberalisation and perspectives of its development. The study primarily intends to examine market structure changes of the Polish civil aviation sector and air traffic dynamics over the years of Polish integration with the European Union, presenting the most up-to-date available statistics

scholarly journals Exploring cross-border cooperation in Eastern Europe: What kind of initiatives have developed in the Romanian-Hungarian border area?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Elena Grad-Rusu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Border Area ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Cross Border Cooperation ◽  
The Eu

Since the beginning, the European Union has believed and promoted the idea that an increase in cross-border cooperation contributes to enhanced European integration. This means that cross-border cooperation supports sustainable development along the EU’s internal and external borders, helps reduce differences in living standards and addresses common challenges across these borders. The aim of this paper is to examine the cross-border initiatives between Romania and Hungary with a special focus on the INTERREG projects, which have provided new sources of funding for cross-border activities and regional development in the RomanianHungarian border area. In this context, the cooperation has intensified in the last two decades, especially since Romania joined the EU in 2007. The research proves that cross-border projects and initiatives represent an important source of funding for this type of intervention, when no similar funding sources are available.

scholarly journals SOLIDARITY CHECK IN TIMES OF COVID-19. ANALYSIS OF THE EU APPROACH TOWARDS ITS CLOSEST NEIGHBOURS WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON MONTENEGRO

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Đurić ◽  
Bojana Lalatović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Member States ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
The Eu

Solidarity as one of the cornerstone values of the European Union has been once again seated on the red chair and intensively discussed within the European Union and broader. After the economic recession and migrant crisis that marked the last two decades, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has once again harshly tested the fundamental objectives and values of the European Union and the responsiveness and effectiveness of its governance system on many fronts. In April, 2020 several EU Member States were among the worst affected countries worldwide and this situation soon became similar in their closest neighbourhood. It put a huge pressure on the EU to act faster, while at the same time placing this sui generis community to the test that led to revealing its strengths and weaknesses. As it happened in the previous crises, the Union launched policies and various programmes that were meant to lessen the burden of the Member States and aspiring countries caused by the crises. The objectives of the mentioned soft law instruments that the EU adopted during the COVID-19 crisis has been not only to show that EU law is equipped to react to health and economic crises rapidly but to deliver its support in terms of solidarity to its Member States and its closest neighbours facing the unprecedented health and economic crisis. This article will explore the value and implication of the solidarity principle in times of Covid-19 in its various manifestations. A special focus will be on the financial and material aspects of the EU instruments created to combat the negative consequences of the pandemic and their further impact on shaping the solidarity principle within the EU system. While examining the character and types of these mechanisms a special focus will be placed on those available to Western Balkan countries, whereas Montenegro as the “fast runner” in the EU integration process will be taken as a case study for the purpose of more detailed analyses. One of the major conclusions of the paper will be that although the speed of the EU reactions due to highly complex structure of decision making was not always satisfying for all the actors concerned, the EU once again has shown that it is reliable and that it treats the Western Balkan countries as privileged partners all for the sake of ending pandemic and launching the socio-economic recovery of the Western Balkans. Analytical and comparative methods will be dominantly relied upon throughout the paper. This will allow the authors to draw the main conclusions of the paper and assess the degree of solidarity as well as the effectiveness of the existing EU instruments that are available to Montenegro and aimed at diminishing negative consequences of the crisis.

The Practices of ‘Splitting’ and ‘Common Accord’ Under Scrutiny: the European Parliament‘s Request for an Opinion of the European Court of Justice on the Istanbul Convention

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-486
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Samoilova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
Istanbul Convention ◽  
The Eu

Abstract With all eyes on the recent global COVID-19 pandemic, another pandemic has been growing in the shadows: violence against women. The Council of Europe’s Istanbul Convention creates a legal framework in order to protect women against all forms of violence. Its ratification process, however, has faced considerable challenges, particularly in the Central and Eastern European Member States. This article discusses the basic elements of the Istanbul Convention, reflects on the ratification process in the EU and its Member States, and sets out the main legal issues raised in the European Parliament’s request for an opinion (A-1/19 of 22 November 2019) to the Court of Justice of the European Union. Special focus is put on the choice of the correct EU legal basis and the practices of ‘splitting’ and ‘common accord’. This article argues that the European Parliament’s request for an opinion provides the perfect opportunity for the Court of Justice of the European Union to further clarify the law and the practice of concluding mixed agreements by the EU and its Member States.

Geopolitics and Economic Sustainability Nexus

2020 ◽  
pp. 90-112
Author(s):  
Danial Saari ◽  
Aigul Adibayeva
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Multilateral Agreements ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Multilateral Diplomacy ◽  
Market Relations

New trends in market relations require new methods to solve issues towards TNCs and other actors within multilateral diplomacy. The use of economic diplomacy and responsible business is essential for TNCs to achieve the sustainability in global trading system. It is important due to frequent political changes in the modern world, to which TNCs are highly susceptible, and therefore, must be reliably protected by revised international law, clearly enshrined into relevant multilateral agreements. As the legal status of TNCs is somehow blurred, the cases of unstable TNCs performance due to political atrocities may occur. The latter leads to disruptions in their work making them to obey states' interests and further concern of the issue from states and global business entities. The disruption of both agent interests creates an overall economic instability and negatively affects the process of sustainability achieving. The work summarizes some problems TNCs face due to confrontation between states, and the question of the importance of economic diplomacy use and legal support for TNCs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document