scholarly journals Definition as a Logical and Linguistic Category

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
A. R. Blagova
Keyword(s):  
Main Task ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Word Definitions

Definition is a logical and linguistic category that for a long time has been the subject of logicians’ and philosophers’ research. Today we understand a definition as a logical method that allows us to discover a word’s content, i.e. what it means in everyday use or what a speaker intends it to mean for this speaker’s own specific purposes. A definition consists of two parts: definiendum (that what is defined) and definiens (that which defines). The definiendum refers to the exact object, action, state etc., that is to be defined. The definiens contains the information necessary to define this object, action, state etc. This information is obtained during the process of definition. In the language, a definition can mean both the process of developing a sentence and the result of this process, i.e. the sentence itself. When composing an explanation of a word’s lexical meaning, we should draw on the vast experience of Russian lexicography. Practical lexicography gave us a wide range of kinds of word definitions which are now being extensively researched as theoretical generalizations and conclusions. This article explores methods of explanation of word meanings in the context of different possible logical relations between definiendum and definiens: inclusion, overlap, complementarity, adjacency. The existing word definitions (hyponymic, identifying, enumerative, synonymic, antonymic) can be distributed between those kinds of logical relations. Descriptive explanations are regarded as a specific kind of definition. Theoretical generalizations and conclusions are backed by examples from the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.The conclusion is drawn that parts of a word definition can enter into different kinds of logical relations. Exploration of those relations is highly important for educational purposes as methodological basis for correct definitions of word meanings as well as for the composition of lexicographic explanations. At the same time, we shouldn’t forget that there are various ways to define a word’s lexical meaning. One and the same word can be defined in a number of ways, so the lexicographers’ main task is still to choose the best way or combination of ways that can fully and accurately discover the meaning of the word being defined.

Typologization of security regulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Denis Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Procedural Understanding ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Understanding

The purpose of the article is to typologize terminological definitions of security, to find out the general, to identify the originality of their interpretations depending on the subject of legal regulation. The methodological basis of the study is the methods that made it possible to obtain valid conclusions, in particular, the method of comparison, through which it became possible to correlate different interpretations of the term "security"; method of hermeneutics, which allowed to elaborate texts of normative legal acts of Ukraine, method of typologization, which made it possible to create typologization groups of variants of understanding of the term "security". Scientific novelty. The article analyzes the understanding of the term "security" in various regulatory acts in force in Ukraine. Typological groups were understood to understand the term "security". Conclusions. The analysis of the legal material makes it possible to confirm that the issues of security are within the scope of both legislative regulation and various specialized by-laws. However, today there is no single conception on how to interpret security terminology. This is due both to the wide range of social relations that are the subject of legal regulation and to the relativity of the notion of security itself and the lack of coherence of views on its definition in legal acts and in the scientific literature. The multiplicity of definitions is explained by combinations of material and procedural understanding, static - dynamic, and conditioned by the peculiarities of a particular branch of legal regulation, limited ability to use methods of one or another branch, the inter-branch nature of some variations of security, etc. Separation, common and different in the definition of "security" can be used to further standardize, in fact, the regulatory legal understanding of security to more effectively implement the legal regulation of the security direction.

Division and cohesion in the nineteenth-century middle class: the case of Ipswich, 1830–1870

Urban History ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Hills
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Class Formation ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Class Power ◽  
The Subject

For a long time historians saw the increased wealth, numbers and power of British manufacturers, merchants and professionals as simply an inevitable part of the process of industrialization. As a result the formation of the class seemed to require no further exploration. More recently interest in the middle class has increased and much closer attention has been given to specific dimensions. It seems evident from this work that any analysis of the middle class faces a number of problems. Firstly, that of definition. There was a wide range of status and income groups within the middle class. What criteria of wealth and occupation should be used, how important is it to fix upper and lower boundaries for the class, how are questions of lifestyle and attitudes to be gauged? Secondly, there were certain divisions within groups who can reasonably be considered middle class by any criteria. Above all, we must note that there was no distinctive middle-class political party and differences were as deeply felt in politics as were antagonisms between Anglicans and Nonconformists in religion. In view of such diversities is it possible to speak of the middle class and, if so, what does class formation and unity consist of? What levels of unity allow or inhibit class power? This is the subject of my overall research, of which only a glimpse can be given here.

scholarly journals Silence as a Specific Kind of Communication in Legal Discourse

2020 ◽  
pp. 104-113
Author(s):  
Joanna Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Legal Discourse ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Legal Communication ◽  
The Subject

The article is devoted to the description of modifying reality through non-verbal speech acts. The subject of the study are non-verbal signs referring to the category of legal communication. This study included acts of legal communication that are expressed or can be expressed using various forms of silence. The first aim of the study was to determine whether silence can be classified as a speech act in the strict sense. The secondary aim was to determine the usefulness of silence in legal communication. The methodological basis of the analysis was the assumptions of pragmatism in the approach of W. James and the concept of performative acts of speech by J. L. Austin.

scholarly journals Historical background to preventing and preventing domestic violence

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Ts.S. Baranova
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

The article is about exploring the historical background to countering and preventing domestic violence. It is established that the legal phenomenon under study has two components: an analysis of the causes of domestic violence and determining the location of each of the subjects covered by these relationships. It is concluded that, given the number of scientific works, the subject of which were separate elements of the mechanism of prevention and counteraction to domestic violence, it is more expedient to study this phenomenon through the prism of establishing the historical preconditions for its occurrence. Today, it is crucial to study the genesis of domestic violence by researching scientific, historical, and religious sources, legislation in contemporary Ukraine, analyzing current legislation, comparing the domestic and western history of the problem of domestic violence to further determine the factors and ways to overcome it. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historical aspects of domestic violence as a complex and historically stable phenomenon. The problem of domestic violence and prevention has been discussed for a long time, especially since the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Prevention of Domestic Violence» of November 15, 2001 No2789-III, however, scientists and practitioners have come to the conclusion that the existing legislative norms did not perform their functions properly , and in order to comply with international standards, today this topic is again actively discussed in society and for good reason because according to statistics released during the voting for the Law, over 3 million children in Ukraine annually observe acts of violence in the country. themselves or their forced participants, and nearly 70% of women are subjected to various forms of abuse and humiliation. And here it is important to understand that the legislator must not just implement international standards, and wait for change. The main task of the state - to realize each of their sections in reality, while achieving the goals of the law, namely: to create an effective system aimed at ensuring the prevention of criminal acts against violence, preventing them, stopping and punishing them for such actions, creating an effective system of crime investigation, ensuring the effectiveness of remedies for every domestic violence victim. Keywords: domestic violence, counteraction, prevention, fight against violence, causes.

scholarly journals Methodological basis of scientific research of intellectual property as a value-legal phenomenon

2021 ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
M. V. Kotenko
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Strategy

The relevance of scientific knowledge of value and legal aspects of understanding intellectual property is revealed in the work. The philosophical and scientific basis of scientific research of value-legal aspects of understanding intellectual property is established. The scientific views of scientists concerning the understanding of the methodological basis of scientific research of state and legal phenomena and processes are generalized, the prospects of its application to the knowledge of value and legal aspects of intellectual property are determined, and possible scientific results can be obtained. It is concluded that the current state of scientific development of the problems of axiology of understanding intellectual property. Having identified and established the functional aspects of the methodological basis of knowledge of value and legal aspects of intellectual property, it is noted that the use of broad tools of modern methodology of knowledge of state legal phenomena and processes has a positive value only if the methodological strategy of scientific research as a whole. the prism of a specific approach to its perception and understanding. Otherwise, the scientific research itself will turn into an artificial application of methodological tools, the result of which will be a wide range of multi-vector, inconsistent information about the subject of research. Therefore, it is important to determine the methodological strategy of the study, which will be based on a specific methodological approach (approaches), which will generalize the understanding of the subject of research, which will be taken as a basis: first, determine its cognitive potential; secondly, the definition of methodological tools of the study; third, the study of those aspects that are insufficiently disclosed in legal science; fourth, the formation of a conceptual idea of the subject of research based on the results of its scientific knowledge. The author proves that it is most expedient to apply the «pluralistic approach» to the formation of the methodology of scientific research of value-legal aspects of intellectual property, which includes: 1) establishing the functional capabilities of generally accepted in the system of social sciences, legal sciences and legal theory methodological tools value-legal research of intellectual property, determination of cognitive perspective of its application; 2) determination of the advantages of a specific methodological approach to the value-legal study of intellectual property, which will determine the general cognitive strategy of this scientific work, which we will emphasize separately in the next section of the dissertation. This approach, in our opinion, will combine the general doctrinal vision of the problem of value and legal dimension of intellectual property, determine its purpose, set research objectives, as well as to clarify the specific instrumental mechanisms for achieving it. Keywords: intellectual property, legal value of intellectual property, methodological basis, axiological methodological approach, axiological aspects of understanding intellectual property.

‘Mol v drahém rouše…’ [A Moth Clad in Goodly Apparel]. A Collection of Proverbs by Jakub Srnec of Varvažov and Its Latin Sources

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Marta Vaculínová
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Graphic Design ◽  
Private School ◽  
Large Share ◽  
The Core ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Basic Source ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University

In 1582, the first printed collection of Czech proverbs by Jakub Srnec of Varvažov, Dicteria seu proverbia Bohemica, was printed. It became the basic source of the material for later collections of this kind by J. A. Comenius, J. Dobrovsky and others. It was inspired by the Adagiorum chiliades by Erasmus of Rotterdam. Based on them, it was divided into centuria and decades. Unlike other early modern collections of proverbs, it does not contain only the Latin translation of the mentioned proverbs - its Latin explanatory component is much richer. This is connected with the fact that the collection was originally conceived as a teaching aid for Srnec’s private school for pupils from noble families. Each proverb is accompanied by a number of related, explanatory or antithetical sentences, which resembles the genre of the collections of sentences. The authors of the sentences are given in the margins. There is a large share of ancient classics, medieval anonymous proverbs and biblical quotations. Less than one-third are quotations from early modern authors. Logically, Erasmus is the most represented among them, followed by relatively unknown Christoph Aulaeus, a professor at the university of Erfurt, with his collection of moralistic distichs. The third in terms of the number of quoted statements is the popular early modern educationist Juan Luis Vives. Based on other quoted Humanists and their works, it is possible to infer when the core of the work originated. Most frequently, Srnec used quotations from educational and moralistic handbooks, more rarely also from theatre plays with religious themes. The main aim of the publication of the collection was to prove that Czech proverbs could match not only Latin and Greek ones but also those in other living languages that had already been published for a rather long time. Unlike some educational Lutheran collections of proverbs, Srnec’s collection was not only to enlighten but also to entertain and to make the subject matter taught more pleasant for the students. Not only in that but also in the title chosen and the graphic design, it could have been inspired by the contemporary German collection of proverbs Proverbialia dicteria by Andreas Gartner. The circumstances of the collection’s origin are explained by the author in an extensive preface, in which he deliberately quotes a wide range of proverbs taken from Erasmus’s Adagia. A Czech translation of selected passages of the preface is attached to the article.

An Adaptive and Learning System for Feedback-Controlled Evoked Response Studies

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
J. Wagner ◽  
G. Pfurtscheixer
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Evoked Response ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Electrical Brain Activity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Eeg Power ◽  
Stimulation System ◽  
Background Eeg

The shape, latency and amplitude of changes in electrical brain activity related to a stimulus (Evoked Potential) depend both on the stimulus parameters and on the background EEG at the time of stimulation. An adaptive, learnable stimulation system is introduced, whereby the subject is stimulated (e.g. with light), whenever the EEG power is subthreshold and minimal. Additionally, the system is conceived in such a way that a certain number of stimuli could be given within a particular time interval. Related to this time criterion, the threshold specific for each subject is calculated at the beginning of the experiment (preprocessing) and adapted to the EEG power during the processing mode because of long-time fluctuations and trends in the EEG. The process of adaptation is directed by a table which contains the necessary correction numbers for the threshold. Experiences of the stimulation system are reflected in an automatic correction of this table. Because the corrected and improved table is stored after each experiment and is used as the starting table for the next experiment, the system >learns<. The system introduced here can be used both for evoked response studies and for alpha-feedback experiments.

The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

2008 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
A. Porshakov ◽  
A. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

History of the Study of Apocrypha in Early Medieval England

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Brandon W. Hawk
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Early Judaism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early English

Literature written in England between about 500 and 1100 CE attests to a wide range of traditions, although it is clear that Christian sources were the most influential. Biblical apocrypha feature prominently across this corpus of literature, as early English authors clearly relied on a range of extra-biblical texts and traditions related to works under the umbrella of what have been called “Old Testament Pseudepigrapha” and “New Testament/Christian Apocrypha." While scholars of pseudepigrapha and apocrypha have long trained their eyes upon literature from the first few centuries of early Judaism and early Christianity, the medieval period has much to offer. This article presents a survey of significant developments and key threads in the history of scholarship on apocrypha in early medieval England. My purpose is not to offer a comprehensive bibliography, but to highlight major studies that have focused on the transmission of specific apocrypha, contributed to knowledge about medieval uses of apocrypha, and shaped the field from the nineteenth century up to the present. Bringing together major publications on the subject presents a striking picture of the state of the field as well as future directions.

Museum Preserves in the Sphere of “Cultural Tourism”: Through the Example of the Cultural Preserves of Tatarstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
Lyudmila S. Timofeeva ◽  
Albina R. Akhmetova ◽  
Liliya R. Galimzyanova ◽  
Roman R. Nizaev ◽  
Svetlana E. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Business Elite ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tourist Center ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Abstract The article studies the existence experience of historical cities as centers of tourism development as in the case of Elabuga. The city of Elabuga is among the historical cities of Russia. The major role in the development of the city as a tourist center is played by the Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The object of the research in the article is Elabuga as a medium-size historical city. The subject of the research is the activity of the museum-reserve which contributes to the preservation and development of the historical look of Elabuga and increases its attractiveness to tourists. The tourism attractiveness of Elabuga is obtained primarily through the presence of the perfectly preserved historical center of the city with the blocks of integral buildings of the 19th century. The Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, which emerged in 1989, is currently an object of historical and cultural heritage of federal importance. Museum-reserves with their significant territories and rich historical, cultural and natural heritage have unique resources for the implementation of large partnership projects. Such projects are not only aimed at attracting a wide range of tourists, but also stimulate interest in the reserve from the business elite, municipal and regional authorities. The most famous example is the Spasskaya Fair which revived in 2008 in Elabuga. It was held in the city since the second half of the 19th century, and was widely known throughout Russia. The process of the revival and successful development of the fair can be viewed as the creation of a special tourist event contributing to the formation of new and currently important tourism products.

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