scholarly journals Kuatnya Jejak Ke-Austronesia-an pada Bahasa Bali Dialek Bali Aga

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Ni Made Dhanawaty
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Interview Methods

The Balinese language is spatially divided into the Balinese dialect of Bali Aga (DBA) and the dialect of Bali Dataran (DBD). As a sub-family of Austronesian languages, the Balinese language has many features of being Austronesian. This study at analyzes the trace of the Bali Aga dialect, through four linguistic variables: the realization of the phoneme /a/, the distribution of phonemes /h/, bimonosilabel words, and personal pronouns. Data sources of this research are Balinese in the DBA area, general Balinese language, and Balinese inscriptions and dictionaries which were collected using the scrutinize and interview methods and analyzed by using comparative and distributional approaches. The results showed that the Austronesian traces in the Bali Aga dialect are still strong, indicated by (1) the persistence of [a] as a realization of the phoneme /a/ in the ultima position; (2) the persistence of /h/ in the initial and medial positions; (3) the persistence of penultima syllable coda on bimonosilabis words; (4) the persistence of Proto Austronesian pronouns. These indicate that the archaic data are very important in tracking language change.

scholarly journals Variation in Faroese and the development of a spoken standard: In search of corpus evidence

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remco Knooihuizen
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Rapid Social Change ◽  
Variationist Sociolinguistics ◽  
Constrained Variation

Although Faroese exhibits extensive linguistic variation and rapid social change, the language is near-uncharted territory in variationist sociolinguistics. This article discusses some recent social changes in Faroese society in connection with language change, focusing in particular on the development of a de facto spoken standard, Central Faroese. Demographic mobility, media and education may be contributing to this development in different ways. Two linguistic variables are analysed as a first step towards uncovering the respective roles of standardisation, dialect levelling and dialect spread as contributing processes in the formation of Central Faroese: morphological variation in -st endings and phonological variation in -ir and -ur endings. The analysis confirms previously described patterns of geographically constrained variation, but no generational or stylistic differences indicative of language change are found, nor are there clear signs that informants use Central Faroese. The results may in part be due to the structure of the corpus used.

Syntactic Features and the Limits of Syntactic Change

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Diachronic Syntax ◽  
Syntactic Variation ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Syntactic Change ◽  
T Domain

This volume brings together the latest diachronic research on syntactic features and their role in restricting syntactic change. The chapters address a central theoretical issue in diachronic syntax: whether syntactic variation can always be attributed to differences in the features of items in the lexicon, as the Borer-Chomsky conjecture proposes. In answering this question, all the chapters develop analyses of syntactic change couched within a formalist framework in which rich hierarchical structures and abstract features of various kinds play an important role. The first three parts of the volume explore the different domains of the clause, namely the C-domain, the T-domain and the ν‎P/VP-domain respectively, while chapters in the final part are concerned with establishing methodology in diachronic syntax and modelling linguistic correspondences. The contributors draw on extensive data from a large number of languages and dialects, including several that have received little attention in the literature on diachronic syntax, such as Romeyka, a Greek variety spoken in Turkey, and Middle Low German, previously spoken in northern Germany. Other languages are explored from a fresh theoretical perspective, including Hungarian, Icelandic, and Austronesian languages. The volume sheds light not only on specific syntactic changes from a cross-linguistic perspective but also on broader issues in language change and linguistic theory.

Adverbs in the Austronesian languages of Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-109
Author(s):  
Paul Jen-kuei Li
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Item ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Aspect Markers ◽  
Chinese And English

Abstract This is a study of adverbs in nine typologically divergent Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Atayal, Bunun, Favorlang, Kavalan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Thao, and Tsou. There are only a few adverbs in each of these languages. The form of an adverb is usually invariant and its position in a sentence is relatively free. On the contrary, the form of a verb usually varies and its position in the sentence is usually fixed. Since the function of an adverb is to modify a verb, it may not occur without a verb in a sentence, whereas a true verb may occur without any other verb. Many adverbial concepts in Chinese and English, such as ‘all’, ‘only’, ‘often’, and ‘again’, are expressed using verbs that manifest different foci and take aspect markers. When these words function as the main verb in the sentence, they may attract bound personal pronouns in many Austronesian languages of Taiwan. However, there are a few genuine adverbs in each of these languages. It varies from language to language whether a certain lexical item functions as a verb or adverb.

Typological features of grammaticalization in Semitic

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohssen Esseesy
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Grammatical Functions

This study highlights some notable typological features of ancient and modern Semitic languages. It sheds light on a number of shared intragenetic similarities and parallels within Semitic in the processes and outcomes of grammaticalization. Specifically, it examines the emergence and evolution of prepositionals from certain body-part terms; the shift from synthetic towards more analytic possessive strategies; and independent personal pronouns becoming inherently bound agreement markers as prefixes and suffixes on the imperfective and perfective verb stems, respectively. Moreover, with supporting evidence from corpus data, this study argues for the primacy of third-person pronouns, which assume expanded grammatical functions as copulas, expletives, and discourse-related functions. Finally, this study draws attention to the sociolinguistic factors, such as native speakers’ attitudinal stance, which directly impinge on language change within the diglossic nature of Arabic, and calls for consideration of sociolinguistic factors in the study of language evolution by grammaticalization.

scholarly journals JENIS-JENIS DAN BENTUK T-V YOBIKAKE OLEH REMAJA JEPANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Putu Istri Aryasuari ◽  
I Ketut Darma Laksana ◽  
Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Formal Methods ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Japanese Adolescents ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Data Provision

This study aims to determine the types of greetings and forms of T-V greetings used by Japanese teenagers. Sources of data used are data in the form of questionnaires, list of questions, and supported by data sourced from Japanese movies and Japanese cartoons (anime). The theory used is the theory of types of yobikake according Hiromi and Theory T-V Brown-Gillman (1960). Methods and techniques of data provision are made with questionnaires and interview methods to Japanese adolescents. Methods and techniques of data analysis are performed by referential reference method. Methods and techniques of presentation of data analysis results use informal and formal methods. Result of research shows that there are three kinds of greeting found. The three types of greeting, personal pronouns 'ninshoo daimeshi', greeting of  the suffixed name of self / form Mr / Mrs 'keishou', and greeting in the term kinship 'shinzoku yougomei'. The greetings that are found contain the T-V form. Greetings of personal pronoun of the form of T found are atashi, ore, boku, jibun, wa-shi, a-shi, wa-shitachi, atashitachi, oretachi, uchira, anta, omae, kimi, temee, omaetachi, and minna. Greetings personal pronouns of V form found are watakushi, watashi, watashitachi, anata, anatatachi, minasama and minasan. The greetings of suffixed self name containing T shapes are greetings with the suffixes ~ kun and ~ chan. The greetings of suffixed self name containing V-shapes, are greetings with suffixes ~ sama, ~ dono, and ~ san. Greetings in the term kinship that contain the form T are ojiichan, jiiji, obaachan, baaba, papa, oyaji, otou, mama, okaa, kaasan, onii, oniichan, oneechan, neechan, and imoutochan. Greetings in the term kinship containing the form V, are ojiisan, obaasan, otousan, okaasan, oniisan, ani, ane, otouto, and imouto.

Setting New Standards

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Holmes
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Controversial Area ◽  
Women's Role

Social dialect data demonstrates that women tend to lead linguistic change in New Zealand English over a range of linguistic variables. This paper describes some current sound changes in New Zealand English, discusses their potential sources, and suggests possible mechanisms by which they percolate through the system. Women's role in language change is a controversial area. The final section examines a range of explanations which have been proposed to account for the patterns identified by researchers and assesses their relevance to the New Zealand data.

scholarly journals Aspects of linguistic ageing in literary authors across time

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-223
Author(s):  
Carmen Klaussner ◽  
Carl Vogel ◽  
Arnab Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Linguistic Variables

This work offers an investigation into linguistic changes in a corpus of literary authors hypothesised to be possibly attributable to the effects of ageing. In part, the analysis replicates an earlier study into these effects, but adds to it by explicitly analysing and modelling competing factors, specifically the influence of background language change. Our results suggest that it is likely that this underlying change in language usage is the primary force for the change observed in the linguistic variables that was previously attributed to linguistic ageing.

scholarly journals Personal Pronouns and Gendered Speech in Popular Manga (Japanese Comics)

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Giancarla Unser-Schutz
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
First Person ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Actual Usage ◽  
Person Pronoun ◽  
Usage Patterns

Manga—Japanese comics—are often said to be influential in young women's using more masculine first person pronouns. However, research hitherto has not focused on the actual distribution of personal pronouns in manga, leaving that relationship unclear. To assess this question, I examined the different forms found in the lines from a corpus of six popular series. Against popular expectations, I found that no female characters used masculine first-person pronouns, with few examples of them using masculine second-person pronoun. With this gap between popular thought and actual usage patterns in mind, I then reexamine manga's possible role in influencing language change.

scholarly journals Metode Pembelajaran Tari Rumeksa di Sanggar Dharmo Yuwono Purwokerto

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Galuh Destari Kumala Dewi ◽  
Sarjiwo Sarjiwo ◽  
Antonia Indrawati
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Lecture Method ◽  
Peer Tutor ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Practice Method ◽  
Validation Technique

AbstractThis study aims to uncover and describe several learning methods applied to learning Rumeksa Dance at Sanggar Dharma Yuwono Purwokerto. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. Data collection techniques are using observation, interviews, literature study, and documentation. In this research, the data sources were the teachers and students who took part in the Rumeksa Dance lessons at the Dharma Yuwono Studio. The data validation technique used was a triangulation of data sources and methods. In this study, triangulation of sources done by checking data sources from the head of the studio, teachers, and students to find out the learning process of Rumeksa Dance, while the triangulation method was done by checks the correctness of data derived from the observation and interview methods. Furthermore, the data obtained is processed and analyzed by data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results showed that the learning process of Rumeksa Dance used the lecture method, demonstration method, imitation method, drill or practice method, peer tutor method, and outdoor study method. The use of this method is appropriate because the learning process can be done well. Besides that, students can master the material and performed the Rumeksa Dance correctly.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap dan mendeskripsikan beberapa metode pembelajaran yang diterapkan pada pembelajaran Tari Rumeksa di Sanggar Dharmo Yuwono Purwokerto. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu dengan cara observasi, wawancara, studi pustaka, dan dokumentasi. Sumber data dalam penelitan ini adalah pengajar dan peserta didik yang mengikuti pembelajaran Tari Rumeksa di Sanggar Dharmo Yuwono. Teknik validasi data yang digunakan yaitu triangulasi sumber data dan metode. Triangulasi sumber dalam penelitian ini dengan cara mengecek sumber data dari ketua sanggar, pengajar, dan peserta didik untuk mengetahui proses pembelajaran Tari Rumeksa, sedangkan triangulasi metode mengecek kebenaran data yang berasal dari metode observasi dan wawancara. Selanjutnya data yang diperoleh diolah dan dianalisis dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, pengambilan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pembelajaran Tari Rumeksa menggunakan metode ceramah, metode demonstrasi, metode imitasi, metode latihan atau drill, metode tutor sebaya, dan metode out door study (pembelajaran di luar kelas). Penggunaan metode tersebut sudah tepat karena proses pembelajaran dapat dilakukan dengan baik, selain itu, peserta didik dapat menguasai materi dan menarikan Tari Rumeksa dengan benar. 

scholarly journals Quantifying the Uncertainty of Parameters Measured in Spontaneous Speech of Speakers With Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 2255-2270
Author(s):  
Roelant Ossewaarde ◽  
Roel Jonkers ◽  
Fedor Jalvingh ◽  
Roelien Bastiaanse
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Experimental Parameter ◽  
Sample Length ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Spontaneous Language ◽  
Statistic Model ◽  
Text Length ◽  
Individual Variables

Purpose Corpus analyses of spontaneous language fragments of varying length provide useful insights in the language change caused by brain damage, such as caused by some forms of dementia. Sample size is an important experimental parameter to consider when designing spontaneous language analyses studies. Sample length influences the confidence levels of analyses. Machine learning approaches often favor to use as much language as available, whereas language evaluation in a clinical setting is often based on truncated samples to minimize annotation labor and to limit any discomfort for participants. This article investigates, using Bayesian estimation of machine learned models, what the ideal text length should be to minimize model uncertainty. Method We use the Stanford parser to extract linguistic variables and train a statistic model to distinguish samples by speakers with no brain damage from samples by speakers with probable Alzheimer's disease. We compare the results to previously published models that used CLAN for linguistic analysis. Results The uncertainty around six individual variables and its relation to sample length are reported. The same model with linguistic variables that is used in all three experiments can predict group membership better than a model without them. One variable (concept density) is more informative when measured using the Stanford tools than when measured using CLAN. Conclusion For our corpus of German speech, the optimal sample length is found to be around 700 words long. Longer samples do not provide more information.

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