Tools for practical implementation of climate policy in transport: Econometric analysis of global experience

Subject. The article addresses the standards for greenhouse gas emissions that are currently considered as an effective tool for stimulating the development of alternative transport technologies. However, quantitative evaluation of their effectiveness is not available, which is partially explained by the lack of statistical information from different countries. Objectives. The purpose is to build econometric models of the influence of these standards on the electric car market development. Methods. The annual reports of the International Energy Agency on the development of the electric car market and the data of the Global EV Data Explorer statistics center serve as the information base of the study. We analyzed time series for indicators of sales of electric cars in different countries and built mixed models, considering the auto-regression component, which helps describe the internal dynamics of the electric car market. Results. The obtained regression coefficients in models for various countries can be used as interval evaluations for forecasting the growth of electric car sales in Russia, given the necessary conditions for developing a charging infrastructure and creating a system of incentives to match the cost of electric cars to that of traditional vehicles. Conclusions. These interval evaluations may be useful for further decisions on the development of charging infrastructure, planning for resource use for electricity generation, calculating optimal subsidy or tax relief to support electric cars, evaluating the economic consequences of introducing the new standards on CO2 emissions, etc.

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The Effect of Reducing Electric Car Purchase Incentives in the European Union

World Electric Vehicle Journal ◽

10.3390/wevj10040064 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 64 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jonatan J. Gómez Vilchez ◽

Christian Thiel

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Potential Effect ◽

The European Union ◽

Electric Cars ◽

Subsidy Scheme ◽

Electric Car ◽

Car Market ◽

Technology Transition ◽

Short Run ◽

Electro Mobility

The importance of electric car purchase incentives is starting to be questioned. The objective of this paper is to explore the potential effect of reducing or removing electric car purchase public subsidies in the European Union. To this end, the system dynamics Powertrain Technology Transition Market Agent Model is used. The size and timing of purchase incentives for this technology in European countries are investigated under eight scenarios and sensitivity analysis performed. The simulations suggest that, in the short-run, the electric car market share is higher when the subsidies remain in place. In the medium-run, a purchase subsidy scheme granting €3000 for plug-in hybrid electric cars and €4000 for battery electric cars over the period 2020–2024 yields the fastest electric car market uptake of all the scenarios considered. We conclude that, though the current evolution of the battery price is favorable, electric car purchase subsidies remain an effective policy measure to support electro-mobility in the next years.

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Polish car with electric drive

AUTOBUSY – Technika Eksploatacja Systemy Transportowe ◽

10.24136/atest.2018.137 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 577-580

Author(s):

Andrzej Maciejczyk

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Electric Drive ◽

High Power ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Electric Car ◽

Car Market ◽

Consumption Values ◽

Battery Packs

The article discussed the car market in Poland, including vehicles with electric drive. The assumptions for the competition for a Polish electric car have been presented. The structure of the vehicle's body and prototype was analyzed in terms of the location of the batteries. The requirements for connection cells into battery packs are indicated. Methods for determining energy consumption were analyzed. Real energy consumption values were estimated. The problem of the lack of charging infrastructure for batteries has been discussed. Examples of charging times for batteries using high power chargers are shown.

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Segmentation of Passenger Electric Cars Market in Poland

World Electric Vehicle Journal ◽

10.3390/wevj12010023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Jakub Kubiczek ◽

Bartłomiej Hadasik

Keyword(s):

Market Segmentation ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Specific Model ◽

Electric Cars ◽

Electric Car ◽

Car Market ◽

Sustainable Policy ◽

Development Goals ◽

Alternative Sources

Striving to achieve sustainable development goals and taking care of the environment into the policies of car manufacturers forced the search for alternative sources of vehicle propulsion. One way to implement a sustainable policy is to use electric motors in cars. The observable development of the electric car market provides consumers with a wide spectrum of choices for a specific model that would meet their expectations. Currently, there are 53 different electric car models on the primary market in Poland. The aim of the article was to present the performed market segmentation, focused on identifying the similarities in the characteristics of electric car models on the Polish market and proposing their groupings. Based on the classification by the hierarchical cluster analysis algorithm (Ward’s method, squared Euclidean distance), the market division into 2, 3, and 4 groups was proposed. The Polish EV market segmentation took place not only in terms of the size and class of the car but primarily in terms of performance and overall quality of the vehicle. The performed classification did not change when the price was additionally included as a variable. It was also proposed to divide the market into 4 segments named: Premium, City, Small, and Sport. The segmentation carried out in this way helps to better understand the structure of the electric car market.

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Determinants of Electric Car Sales in Europe

LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics ◽

10.2478/logi-2021-0020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 214-225

Author(s):

Richard Kovárník ◽

Michaela Staňková

Keyword(s):

Common Factor ◽

Vector Autoregressive ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Electric Cars ◽

Electric Car ◽

Car Market ◽

Car Sales ◽

History Of ◽

Vehicle Market ◽

Complete History

Abstract This article deals with determining statistically significant factors affecting the sale of battery electric vehicles in different European countries. Typical representative countries were selected on the basis of cluster analysis. The input data for multiple regression models and vector autoregressive models include data for the last decade and thus essentially cover the complete history of the electric car market. Attention is paid not only to the European leader but also to countries with a lower share of electric cars. The results of this study show the existence of a common factor in the countries with different development trends in the battery electric vehicle market. However, differences among individual countries are generally so significant that the identified factors vary from country to country.

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Directions and Prospects for the Development of the Electric Car Market in Selected ASEAN Countries

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14227509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (22) ◽

pp. 7509

Author(s):

Krystyna Gomółka ◽

Piotr Kasprzak

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

Current Situation ◽

Market Demand ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Electric Cars ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Electric Car ◽

Car Market ◽

The Usa ◽

Asean Countries

The purpose of this article is to present the current situation and evaluate the opportunities for the development of the electric car market in selected Southeast Asian countries in the context of the current situation in the rest of the world. Currently, the electric car market is at an advanced stage of development in regions such as Western Europe, the USA, and China. It should be noted, however, that the number of electric cars in a given country results not only from market demand and access to vehicle charging networks but also from nonmarket mechanisms such as subsidies and tax or administrative solutions. It turns out that these are important elements that influence the final shape of a country’s market. This article analyses the current situation on the electric car market taking into account the legal, administrative, and tax conditions that affect the final number of vehicles and the infrastructure necessary for the operation and use of electric cars in selected Asian countries.

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A Study on the Adoption of Electric Vehicles in India: The Mediating Role of Attitude

Vision The Journal of Business Perspective ◽

10.1177/0972262919875548 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 23-34

Author(s):

Anil Khurana ◽

V. V. Ravi Kumar ◽

Manish Sidhpuria

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Electric Cars ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Electric Car ◽

Toxic Emission ◽

Range Anxiety ◽

Fossil Fuel Emission ◽

The Government

Pollution of the environment is currently a global concern. Toxic emission from internal combustion engines is one of the primary air pollutants. In order to mitigate the effects of fossil fuel emission and address environmental concerns (ECs), electric vehicles (EVs) are being promoted aggressively all over the world. Various governments are encouraging people to switch to EVs by incentivizing the transition. Previous studies indicate that the high cost of the electric car, non-availability of charging infrastructure, time and range anxiety act as impediments to consumer adoption. The Government of India has given a call for ‘only Electric Vehicles’ on Road by 2030. This article is contemporary and examines the different factors that affect a consumer’s adoption of an EV. The respondents of the study are existing car owners in India. The data were analysed using Structured Equation Modelling (SEM). Attitude (ATT) emerged as a strong mediator, influencing the adoption of electric cars.

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Administrative and Taxation Mechanisms Supporting the Purchase and Maintenance of Electric Vehicles Based on the Example of Poland and other Selected European Countries

Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne ◽

10.2478/ers-2017-0028 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 96-107

Author(s):

Piotr Kasprzak ◽

Robert Sterniński

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

European Countries ◽

Legal Regulations ◽

Potential Mechanism ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

Electric Cars ◽

Electric Car ◽

Car Market ◽

Future Potential ◽

The Eu

AbstractSubject and purpose of work: The aim of this article is to review the current mechanisms of supporting the purchase of electric cars, with particular emphasis on tax reliefs and exemptions. Materials and methods: The research method consists of a review of literature, legal regulations and industry reports regarding the presented subject. Results: The authors analyzed the global electric car market, presenting the examples of the countries in which the share of electric vehicles has recently increased significantly in the total number of cars. In addition, current discounts and other preferences for the purchase of electric cars in European countries are presented together with future potential mechanism for buyers of electric in Poland. Conclusions: The price is the main economic determinate for buying the particular type of a car. The costs of acquiring and operating an electric car are currently higher than the costs for traditional combustion vehicles. However, the EU and European states’ authorities are processing to increase the popularity of electric cars, offering tax reliefs and other preferences with noticeably effects.

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Lithium - the Metal of the Future?

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/opl.2013.55 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1492 ◽

pp. 3-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ihor A. Kunasz

Keyword(s):

Lithium Batteries ◽

Lithium Carbonate ◽

Raw Material ◽

Lithium Metal ◽

Electric Cars ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Electric Car ◽

Car Market ◽

Potential Development ◽

Dramatic Shift

ABSTRACTThe second half of the twentieth century saw a dramatic shift in lithium chemicals production from traditional pegmatite sources to brines. Today, the bulk of lithium carbonate, which serves as the raw material for various downstream lithium chemicals, including lithium metal for the lithium batteries, is produced from the brines of the Salar de Atacama, Chile, the Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina and Clayton Valley Nevada, U.S.A. There is minor production in Tibet and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Australian spodumene concentrates are converted to lithium carbonate in the PRC.The resurgence in the potential development of electric cars has resulted in the increased exploration for and identification of potential new lithium brine operations and the reassessment of some pegmatite deposits.A number of predictions for a potentially large electric car market scenario have raised questions on the availability of sufficient lithium resources. However, since the original 1976 report on global lithium resources by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering, newly identified deposits have almost quadrupled the total potentially available lithium resources. Based on the best predictions, the lithium supply is more than adequate to meet the demand for electric cars well into the 21st century.

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