Somebody Knows

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Ågotnes ◽  
Yì N. Wáng
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Standard Group ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Doxastic Logic ◽  
Distributed Knowledge ◽  
Completeness Result ◽  
Group Knowledge ◽  
Natural Notion ◽  
Local Reasoning ◽  
Carry Over

Several different notions of group knowledge have been extensively studied in the epistemic and doxastic logic literature, including common knowledge, general knowledge (everybody-knows) and distributed knowledge. In this paper we study a natural notion of group knowledge between general and distributed knowledge: somebody-knows. While something is general knowledge if and only if it is known by everyone, this notion holds if and only if it is known by someone. This is stronger than distributed knowledge, which is the knowledge that follows from the total knowledge in the group. We introduce a modality for somebody-knows in the style of standard group knowledge modalities, and study its properties. Unlike the other mentioned group knowledge modalities, somebody-knows is not a normal modality; in particular it lacks the conjunctive closure property. We provide an equivalent neighbourhood semantics for the language with a single somebody-knows modality, together with a completeness result: the somebody-knows modalities are completely characterised by the modal logic EMN extended with a particular weak conjunctive closure axiom. We also show that the satisfiability problem for this logic is PSPACE-complete. The neighbourhood semantics and the completeness and complexity results also carry over to logics for so-called local reasoning (Fagin et al. 1995) with bounded ``frames of mind'', correcting an existing completeness result in the literature (Allen 2005).

J. S. Mill and Indian Education

Utilitas ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Zastoupil
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Indian Education ◽  
General Knowledge

J. S. Mill's role in the Indian education controversy is well known, but scarcely well understood. That he drafted, in 1836, a despatch sharply critical of Macaulay's infamous Minute on Indian Education, is general knowledge now. That in drafting the despatch Mill drew upon the ideas of H. H. Wilson, a noted Orientalist and sharp critic of Macaulay and the Anglicists, has been adequately demonstrated. That the despatch was never sent to India, because of the objections of the President of the Board of Trade, John Hobhouse, a Whig with some utilitarian connections, has been common knowledge for several decades.

scholarly journals Completeness by Modal Definitions. Application to the Epistemic Logic With Hypotheses

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (65) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Levan Uridia ◽  
Dirk Walther
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Conditional Logic ◽  
Modal Operator ◽  
Distributed Knowledge ◽  
Topological Structures ◽  
The Common ◽  
Reasoning About Knowledge

We investigate the variant of epistemic logic S5 for reasoning about knowledge under hypotheses. The logic is equipped with a modal operator of necessity that can be parameterized with a hypothesis representing background assumptions. The modal operator can be described as relative necessity and the resulting logic turns out to be a variant of Chellas’ Conditional Logic. We present an axiomatization of the logic and its extension with the common knowledge operator and distributed knowledge operator. We show that the logics are decidable, complete w.r.t. Kripke as well as topological structures. The topological completeness results are obtained by utilizing the Alexandroff connection between preorders and Alexandroff spaces.

scholarly journals The Public Knowledge and Custom with the Inheritance Division According to Islamic Law

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Oleh Zakaria Syafei
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
The Public ◽  
Class A ◽  
The People ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Clear Idea

<p class="a"><span lang="IN">The purpose of this reseach is to determine Public Knowledge and Custom Toward The Division of Inheritance According to Islamic Law in </span><span lang="EN-US">Banjarsari Village,</span><span lang="IN">District of Cipocok Jaya, Serang City, Banten, Indonesia</span><span lang="EN-US">which in terms of </span><span lang="IN">respondents </span><span lang="EN-US">demographics is gender respondents. The</span><span lang="IN">research</span><span lang="EN-US">was conducted using a quantitative approach with descriptive and inferential methods, inferential methods using correlation analysis, T-test, and multiple regression analysis.</span><span lang="IN">The research data c</span><span lang="EN-US">ollecti</span><span lang="IN">on is using </span><span lang="EN-US">instrument</span><span lang="IN">question</span><span lang="EN-US">with Likert scale questions. The objects in this research are the people whom are around the </span><span lang="IN">Village</span><span lang="EN-US">Office Banjarsari, District Cipocok Jaya</span><span lang="IN">, </span><span lang="EN-US">Serang</span><span lang="IN">City, </span><span lang="EN-US">Banten</span><span lang="IN">, Indonesia</span><span lang="EN-US">. Based on t</span><span lang="EN-US">he results of research noted that general knowledge and customary inheritance in the community has the highest value it found a relationship between common knowledge and customary with inheritance division according to Islam. For that need the continuous efforts of the relevant parties (scholars, community leaders, and government) to provide insight and guidance as well as a clear idea of the inheritance division based on the teachings of the Islamic religion.</span></p>

scholarly journals Coalition logic with individual, distributed and common knowledge1

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1041-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Ågotnes ◽  
Natasha Alechina
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Satisfiability Problem ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Distributed Knowledge ◽  
Agent Systems ◽  
Coalition Logic ◽  
Multi Agent

Abstract Coalition logic is currently one of the most popular logics for multi-agent systems. While logics combining coalitional and epistemic operators have received considerable attention, completeness results for epistemic extensions of coalition logic have so far been missing. In this paper we provide several such results and proofs. We prove completeness for epistemic coalition logic with common knowledge, with distributed knowledge, and with both common and distributed knowledge, respectively. Furthermore, we completely characterise the complexity of the satisfiability problem for each of the three logics. We also study logics with interaction axioms connecting coalitional ability and knowledge.

scholarly journals Client-Server Approach for Managing Visual Attention, Integrated in a Cognitive Architecture for a Social Robot

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Martín ◽  
Jonatan Ginés ◽  
Francisco J. Rodríguez-Lera ◽  
Angel M. Guerrero-Higueras ◽  
Vicente Matellán Olivera
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Social Robot ◽  
Knowledge Graph ◽  
Distributed Knowledge ◽  
Client Server ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Common

This paper proposes a novel system for managing visual attention in social robots. This system is based on a client/server approach that allows integration with a cognitive architecture controlling the robot. The core of this architecture is a distributed knowledge graph, in which the perceptual needs are expressed by the presence of arcs to stimuli that need to be perceived. The attention server sends motion commands to the actuators of the robot, while the attention clients send requests through the common knowledge representation. The common knowledge graph is shared by all levels of the architecture. This system has been implemented on ROS and tested on a social robot to verify the validity of the approach and was used to solve the tests proposed in RoboCup @ Home and SciROc robotic competitions. The tests have been used to quantitatively compare the proposal to traditional visual attention mechanisms.

Group belief

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Ågotnes ◽  
Yì N Wáng
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Distributed Knowledge ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Group Knowledge ◽  
Group Belief ◽  
The Common ◽  
Negative Introspection

Abstract While logical formalizations of group notions of knowledge such as common and distributed knowledge have received considerable attention in the literature, most approaches being based on modal logic, group notions of belief have received much less attention. In this paper we systematically study standard notions of group belief under different assumptions about the properties of belief. In particular, we map out (lack of) preservation of belief properties against different standard definitions of group belief. It turns out that what is called group belief most often is not actually belief, i.e. does not have the properties of belief. In fact, even what is called group knowledge is sometimes not actually knowledge either. For example, under the common assumption that belief has the KD45 properties, neither common belief (does not satisfy the negative introspection axiom 5) nor distributed belief (does not satisfy the consistency axiom D) are not actually belief. There has been some confusion in the literature regarding soundness of proposed axiomatizations of logics with distributed knowledge, related to the mentioned lack of preservation. In this paper we also present detailed completeness proofs of sound and complete axiomatizations of KD45 with distributed belief, both with and without common belief.

WSMoD

2010 ◽  
pp. 16-44
Author(s):  
M. Comerio ◽  
F. De Paoli ◽  
S. Grega ◽  
A. Maurino ◽  
Carlo Batini
Keyword(s):  
Web Services ◽  
Web Service ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Service Design ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Customer Requirements ◽  
The Web ◽  
Independent Model

Web services are increasingly used as an effective means to create and streamline processes and collaborations among governments, businesses, and citizens. As the number of available web services is steadily increasing, there is a growing interest in providing methodologies that address the design of web services according to specific qualities of service (QoS) rather than functional descriptions only. This chapter presents WSMoD (Web Services MOdeling Design), a methodology that explicitly addresses this issue. Furthermore, it exploits general knowledge available on services, expressed by ontologies describing services, their qualities, and the context of use, to help the designer in expressing service requirements in terms of design artifacts. Ontologies are used to acquire and specialize common knowledge among the entities involved in service design, and to check the consistency of the web service model with constraints defined by provider and customer requirements. To improve the effectiveness of the process, the authors propose a Platform Independent Model that includes the description of specific context of service provision, without considering implementation details. The discussion of a QoS-based web service design within a real case study bears evidence of the potentials of WSMoD.

Operational, Denotational and Logical Descriptions: A Case Study1

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-169
Author(s):  
Lavinia Egidi ◽  
Furio Honsell ◽  
Simona Ronchi Della Rocca
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Denotational Semantics ◽  
Logical Description ◽  
Secd Machine ◽  
Type Assignment ◽  
Completeness Result ◽  
Natural Notion

The functional fragment of Landin’s ISWIM as implemented by the SECD machine is the paradigm of the procedural kernel of many programming languages. We investigate and compare operational, denotational and logical descriptions of the ISWIM-SECD system. Our goal is to illustrate how to derive from each of these descriptions logical tools for resoning about termination and equivalence of programs. First we show the correctness and incompleteness of the canonical denotational semantics. Then we give a fully abstract quotient semantics using a notion of applicative bisimulation. We discuss next a finitary logical description of the denotational semantics. This takes the form of a call-by-value intersection type assignment system. Finally we study this type assignment system for its own sake and give a completeness result for it with respect to a natural notion of interpretation.

scholarly journals Learning What Others Know

10.29007/plm4 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Baltag ◽  
Sonja Smets
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distributed Knowledge ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Information Database

We propose a number of powerful dynamic-epistemic logics for multi-agent information sharing and acts of publicly or privately accessing other agents’ information databases. The static base of our logics is obtained by adding to standard epistemic logic comparative epistemic assertions for groups or individuals, as well as a common distributed knowledge operator (that combines features of both common knowledge and distributed knowledge). On the dynamic side, we introduce actions by which epistemic superiority can be acquired: “sharing all one knows” (by e.g. giving access to one’s information database to all or some of the other agents), as well as more complex informational events, such as hacking. We completely axiomatize several such logics and prove their decidability.

Ultrastructural features of prognostic significance in human oral cancer

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 618-619
Author(s):  
Karvita B. Ahluwalia ◽  
Nidhi Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinomas ◽  
Effective Therapy ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Biological Behaviour

It is common knowledge that apparently similar tumors often show different responses to therapy. This experience has generated the idea that histologically similar tumors could have biologically distinct behaviour. The development of effective therapy therefore, has the explicit challenge of understanding biological behaviour of a tumor. The question is which parameters in a tumor could relate to its biological behaviour ? It is now recognised that the development of malignancy requires an alteration in the program of terminal differentiation in addition to aberrant growth control. In this study therefore, ultrastructural markers that relate to defective terminal differentiation and possibly invasive potential of cells have been identified in human oral leukoplakias, erythroleukoplakias and squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue.

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