scholarly journals Estimation and Investigation of the Variability of Tropospheric Radio Refractivity and Radio Field Strength over Accra, Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
DO Akpootu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Earth Radius ◽  
K Factor ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

he average refractivity gradient and the average effective earth radius (k – factor) estimated for Accra during the period under investigation were found to be -44.1405 N-units/km and 1.39 respectively suggesting that the propagation in this geographical location is mostly super – refractive. The highest and lowest mean values of FSV were found during the dry and rainy seasons in the months of January and June with 3.0998 dB and 0.0158 dB respectively.

scholarly journals Variability in the basic density of silver birch wood in Poland

Silva Fennica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Lachowicz ◽  
Anna Bieniasz ◽  
Rafał Wojtan
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Forest Habitat ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Forest District

This work presents the findings of a study concerning variability in the basic density of silver birch ( Roth) wood, depending on the geographical location of tree stands, the age and thickness of the trees, the forest habitat type, and interactions between some of these factors. The study was carried out on wood from trees aged approximately 30, 50 and 70 years in 12 forest districts located throughout Poland. In total 4777 wood samples, taken from 306 trees from 51 test plots, were measured. The location, the age of the trees, the thickness of the trees and the forest habitat type, as well as interactions between these factors, proved to have a significant influence on the basic density of silver birch wood. The highest mean values of the basic density of the birch wood were found in Sokołów forest district on the FBF habitat type (549 kg m) and in Giżycko forest district on the FMBF habitat type (548 kg m). For the entire set of examined material, the average values of the basic density of wood increase with tree age. For the examined material originating in FBF and FMBF habitats the average values of basic density showed no significant differences; however, in the cases of the forest districts of Giżycko, Łobez and Rudziniec, significant differences in the analysed property were observed.Betula pendula–3–3

scholarly journals Normal interpupillary, inner canthal distance and outer canthal distance in a normal population of Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nausheen Hayat ◽  
Saba Alkhairy ◽  
Alyscia Cheema ◽  
Muneeb Ehsan ◽  
Muhammad Athar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Normal Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pakistani Population ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Objective: This study was conducted to quantify the normal indices of anthropometric measures related to ophthalmology including Interpupillary distance (IPD), Inner canthal distance (ICD), Outer canthal distance (OCD) in a normal, healthy Pakistani population. Methods: This is a cross sectional study. Total 500 patients were chosen randomly but 499 were included in this study. Patients were selected randomly in an outpatient department of Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre Karachi, over the period of five months. IPD, ICD & OCD all measurements were taken with the help of plastic rule by only one researcher to minimize chances of error as much as possible. IPD was reconfirmed from auto refractometer while ICD and OCD readings were taken twice by occluding one eye of researcher to reduce error. Participants were divided into four categories on basis of: Age, Gender, ethnicity and geographical location. Patients were further categorized on basis of Ethnicity to Urdu Speaking, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pathan, and others. Moreover, four age groups were drawn ranging from 15-24 years, 25-44 years, 45-64 years and 65 years and greater. Results: Our study comprised a total of 499 patents of which 272(54.5%) were males, and 227(45.5%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 39.3 ± 14.5 years. The mean values for the IPD, ICD and OCD in mm were 61.8 ± 6.2, 30.9 ± 2.9 and 85.2 ± 6.6 respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between IPD, ICD and OCD Indices among male and female study participants (p<0.001, p=0.043, p<0.001). While comparing the IPD, ICD and OCD indices amongst the different ethnic groups, we found no statistically significant difference (p=0.09. p=0.28, p=0.06). Overall, there was no correlation between the age and other variables i.e. IPD, ICD, OCD, (r = 0.07, p = 0.085), (r = 0.005, p = 0.906), (r = -0.08, p = 0.058). Conclusion: This work has recommended normative values of IPD, ICD and OCD in Pakistani population on the basis different variables including gender, age, and ethnicity. How to cite this:Hayat N, Alkhairy S, Cheema A, Ehsan M, Khan MA. Normal interpupillary, inner canthal distance and outer canthal distance in a normal population of Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(1):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.1.288 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Reference intervals of Apo A-1 , Apo B and Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio in sample of macedonian population

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Svetlana Cekovska ◽  
Sonja Alabakovska ◽  
Katerina Tosheska ◽  
Danica Labudovic ◽  
Bojana Todorova
Keyword(s):  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Apo B ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Distribution Of Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Deviations

The disorders of serum concentration of Apolipoproteins A-1 and B (Apo A-1 and Apo B), as well as of Apolipoprotein B/Apoliporotein A-1 ratio (Apo B/ Apo A-1) are considered to be independent risk factors for coronary heart disease. It is recommended that each laboratory should asign its own reference intervals for Apo A-1 and Apo B, as well as for Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio, as these depend on the geographical location. For this purpose we determined the serum concentration of Apo A-1 and Apo B and we calculated the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio in 122 healthy individuals from Macedonian population (70 women and 52 men), aged 18-60 years. We used commercial, standardized manual immunoturbidimetric assay (Randox). The obtained concentrations (x ± SD) were: Apo A-1 = 1.39 ± 0.28 g/l in the female population and 1.42 ± 0.27 g/l in the male population, Apo B = 0.95 ± 0.24 g/l in the female and 1.00 ± 0.23 g/l in the male population. The calculated Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio was 0.70 ± 0.17 in the female subgroup and 0.72 ± 0.18 in the male subgroup. Student's t-test detected no significant difference (p>0.05) in mean values for Apolipoproteins A-1 and B and for Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio between female and male subgroups, which lead to the conclusion that division according to sex is not necessary from diagnostic point of view. The Apo A-1 and Apo B concentrations estimated for the mixed group (N=122) were 1.40 ± 0.28 g/l and 0.97 ± 0.23 g/l. The Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio estimated for whole group was 0.71 ± 0.17. The type of distribution of values for Apo A-1, Apo B and Apo B/A-1 ratio was tested by calculating the values of coefficient of asymetry (Skewness), coefficient of flatness (Kurtosis) and standard deviations of these coefficients. The distribution of values was according to Gaussian curve for all three parameters. Therefore, according to the normal distribution reference intervals for Apo A-1, Apo B and Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio was estimated parametrically (mean ± 2 standard deviations). Reference intervals for Apo A-1 were 0.84 - 1.96 g/l, 0.51 - 1.43 g/l for Apo B and 0.37- 1.05 for Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio.

Factors affecting the concentration of vitamins in milk: I. Effect of breed, season and geographical location on fat-soluble vitamins

1964 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. Thompson ◽  
Kathleen M. Henry ◽  
S. K. Kon
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
The North

SummaryTwo surveys were done, one in 1943–44 and one in 1958–60, of the seasonal variation in the concentration of vitamin A and carotene in milk fat from 13 different areas in Great Britain. In the 1958–60 survey α-tocopherol and vitamin D were also measured. The main purpose of the second survey was to find out if the marked swing from Shorthorns to Friesians, and the trend towards greater use of carotene-rich foods in winter feeds that occurred in the intervening 15 years, had affected the pattern of vitamin A activity. In addition, monthly samples of butter were obtained in 1958–59 from a single factory in New Zealand during a complete butter-making season (9 months) and were assayed for vitamin A, carotene, α-tocopherol and vitamin D. Three experiments were done to study the effect of breed on the vitamin A and carotene content of milk fat, and in one of them α-tocopherol and vitamin D were also determined.The seasonal trends for vitamin A and carotene were essentially the same in both surveys. A peak occurred in May after the spring flush of grass and was followed by a decline with a second peak in the autumn, except in 1959 when both the summer and autumn were very dry. Potencies were higher in the south than in the north, where the differences between summer and winter were more marked. In winter, mean vitamin A potencies of 5·8 and 7·7 μg/g fat were found for northern and southern areas, respectively; the corresponding values for β-carotene were 2·0 and 4·5 μg/g fat. Mean summer values were 8·8 and 9·7 μg/g fat for vitamin A and 5·1 and 6·5 μg/g fat for carotene, equivalent to increases of about 52 and 26% and about 155 and 44%, respectively, over winter values. Differences in mean potency between areas are explained by length of grazing season and type of winter feed.The concentration of vitamin A in the fat was essentially the same for Ayrshires, Friesians, Jerseys and Shorthorns but somewhat lower for Guernseys; that of carotene was higher for the Channel Island breeds, particularly Guernseys, than for the other breeds studied.Compared with this country, concentrations of carotene were higher and of vitamin A lower in milk fat from New Zealand, probably because of the predominance of Jersey cows in New Zealand herds. The seasonal trends for these vitamins were similar in both countries, but the spring peaks were earlier, the autumn peaks later and the summer declines more pronounced in New Zealand than in this country.Concentrations of α-tocopherol in British milk fat showed a trend similar to that found for both vitamin A and carotene and were again influenced by feeding practices. Mean values of 23 and 29 μg α-tocopherol/g fat were found in the summer for northern and southern areas, respectively; the corresponding winter values were 15 and 23 μg/g fat. Mean values of about 30 μg/g fat were found, over a 28-month period, for the milk fat of each of the 3 breeds, Ayrshire, Friesian and Jersey. No seasonal trend was observed in the New Zealand samples; the mean value for the 9 months was 32 μg/g fat (range 24–39 μg).Vitamin D potencies were higher in summer, when there is more sunshine, than in winter. The higher summer values in the northern than in the southern part of the country may have been related to a higher intake of vitamin D in the former from hay and pasture. Summer potencies of 0·44, 0·53 and 0·62 i.u. vitamin D/g fat, respectively, were found for Friesian, Jersey and Ayrshire milk; corresponding winter values were 0·06, 0·08 and 0·9 i.u./g fat. For the New Zealand butters, summerues values were higher than in this country, about 0·7 compared with about 0·4 i.u./g fat; winter values were similar in both countries.

scholarly journals GIS-Based Analysis and Mapping of the Winter Chilling Hours in Mainland Spain. Application to Some Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Moral ◽  
Abelardo García-Martín ◽  
Francisco J. Rebollo ◽  
María A. Rozas ◽  
Luis L. Paniagua
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Multivariate Geostatistics ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Winter Chilling

The knowledge of the chilling requirements for breaking rest and flowering of fruit trees is necessary to properly select cultivars and to avoid losses due to an inappropriate cultivar selection in a particular geographical location. With the aim of providing an analysis using three models (Chilling Hours, Utah Model, and Positive Utah Model) to estimate the accumulation of winter chilling, quantifying its spatial variability and representing the spatial pattern throughout mainland Spain, temperature data from 72 meteorological stations, considering the 1975–2015 period, were utilized. The statistical properties of values corresponding to each winter chilling model were assessed and, later, they were mapped by means of an integrated geographic information system (GIS) and a multivariate geostatistics (regression-kriging) and algebra map approach. The results show that measures obtained with the three chilling models were highly related, which were used to visualize the spatial variability of the accumulated winter chilling considering each model. Moreover, the fact that elevation and latitude are related to the chilling hours enables their use as auxiliary variables to better estimate at unsampled locations and generate more accurate maps. Knowledge of the spatial patterns of chill accumulation in different areas of mainland Spain is of great importance when appropriate fruit trees and cultivars have to be selected. Moreover, if a high probability of satisfying the chilling requirements in any area is considered, quantile maps can be used instead of maps based on mean values. Finally, the potential spatial distributions of three sweet cherry cultivars were delineated using the obtained maps.

scholarly journals Breast Milk Polyamines and Microbiota Interactions: Impact of Mode of Delivery and Geographical Location

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Gómez-Gallego ◽  
Himanshu Kumar ◽  
Izaskun García-Mantrana ◽  
Elloise du Toit ◽  
Jukka-Pekka Suomela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Pseudomonas Fragi ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Geographical Variations

Background/Aims: The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify the polyamine levels in human milk obtained from different countries and through different modes of delivery, and to investigate their association with breast milk microbes. Methods: Mature breast milk samples were obtained from 78 healthy mothers after 1 month of lactation from 4 different geographical locations: Finland, Spain (Europe); South Africa (Africa); and China (Asia). Polyamines were determined using HPLC after dansyl derivatization and milk microbiota was obtained by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: The mean values of polyamines in breast milk were 70.0, 424.2, and 610.0 nmol/dL for putrescine, spermidine and spermine, respectively, and 1,170.9 nmol/dL of total polyamines. The levels of putrescine were significantly higher in Spain (p < 0.05) and spermidine levels were significantly higher in Finland (p < 0.05) compared with other countries. Cesarean delivery had an impact on polyamine levels and it was related to an increase in the putrescine concentration being significant in Spanish samples (p < 0.01). Furthermore, putrescine levels were correlated positively with Gammaproteobacteria (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), especially with Pseudomonas fragi (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results demonstrate significant effect of geographical variations in human milk polyamine concentrations, being correlated with human milk microbiota composition. These differences may have an impact on infant development during lactation.

Relationship between asymptomatic hypercholanaemia of pregnancy and progesterone metabolism

2002 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria J. PASCUAL ◽  
Maria A. SERRANO ◽  
Mohamad Y. EL-MIR ◽  
Rocio I.R. MACIAS ◽  
Felipe JIMÉNEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Primary Defect ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Progesterone Metabolism ◽  
Progesterone Metabolites ◽  
Normal Mean

The aim of this study was to identify a subgroup of pregnant women with asymptomatic hypercholanaemia of pregnancy (AHP), in which the relationship between alterations in the level and pattern of serum bile acids (BAs) and of progesterone plus progesterone metabolites could be investigated in the absence of overt impairment of hepatobiliary function. Cholanaemia and serum concentrations of progesterone were assayed by an enzymic technique and by ELISA respectively, while BA molecular species and progesterone metabolites were measured by GC-MS, in the serum of 411 healthy pregnant women. Samples were collected after an overnight fast in the final week of each trimester of gestation. Two pregnant women were excluded because of the suspicion of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). Cholanaemia was found to increase progressively throughout pregnancy, but with normal mean values lower than 3.0μM. Thus in our series AHP was defined arbitrarily as the presence of serum total BA concentrations 2-fold higher than this value, i.e. 6μM, in the absence of hepatobiliary disease or symptoms of ICP. The prevalence of this condition was observed to increase with gestational age. Changes in the pattern of serum BAs in AHP were also found. These were reflected in a marked increase in the proportion of cholic acid together with a decrease in that of deoxycholic acid, while the proportions of chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid changed only moderately. When groups at the same gestational age were compared, serum progesterone levels were always significantly lower, while those of progesterone metabolites were higher, in women with AHP. Our results suggest that AHP is a relatively common condition in our geographical location, where ICP is rarely diagnosed. Changes in the serum BA pattern in hypercholanaemia resemble these described in ICP. The simultaneous finding of lower serum total progesterone levels along with an increase in its metabolites supports the hypothesis that a primary defect in progesterone metabolism may be involved in the aetiology of ICP.

scholarly journals Determination of magnetic field strength on the event horizon of supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei

2020 ◽  
Vol 495 (1) ◽  
pp. 614-620
Author(s):  
M Yu Piotrovich ◽  
A G Mikhailov ◽  
S D Buliga ◽  
T M Natsvlishvili
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Black Holes ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Active Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Event Horizon ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Magnetic Field

ABSTRACT We estimated the magnetic field strength at the event horizon for a sample of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Our estimates were made using the values of the inclination angles of the accretion disc to the line of sight, which we obtained previously from spectropolarimetric observations in the visible spectrum. We also used published values of full width at half-maximum of spectral line Hβ from broad-line region, masses of SMBHs, and luminosity of AGNs at 5100 $\mathring{\rm A}$. In addition, we used the literature data on the spins of SMBHs obtained from their X-ray spectra. Our estimates showed that the magnetic field strength at the event horizon of the majority of SMBHs in AGNs range from several to tens of kG and have mean values of about 104 G. At the same time, for individual objects, the fields are significantly larger – of the order of hundreds kG or even 1 MG.

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