scholarly journals Diagnostics of human functional states in priority studies of Russian physiological schools

Author(s):  
I. B. Ushakov ◽  
A. V. Bogomolov

Relevance. Physiologically adequate and up-to-date methods are needed for diagnosing functional states in humans during occupational activities.Intention – Analysis of priority studies of domestic physiological schools in the field of diagnostics of human functional states and identification of priority studies, which are associated with the expected progress in the subject area.Methodology. On the basis of a systematic approach, there were reviewed fundamental studies of Russian physiological schools defining key approaches to the diagnosis of human functional states: from the foundations of the natural science research of human states in the process of activity, laid down by I.M. Sechenov, to the achievements of the modern Russian physiological school, one of the leaders of which is Academician A.D. Nozdrachev.Results and Discussion. The features of physiological diagnostics of functional states are shown, an important role of complex interdisciplinary approaches for solving problems of diagnostics based on the results of physiological studies is emphasized. The emphasis is made on the fact that methods for diagnosing human conditions in the process of activity should be guided by the dominant corresponding to each functional state, and take into account that various functional systems of the body are mobilized to ensure this state, with individually specific degree of their involvement in the formation of a functional state. At the same time, when diagnosing functional states it is necessary to take into account complex impacts of occupational factors and use approaches specific for socio-professional groups with the fullest possible consideration of their occupational tasks.Conclusion. It has been shown that methods for diagnosing functional states require development and improvement based on the results of fundamental physiological research, which determine approaches to the diagnosis of human states in the process of activity.

Author(s):  
A. V. Kapustina ◽  
V. V. Elizarova ◽  
O. V. Bykova

The results of the production studies of professional groups of manual labor (stone saws, packers, slingers) are presented. It is shown that a change in the functional state of the body of workers leads to the development of fatigue and overstrain of the body systems of workers.


Author(s):  
F. L. Azizova ◽  
U. A. Boltaboev

The features of production factors established at the main workplaces of shoe production are considered. The materials on the results of the study of the functional state of the central nervous system of women workers of shoe production in the dynamics of the working day are presented. The level of functional state of the central nervous system was determined by the speed of visual and auditory-motor reactions, installed using the universal device chronoreflexometer. It was revealed that in the body of workers of shoe production there is an early development of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system, which is expressed in an increase in the number of errors when performing tasks on proofreading tables. It was found that the most pronounced shift s in auditory-motor responses were observed in professional groups, where higher levels of noise were registered in the workplace. The correlation analysis showed a close direct relationship between the growth of mistakes made in the market and the decrease in production. An increase in the time spent on the task indicates the occurrence and growth of production fatigue.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.


Author(s):  
S. H. Kotiuzhynska ◽  
D. O. Umanskyy

According to modern notions, atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial process in which the mechanisms of development involved endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, dyslipidemia, disorders of the blood coagulation system, and the like. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are a source of biologically active substances that regulate metabolic processes in the body. It is known that during the development of inflammation, biologically active agents are synthesized and accumulated, which both provide a protective function, and play the role of triggers or lead to the development of additional alteration and the formation of pathological systems. Purpose of the study. The purpose of the work is to study the functional state of the lipid transport system and to ascertain the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the mechanisms of atherosclerosis. The analysis of the functional state of the lipid-transport system of 221 patients with diffuse cardiosclerosis with different nosological forms revealed a disturbance of direct and reverse transport of cholesterol, but with varying degrees of orientation. Significant increase in the content of saturated fatty acids by 7.51% and reduction of unsaturated. Reducing the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids is a consequence of increased formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in inflammatory processes of the vascular wall, and indicates a disbalance in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. The deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acid cells for many years models the high potential of endothelial dysfunction, which can be a pathogenetic mechanism not only for atherosclerotic lesions, but also for inflammation of the vessels. Conclusion. The recognition of atherogenesis as an active process rather than a cholesterol storage disease has highlighted some key inflammatory mechanisms. In our opinion, the local violation of the transport of lipids in the tissue is at the heart of the atherosclerotic lesion of the vascular wall, which develops irrespective of inflammation in the vessel wall, but substantially potentiates them due to the action of inflammatory mediators.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Tizzard-Kleister ◽  
Matt Jennings

As a subject area that sustains itself on the productive tension between human and non-human agency, applied puppetry is a pragmatic and compelling approach to considering the role of objects in an anthropocentric world. In health care, mannequins play the role of simulated patients. Most often, they simply stand in for the body of the patient. However, this misses the potential that the materiality of these objects holds when considered through applied puppetry terms. This article examines examples of puppetry used in simulated role-play (SRP) for training and assessment, including a specific project involving applied puppetry with person-centred nursing (PCN) students at Ulster University (UU). It attempts to theorize how, when used in this way, applied puppetry is a metaphorical and translational act of anthropomorphism ‐ a process by which an object can ‘become’ more than a thing. In this context, we seek to define a practice in which a mannequin fulfils its potential as a puppet-patient in SRP for PCN students.


2021 ◽  
pp. 201-214

Background: Loss of balance and falls are the primary cause of accidental death in persons over 65 years of age. This review examines the role of visual functions in the maintenance of a balanced posture and associated fall avoidance, including how visual functions interact with proprioceptive, tactile, vestibular and cognitive factors under a range of environmental circumstances and conditions. Methods: Reference to relevant articles from a wide range of sources were used to examine how vision functions are usually integrated with other senses in avoiding falls. Results: Under most conditions vision can make an important contribution to posture control and fall avoidance although such contributions have not always been recognized in the past. However, successful balance training has been shown to be associated with multi-component programs. Conclusions: Given the complexity of posture control and the multiple changes (physiological- and disease-related) which occur with age, as well as the capacity for different professional groups to contribute more or less dissimilar fall prevention strategies, it is not surprising that there appears to be great potential for improved interdisciplinary coordination of remedial interventions which reduce the risk of fall-related injuries and death. Similarly, overcoming age- or frailty-related difficulties in standing from a seated position can be best handled by interdisciplinary approaches.


Author(s):  
S. H. Kotiuzhynska ◽  
D. O. Umanskyy

According to modern notions, atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial process in which the mechanisms of development involved endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, dyslipidemia, disorders of the blood coagulation system, and the like. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are a source of biologically active substances that regulate metabolic processes in the body. It is known that during the development of inflammation, biologically active agents are synthesized and accumulated, which both provide a protective function, and play the role of triggers or lead to the development of additional alteration and the formation of pathological systems. Purpose of the study. The purpose of the work is to study the functional state of the lipid transport system and to ascertain the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the mechanisms of atherosclerosis. The analysis of the functional state of the lipid-transport system of 221 patients with diffuse cardiosclerosis with different nosological forms revealed a disturbance of direct and reverse transport of cholesterol, but with varying degrees of orientation. Significant increase in the content of saturated fatty acids by 7.51% and reduction of unsaturated. Reducing the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids is a consequence of increased formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in inflammatory processes of the vascular wall, and indicates a disbalance in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. The deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acid cells for many years models the high potential of endothelial dysfunction, which can be a pathogenetic mechanism not only for atherosclerotic lesions, but also for inflammation of the vessels. Conclusion. The recognition of atherogenesis as an active process rather than a cholesterol storage disease has highlighted some key inflammatory mechanisms. In our opinion, the local violation of the transport of lipids in the tissue is at the heart of the atherosclerotic lesion of the vascular wall, which develops irrespective of inflammation in the vessel wall, but substantially potentiates them due to the action of inflammatory mediators.


2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 614-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Li ◽  
Mike Thelwall ◽  
Kayvan Kousha

Purpose – The four major Subject Repositories (SRs), arXiv, Research Papers in Economics (RePEc), Social Science Research Network (SSRN) and PubMed Central (PMC), are all important within their disciplines but no previous study has systematically compared how often they are cited in academic publications. In response, the purpose of this paper is to report an analysis of citations to SRs from Scopus publications, 2000-2013. Design/methodology/approach – Scopus searches were used to count the number of documents citing the four SRs in each year. A random sample of 384 documents citing the four SRs was then visited to investigate the nature of the citations. Findings – Each SR was most cited within its own subject area but attracted substantial citations from other subject areas, suggesting that they are open to interdisciplinary uses. The proportion of documents citing each SR is continuing to increase rapidly, and the SRs all seem to attract substantial numbers of citations from more than one discipline. Research limitations/implications – Scopus does not cover all publications, and most citations to documents found in the four SRs presumably cite the published version, when one exists, rather than the repository version. Practical implications – SRs are continuing to grow and do not seem to be threatened by institutional repositories and so research managers should encourage their continued use within their core disciplines, including for research that aims at an audience in other disciplines. Originality/value – This is the first simultaneous analysis of Scopus citations to the four most popular SRs.


Author(s):  
M.Z. Kruk ◽  
A.M. Liashevych ◽  
I.S. Chernukha ◽  
A.Z. Kruk ◽  
L.I. Levchuk

According to the authors, the assessment of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system of the body during physical training and sports is of paramount importance because of the huge role of this system in the adaptation to physical activity of different nature, the optimal functioning of the organism in the most varied in terms of training activity. The analysis of the scientific literature shows that the deterioration of the indicators of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system of the human body caused by the weakening of socio-economic conditions in the country, the influence of radioactive radiation, the deterioration of the quality of nutrition, the decrease of motor activity, etc. There is also a general increase in the number of cardiovascular diseases, deterioration of the body's functional reserves, systemic impaired posture, the presence of various disorders of the musculoskeletal system, a decrease in the level of physical fitness, etc. All this happens against the background of the weakening of the functions of the cardio-respiratory and nervous systems of the body during training and during the exams, which negatively affects the formation of health of future specialists. Therefore, since there is a tendency to deteriorate the health of students, in particular, the condition of their cardio-respiratory system, the question of improving it through the use of physical education is very relevant.


Author(s):  
E.V. Kondyurova ◽  
V.A. Trofimov ◽  
T.I. Vlasova ◽  
V.V. Akimov ◽  
E.A. Tashina ◽  
...  

Until now, chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) has been a severe and common pathology of periodontal tissues. It is characterized by a prolonged course of a disease with periods of remission and relapse. CGP can often cause a significant dysfunction of the dentition, loss of the retaining dental apparatus and tooth loss. Local inflammatory phenomena certainly depend on changes in homeostasis at the body level. There is no doubt, that successful treatment of this severe periodontal disease is possible not only in case of local treatment, but also in case of remodeling at the body level. In this regard, systemic changes in homeostasis are of great importance, in particular information on the structural and functional state of red blood cells. The aim of the paper was to study the structural and functional state of red blood cells in various forms of CGP. Materials and Methods. The study involved 60 patients with mild CGP (n=32) and moderate CGP (n=28); the patients suffered from the disease for 5 to 15 years. The authors conducted a comprehensive examination of patients using clinical, laboratory and radiological diagnostic techniques. They also estimated structural and functional states of periodontal tissues according to various indices; erythrocytes were estimated according to the phospholipid composition of biomembranes, the level of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation, activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and phospholipase A2. Results. It has been established that inflammatory phenomena in periodontal tissues with CGP are accompanied by significant changes in the lipid metabolism of red blood cells and the dysfunction development. The severity of functional and metabolic changes in these blood elements correlates with the disease severity. Conclusion. The results are of particular importance as a separate component of chronic periodontitis pathogenesis. Chronic periodontitis is one of the initiators of the pathological reaction cascade leading to the formation of microcirculatory disorders and the occurrence of hemic and circulatory hypoxia, which is a universal link in the pathogenesis chain of any pathological process and a central problem of somatic pathology. Keywords: chronic periodontitis, red blood cells, lipid metabolism. До настоящего времени тяжелой и распространенной патологией тканей пародонта является хронический генерализованный пародонтит (ХГП), который характеризуется длительным течением с периодами ремиссий и рецидивов, часто приводит к существенной дисфункции зубочелюстной системы, утрате удерживающего аппарата зубов и потере последних. Безусловно, местные воспалительные явления во многом зависят от изменений гомеостаза на организменном уровне. Не вызывает сомнений факт, что успешная терапия этой тяжелой болезни пародонта возможна не только при местном лечении, но и при коррекции изменений на организменном уровне. В связи с этим важны сведения о системных изменениях гомеостаза, в частности о структурно-функциональном состоянии эритроцитов. Целью исследования явилось изучение структурно-функционального состояния эритроцитов при различной тяжести ХГП. Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 60 пациентов с ХГП легкой (n=32) и средней (n=28) степеней тяжести и продолжительностью заболевания от 5 до 15 лет. Проведено комплексное обследование больных с использованием клинико-лабораторных и рентгенологического методов исследования. Выполнена оценка структурно-функционального состояния тканей пародонта по различным индексам; эритроцитов – по фосфолипидному составу биомембран, уровню первичных и вторичных продуктов липопероксидации, активности каталазы, супероксиддисмутазы, фосфолипазы А2. Результаты. Установлено, что воспалительные явления в тканях пародонта при ХГП сопровождаются значительными изменениями липидного метаболизма эритроцитов с развитием дисфункциональных явлений. Выраженность функционально-метаболических изменений этих элементов крови коррелирует с тяжестью заболевания. Выводы. Выявленный факт представляет особую значимость как отдельный компонент патогенеза хронического пародонтита – одного из инициаторов каскада патологических реакций, приводящих к формированию микроциркуляторных расстройств и возникновению гемической и циркуляторной гипоксии, которая является универсальным звеном цепи патогенеза любого патологического процесса и центральной проблемой соматической патологии. Ключевые слова: хронический пародонтит, эритроциты, липидный метаболизм.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (16) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
V. V. Kalnish ◽  

Introduction. Temporary processes take place not only in the consciousness of a person - the entire organism and its components at the unconscious level are also somehow oriented in time. In the process of evolution in living systems, a certain way of responding to the prevailing external and internal situations has been formed, in the process of implementation of which a fundamental restruc-turing of the functional relationships of its subsystems is carried out. Therefore, the characteristics of the behavior of an organism in time are fundamental and integral for assessing its state and the form of orientation in time. The objective of the undertaken research is to develop an approach to retrospective assessment of the functional state of a person, taking into account the processes that occur before and after the period of time designated as «present». Methods and scope of research. The rhythmogram data and the calculation of its indicators were obtained as a result of an annual daily study (333 measurements of 5-minute heart rate segments) using the gythmograph apparatus. For further analysis, a well-known set of heart rate indicators was used, as well as a number of its new «temporal» characteristics: a function of the probabilities of two events in the «past» relative to the «present» and a function of the probabilities of two events in the «future» relative to the «present». Results and Conclusions. The studies carried out have shown the novelty and expediency of a retrospective analysis of heart rate variability from the standpoint of isolating the body’s reactions to «past» and «future» functional states that change depending on the transformations of environmental conditions during the year. The attractiveness of such an analysis lies in the fact that the obtained functions of the probability of occurrence of events in the «past» and «future» reflect the fundamental processes of integra-tion of various physiological processes in the body. The specifics of providing rigid and plastic processes occurring in the human body, accompanying their synchronization in the event of changes in environmental conditions, have been established. The possibility of classifying functional states according to the characteristics of the functions of probability of occurrence of events in the «past» and «future» has been revealed. Key words: Functional state; Rhythmogram; Past; Present; Future.


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