scholarly journals Possessive Construction in Russian and Indonesian Noun Phrases: Contrastive Analysis and Translation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Tri Yulianty Karyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Possessive Constructions ◽  
Translation Analysis ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
National Corpus

This paper aims to discuss the comparison between possessive constructions in Russian and Indonesian noun phrases. Since both of the languages have different grammatical systems, their possessive constructions may also be different. The differences are discussed using a contrastive analysis approach. However, the similarities between them are also taken into consideration following one of the practical purposes of contrastive analysis, namely, to aid the translation process. The theory employed in this research is eclectic. The research method employed in this research is descriptive method with contrastive analysis model. In addition, for translation analysis, word-for-word and literal methods are used here. The data in this research are collected from the Russian National Corpus and some selected literary works in Russian and Indonesian. The result suggests that there are some structural differences and similarities between Russian and Indonesian in terms of word order, attributive categories, and grammatical categories of the elements constituting noun phrases. The results of this comparison can be referred to in the translation of possessive construction of both languages so that the closest equivalent is found following the rules of each language. 

Serving two masters

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik De Smet ◽  
Freek Van de Velde
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Free Relatives ◽  
Form Function ◽  
First Case ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
Eventual Outcome

This paper examines two cases of so-called syntactic amalgams. In syntactic amalgams a particular string that is shared by two constructions is exploited to combine them, in such a way that one of the constructions functions as a modifier of the other. Typical examples are after God knows how many years (< after many years + God knows how many years) and a big enough house (< a big house + big enough). In formal theories, these kinds of constructions have been insightfully described as ‘grafts’. However, the exact process through which these amalgams arise remains unexplored. When studied closely, these processes reveal form–function friction not fully accounted for by the graft metaphor. Syntactic amalgams typically serve a subjective function and have been recruited for this purpose. However, because they consist of a syntagm that is still internally parsable, they tend to resist full reanalysis. More precisely, their original syntax continues to constrain their use. As such, amalgams get caught between their original syntax, which remains transparent, and their new function, which suggests a new syntactic status. This appears clearly from contrastive studies of amalgams in Dutch and English that are functionally similar but whose use is constrained in different ways due to structural differences between the two languages. Our first case study deals with the Dutch and English amalgam wie weet / who knows. A contrastive analysis of the development of the respective items shows both the conservative effect of the origin of change and the attraction exerted by the target of change. The second case we discuss in detail involves so-called transparent free relatives. A contrastive analysis shows the role of the overall grammar of a language in licensing change, in this case with Dutch word order posing more difficulties to the new focusing function of transparent free relatives. In general, both case studies show the formation of syntactic amalgams to be sensitive to system pressures both in the course of their development and in the eventual outcome of change.

Pembentukan makna tatabahasa dalam struktur ayat kata kerja Kāna (كان)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-390
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arsyad Abdul Majid ◽  
Ibrahim Abdullah ◽  
Abdul Azim Isa ◽  
Muhammad Zaidi Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Library Method

Grammar plays a role in determining the meaning of a sentence. In fact, grammatical forms have a variety of meanings based on the context in which they are used. The study of grammar involves examining the function carried out by a single word. This study was conducted to identify the grammatical meaning that exists in the use of Verbal Phrase Predicate (PFK) for kāna verb (KKK) in Arabic sentence structure (BA) and describe the appropriate match for the grammatical meaning that exists in Malay sentence structure (BM). This study was conducted using qualitative method based on library method (text analysis study) in analyzing data. The researchers obtain reference books and scholarly resources as well as reviews past studies related to the research topic to obtain appropriate reference sources. The theoretical framework utilized in this study includes the grammatical meanings inherent in the use of PFK for KKK in the BA sentence structure by al-Sāmirrā’ī (2003) and the component analysis model by Nida (1975) which analyzes the meaning of KKK grammatical references. While the contrastive analysis carried out involves the grammatical meaning contained in the use of KKK in the BA sentence structure and matching the appropriate grammatical meaning in the BM sentence structure. The results of the study found that different grammatical meanings are formed based on the time aspect found in the PFK for KKK in the sentence structure of BA. The results of this study also prove the appropriate match for the grammatical meaning that exists in the BM sentence structure is the verb which consists of aspect auxiliary verbs, variety auxiliary verbs and adverbs. Therefore, translators need to consider the meaning of this grammar in the translation process, so that the matching of the translated meaning is accurate and correct.

scholarly journals Tema-rema struktur og oversættelse

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Anna-Lise Laursen
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Related Problem ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Thematic Progression ◽  
Thematic Section ◽  
Functional Sentence Perspective ◽  
Prague School ◽  
Newspaper Articles

<p>This paper demonstrates how the Prague School theories of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) and Thematic Progression can be used to enlighten certain text-relevant aspects of the translation of the sentence. A model is presented which includes a solution to the FSP-related problem of language-specific grammatical word-order rules by means of a mix of parameters that takes care of the bipartition of the sentence into a thematic and a rhematic section. On the basis of the results of a previously conducted contrastive analysis of a corpus of Spanish and Danish newspaper articles, in which the thematic sections have been studied, it is argued that the divergent tendencies in the two corpora as to the realization of the thematic elements and the thematic progression can motivate certain adaptations of the thematic section in the translation process.</p>

Relasi Sintaktis Antarkomponen pada Frasa Nomina Bahasa Rusia

Metahumaniora ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Tri Yulianty Karyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Russian Noun ◽  
Syntactic Relation ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
National Corpus

AbstrakDalam sintaksis bahasa Rusia terdapat istilah sintaksiceskoe otnošenie ‘relasisintaktis’ yang menghubungkan komponen-komponen frasa secara leksikal dangramatikal. Ada beragam jenis relasi sintaktis dan relasi ini dapat dijumpai padafrasa dengan komponen inti nomina. Untuk itu, dalam artikel ini dibahas mengenaiberbagai macam relasi sintaktis pada frasa nomina bahasa Rusia. Metode yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan berbagai tekniklanjutan dalam penganalisisan data. Adapun sumber data berupa bahasa tulisdiambil dari korpus nasional bahasa Rusia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwarelasi sintaktis yang ada pada frasa nomina bahasa Rusia adalah relasi atributif,objektif, subjektif, adverbial, dan kompletif, didasarkan pada koneksi sintaktisantarkomponen frasa berupa koneksi konkordansi, penguasaan, dan parataksis.Relasi-relasi sintaktis tersebut dapat dibedakan secara semantis melalui maknaleksikal dan gramatikal kata-kata pembangun frasa.Kata kunci: relasi sintaktis, frasa nomina, inti frasa, pewatas, koneksi sintaktisAbstractIn Russian syntax there is the term of sintaksiceskoe otnošenie ‘syntactic relation’which connects the phrase components lexically and grammatically. There are various typesof syntactic relations and these syntactic relations can be found on noun phrases. Therefore,this article discussed about various types of syntactic relations in Russian noun phrases. Themethod used in this research is descriptive method with various techniques in analyzing data.The source of the data is written language taken from the national corpus of Russian language.The results showed that the syntactic relations in Russian noun phrases are attributive,objective, subjective, adverbial, and completive relation, based on syntactic connections ofconcordance, government, and parataxis between the phrase components. These syntacticrelations can be distinguished semantically through the lexical and grammatical meaning ofthe phrase components.Keywords: syntactic relation, noun phrase, head, modifier, syntactic connection

Relasi Sintaktis Antarkomponen pada Frasa Nomina Bahasa Rusia

Metahumaniora ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Tri Yulianty Karyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Russian Noun ◽  
Syntactic Relation ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
National Corpus

AbstrakDalam sintaksis bahasa Rusia terdapat istilah sintaksiceskoe otnošenie ‘relasisintaktis’ yang menghubungkan komponen-komponen frasa secara leksikal dangramatikal. Ada beragam jenis relasi sintaktis dan relasi ini dapat dijumpai padafrasa dengan komponen inti nomina. Untuk itu, dalam artikel ini dibahas mengenaiberbagai macam relasi sintaktis pada frasa nomina bahasa Rusia. Metode yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan berbagai tekniklanjutan dalam penganalisisan data. Adapun sumber data berupa bahasa tulisdiambil dari korpus nasional bahasa Rusia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwarelasi sintaktis yang ada pada frasa nomina bahasa Rusia adalah relasi atributif,objektif, subjektif, adverbial, dan kompletif, didasarkan pada koneksi sintaktisantarkomponen frasa berupa koneksi konkordansi, penguasaan, dan parataksis.Relasi-relasi sintaktis tersebut dapat dibedakan secara semantis melalui maknaleksikal dan gramatikal kata-kata pembangun frasa.Kata kunci: relasi sintaktis, frasa nomina, inti frasa, pewatas, koneksi sintaktisAbstractIn Russian syntax there is the term of sintaksiceskoe otnošenie ‘syntactic relation’which connects the phrase components lexically and grammatically. There are various typesof syntactic relations and these syntactic relations can be found on noun phrases. Therefore,this article discussed about various types of syntactic relations in Russian noun phrases. Themethod used in this research is descriptive method with various techniques in analyzing data.The source of the data is written language taken from the national corpus of Russian language.The results showed that the syntactic relations in Russian noun phrases are attributive,objective, subjective, adverbial, and completive relation, based on syntactic connections ofconcordance, government, and parataxis between the phrase components. These syntacticrelations can be distinguished semantically through the lexical and grammatical meaning ofthe phrase components.Keywords: syntactic relation, noun phrase, head, modifier, syntactic connection

scholarly journals Typological Shift in Bilinguals’ L1: Word Order and Case Marking in Two Varieties of Child Quechua

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Kalt ◽  
Jonathan A. Geary
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
New Information ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Case Morphology ◽  
Grammatical Roles

We compare speech production and find morphosyntactic change among children and adolescents speaking two closely related varieties of Quechua in Cuzco, Peru, and Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Quechua languages traditionally employ Object-Verb (OV) word order in main clauses, but robust case marking permits other orders, especially to focalize new information through constituent fronting. In Chuquisaca, but not Cuzco, we find that schoolchildren often omit the accusative suffix -ta from direct objects while retaining a prosodic trace of -ta. In other varieties, loss of accusative marking is associated with a shift towards Verb-Object (VO) word order, as in Spanish. However, we find that Chuquisaqueños use more canonical OV and possessor-possessed order in declarative sentences than do Cuzqueños, who employ a wide range of word orders at the sentence level and deviate from the possessor-possessed norm for Quechua noun phrases. Our finding of more rigid word order in Chuquisaca highlights the complex factors contributing to typological shift in word order and morphology: Omission of case morphology places a greater burden on word order to identify grammatical roles. Further, we find that Chuquisaqueño schoolchildren alone have begun to use huk, “one,” to mark indefiniteness, perhaps to replace determiner-like functions ascribed to -ta and to obsolescent markers such as evidentials.

Typological overview of Estonian syntax

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mati Erelt
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Concise Overview ◽  
Verb Categories

AbstractThe paper presents a concise overview of the main syntactic features of Estonian. It deals with basic clause patterns, case marking of arguments, verbs and verb categories, non-verbal predication, word order, expression of speech acts and negation, noun phrases, p-phrases, subordinate clauses, and coordination.

scholarly journals Metaphor as a Basic Component of the Emotional Space of Texts

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-111
Author(s):  
Marina Shatskikh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Basic Component ◽  
Emotional Speech ◽  
Context Analysis ◽  
Text Fragment ◽  
Emotional Aspects ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Descriptive Method

The article discusses the emotional space of a text fragment and ways of its verbalization. Emotions play a huge role in politics and ideology, since it is in this area that emotions and feelings of the modern generation can and should most clearly manifest themselves, in regard to both what is happening now and what awaits humanity in the future. The main purpose of the article is to identify the features of metaphorical representation of reality. Using the descriptive method as well as the methods of classification and context analysis and leaning on the work done by P. K. Anokhin, Y. Reykovsky, V. I. Shakhovsky and others, the author analyzes mechanisms and patterns of the metaphor at the intersection of the linguistic and emotional aspects and presents it as the most expressive language means. Among features of emotional speech specific for newswriting there are such patterns as changes in the architectonic structure of utterances, various repetitions, elliptical constructions, interjections and filler words, distortion of word order, violation of semantic integrity, various kinds of syntactic constructions with quoted speech, etc. However, the main indicators of emotionality in written texts are words that represent ey characteristics of the writer’s emotional attitude to her subject matter, and metaphors remain the primary tool that reflect the writer’s perception of and emotions towards what she describes. The article presents possible groups of sensory metaphors and thus provides additional theoretical and practical material for courses in the theory of language, linguistic analysis of the text, and lexicology.

scholarly journals Word-Order Issues in English-to-Urdu Statistical Machine Translation

2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Jawaid ◽  
Daniel Zeman
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Parse Tree ◽  
Hard Problem ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
European Languages

Word-Order Issues in English-to-Urdu Statistical Machine Translation We investigate phrase-based statistical machine translation between English and Urdu, two Indo-European languages that differ significantly in their word-order preferences. Reordering of words and phrases is thus a necessary part of the translation process. While local reordering is modeled nicely by phrase-based systems, long-distance reordering is known to be a hard problem. We perform experiments using the Moses SMT system and discuss reordering models available in Moses. We then present our novel, Urdu-aware, yet generalizable approach based on reordering phrases in syntactic parse tree of the source English sentence. Our technique significantly improves quality of English-Urdu translation with Moses, both in terms of BLEU score and of subjective human judgments.

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