Toxicity of botanical and synthetic formulations to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Arthur Vieira Ribeiro ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Almeida Luz ◽  
Cristina Schetino Bastos ◽  
Yann Schmidt Teichmann Krieger ◽  
Nathalia Henriques da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Topical Application ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroid ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Simultaneous Exposure ◽  
The Cost

Maize is attacked by various pest species, including the key-pest of stored maize, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). This study determined the LC50 and LD50 of neem-based insecticides (AzaMax® and Natuneem®) in comparison to a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide (Decis® 25 CE) to S. zeamais. The bioassays consisted of insects’ exposure alone (topical application with microsyringe) and exposure of both insects and seeds treated simultaneously. The final bioassays used four to six concentrations of each formulation per bioassay, diluted in distilled water. The bioassays were run with the use of 10 non-sexed adults of S. zeamais per replication and mortality was assessed after 48 h of exposure. The data regarding concentration and dose-mortality were analyzed by probit analysis. Both LC50 and LD50 were used to calculate LCR and LDR’s and their respective confidence interval (CI). After using topical application, the bioassays yielded LD50-values of 51.32, 76.76 and 42.75 μL of AzaMax, Natuneem and Decis/g of insects, respectively. The bioassays with simultaneous exposure of both insects and seeds yielded LC50-values of 4.01, 4.46 and 0.41 μL of AzaMax, Natuneem and Decis/g of seeds, respectively. Regarding the fact that there were no significant differences between the LC50-values of the botanical insecticides, both of them can be used to manage S. zeamais infesting stored corn. The cost to treat maize and to obtain effective control of S. zeamais is cheapest for Decis<Natuneem<Azamax. The LC50-values found in our study would be equivalent to use 8.02, 8.92 and 0.82 L of AzaMax, Natuneem and Decis/ton of seeds.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA EKSTRAK TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA (HEMSL.) A GRAY (ASTERACEAE) TERHADAP ULAT DAUN KUBIS PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Efrin Firmansyah ◽  
Dadang . ◽  
Ruli Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Topical Application ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Mortality Effect ◽  
Insect Mortality ◽  
Cruciferous Plants

Insecticidal activity of extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (Asteraceae) against the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is one of the most destructive pests on cruciferous plants. Generally farmers use synthetic insecticides to control this pest. Intensive and excessive use of insecticides can cause some undesirable effects such as resistance, resurgence, and contamination of insecticide on environment. One effort to solve the problems caused by synthetic insecticides use is by utilization of botanical materials that are potential to be used as botanical insecticides, one of them is Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae). The purpose of this research was to study the insecticidal activity of T. diversifolia as a botanical insecticide against P. xylostella. The leaf residual and topical application methods were used to assess the mortality effect of the extracts. Insect mortality rate was analyzed using probit analysis to obtain LC50 and LC95 values. The results showed that the flower extract had better activity on insect mortality than the leaf extract both in leaf residual and topical application treatments.

scholarly journals PROTECTANT EFFICACY OF DENNETIA TRIPETALA BAK. (F) (ANNONACEAE) EXTRACTS AND DELTAMETHRIN AGAINST SITOPHILUS ZEAMAIS MOTSCH (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN STORED MAIZE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Nnaemeka Joe Okonkwo ◽  
MaryGeraldine Ebele Ejiofor ◽  
Christian Chukwunenye Iwuagwu ◽  
Uwaoma Otuodichimma Aguwa ◽  
Ibeabuchi Uko
Keyword(s):  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Insect Mortality ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Acetone Extracts ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais Motsch

The use of plant products has shown great potentials as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The present studies investigated the efficacy of Dennetia tripetala and Deltamethrin as grain protectants against adult Sitophilus zeamais in stored maize. Acetone extracts of D. tripetala and Deltamthrin 12.5EC were evaluated in the laboratory based on insect mortality, progeny production and grain damage.  Five concentration levels of each toxicant were prepared including 20mls, 15mls, 10mls, 5mls and 1ml for D. tripetala and 1ml, 0.5ml, 0.25ml, 0.1ml and 0.01ml for Deltamethrin. Controls with no toxicants were included. The design of the experiment was a CRD and each repeated 4 times. Twenty grams of insect-free maize were measured into each replicate vial and infested with ten, 1-5-days old adult insects.  Mortality was recorded at 12, 24, 48- and 72-hours post-treatment. After 35 days, progeny production and number of damaged grains were recorded. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 13. The results indicated that Deltamethrin was more toxic than Dennetia tripetala, however, at 10mls-20mls, D. tripetala showed moderate toxicity against S. zeamais. Comparative mortalities of the two toxicants indicated that Deltamethrin was significantly (P < 0.05) more toxic than D. tripetala at all levels. The studies however, revealed that the application of D. tripetala in controlling S. zeamais could be effective at higher concentrations. Therefore, it was suggested that D. tripetala should be applied at higher concentrations for effective control of maize weevil.  

scholarly journals Essential Oils from Six Herbal Plants for Biocontrol of the Maize Weevil

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orapin Kerdchoechuen ◽  
Natta Laohakunjit ◽  
Sasathorn Singkornard ◽  
Frank B. Matta
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
Oil Extract ◽  
Basil Oil

Essential oils from sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), holy basil (O. americanum L.), hairy basil (O. tenuiflorum L.), lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle), kaffir lime (C. hystrix DC.), and clove (Eugenia caryophyllus L.) were isolated by simultaneous distillation extraction. Toxicity assays against the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) using 30 to 120 μL oil extract from the six plants on 70-mm-diameter filter paper discs resulted in 100% weevil mortality within the 5-h assay period. On rice samples, sweet basil oil extract was the most effective, resulting in 96% to 100% mortality regardless of oil extract volume on the first day during the 5-day assay period. Probit analysis showed that sweet basil oil extract applied on grains had four to five times lower LD50 (lethal dose to kill 50% of the weevils) and two to three times lower LD99 values than the remaining oil extracts. Repellency assay using 1 to 8 μL oil extract showed a different trend, because hairy basil was the most effective among treatments. Based on the effective control of the maize weevil by the oil extracted from herbal plants, such oil extracts could be useful in stored agricultural products and plant protection and reduce the risk associated with synthetic insecticides.

Atividade de Fagoinibição do Óleo Essencial de Eucalyptus torelliodora sobre Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Luiz Octávio Gonzales Ferreira ◽  
Carolina Ferreira Pauliquevis ◽  
Cintia de Oliveira Conte ◽  
Silvio Favero
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Antifeedant Activity ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Nutrient Index ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais Motsch

Com a demanda crescente na produção de grãos, o surgimento de pragas nos armazéns faz com que haja uma grande perda na produção agrícola. Contudo, o controle de pragas com o uso constante de inseticidas químicos sintéticos vem causando grandes problemas ao meio ambiente, como a quantidade de resíduos nos grãos e no ambiente, causando intoxicação aos aplicadores e resistência dos insetos. As pesquisas acerca da utilização de novos métodos de controle vêm crescendo com a necessidade de produtos de qualidade para a população, assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do óleo de Eucalyptus torelliodora na atividade de fagoinibição sobre o Sitophilus zeamais. Foram realizados testes de Atividade de fagoinibição e Índice nutricional. Foram confeccionados discos de trigo contendo 0,20g de trigo para 2,5mL de água destilada, com uma micropipeta automática com capacidade de 100μl. Após 24h foram retirados os discos de trigo da placa de Petri para logo em seguida serem tratados. Para o tratamento dos discos foram colocados 1,3μl; 2,5μl; 5μl; 10μl, do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus torelliodora. Para cada dose foram usados cinco discos. Os bioensaios de índices nutricionais e de fagoinibição se complementaram, demonstrando que o óleo essencial de Eucalyptus torelliodora apresenta potencial como agente fagoinibidor para Sitophilus zeamais. O óleo essencial de Eucaliptus torelliodora apresentou resultado positivo na atividade de fagoinibição sobre Sitophilus zeamais.Palavras-chave: Gorgulho-do-Milho. Inseticidas Botânicos. Índice Nutricional.AbstractWith the increasing demand in grain production and the appearance of pests in the warehouses, there is a great loss in agricultural production.However, pest control with the constant use of synthetic chemical insecticides has been causing major problems in the environment, such as residues in the grains and in the environment, causing poisoning to the applicators and insect resistance, with research using new methodsof control has been growing with the need for quality products for the population, so the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect ofEucalyptus torelliodora oil on antifeedant activity on Sitophilus zeamais. Antifeedant activity and Nutritional Index tests were performed.Wheat disks containing 0.20g of wheat and 2.5mL of distilled water were made with an automatic micropipette with a capacity of 100μl. After24h the wheat discs were removed from the petri dish and then treated. For the disks treatment 1,3μl; 2,5μl; 5μl; 10μl, of the essential oilof Eucalyptus torelliodora were placed. Five disks were used for each dose. The nutrient index and anfeedant bioassays were complementedby demonstrating that the essential oil of Eucalyptus torelliodora presents potential as a phage inhibiting agent for Sitophilus zeamais. The essential oil of Eucalyptus torelliodora showed a positive result on antifeedant activity on Sitophilus zeamais.Keywords: Maize Weevil. Botanical Insecticides. Nutrition Index.

Biopesticidal Extractives and Compounds from Warburgia ugandensis against Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-243
Author(s):  
Sylvia A. Opiyo ◽  
Lawrence O. A. Manguro ◽  
Dorothy A. Okoth ◽  
Anjeline A. Ochung ◽  
Charles O. Ochieng
Keyword(s):  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Maize Weevil

scholarly journals Effects of Essential Oils from 24 Plant Species on Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 532
Author(s):  
William R. Patiño-Bayona ◽  
Leidy J. Nagles Galeano ◽  
Jenifer J. Bustos Cortes ◽  
Wilman A. Delgado Ávila ◽  
Eddy Herrera Daza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Stored Products ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Active Constituents ◽  
Insect Mortality ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais Motsch

Chemical control of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) has been ineffective and presents serious collateral damage. Among plant-derived insecticides, essential oils (EOs) are suitable candidates to control this stored products pest. In this work, the insecticidal activities of 45 natural EOs against S. zeamais adults were screened, and the most promising ones (24 EOs) were characterized by GC–MS. The repellent and toxic effects (contact and fumigant) of these 24 EOs were determined, and by a cluster analysis they were classified into two groups considering its fumigant activity and contact toxicity. For the EOs with the highest fumigant potential (14 oils) and their main active constituents (17 compounds), lethal concentrations were determined. The most active EOs were those obtained from L. stoechas and L. alba, with LC50 values of 303.4 and 254.1 µL/L air and characterized by a high content of monoterpenes. Regarding the major compounds, the oxygenated monoterpenes R-(+)-pulegone (LC50 = 0.580 mg/L air), S-(-)-pulegone (LC50 = 0.971 mg/L air) and R-(-)-carvone (LC50 = 1.423 mg/L air) were the most active, as few variations in their concentrations significantly increased insect mortality.

scholarly journals Effect of X-ray irradiation on the F1 generation of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and the germination rate of maize grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sobifagha Princess Bell-Gam ◽  
Luke Chinaru Nwosu ◽  
Kayode David Ileke ◽  
Uwaoma Otuodichinma Aguwa
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flour Production

Abstract Background The use of X-ray irradiation in the control of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infesting stored maize was tested at 60, 70 and 80 KeV as part of the international concerted efforts to save maize production and enhance food security. Investigations were done in the laboratory at mean temperature and relative humidity of 29.2 °C and 75.7%, respectively using three varieties of maize. The possibility that X-ray irradiation can affect the viability of maize grains when planted after weevil control process was also evaluated in the laboratory. Standard methods were used to achieve the specific objectives, and X-ray machine snap constituted the exposure time for each dose. Results The results revealed 10% mortality of adult weevils after 24 h and 40% mortality after a period of 7 days. The result indicates moderate effect on mortality. Progressive increase in mortality was recorded as dose increased from 60 to 80 KeV. X-ray irradiation at the doses tested did not significantly (P > 0.05) restrict S. zeamais emergence from maize grains and did not also significantly protect grains against damage and flour production. There was no difference in the pattern of daily emergence of new progenies and pattern of accumulated emergence. The relationship between X-ray irradiation doses and weight of emerging progenies require more specific analysis. Absence of significant difference between the viability of irradiated grains and un-irradiated grains strongly suggests that X-ray irradiation did not adversely affect seed viability, and this gives irradiation technique an opportunity of higher acceptability in agriculture. Conclusions We recommend > 80 KeV of X-ray irradiation or its incorporation into integrated pest management system in order to achieve effective post-harvest control of the pest.

scholarly journals Convolutional Neural Networks Using Enhanced Radiographs for Real-Time Detection of Sitophilus zeamais in Maize Grain

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Clíssia Barboza da Silva ◽  
Alysson Alexander Naves Silva ◽  
Geovanny Barroso ◽  
Pedro Takao Yamamoto ◽  
Valter Arthur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Storage Pests ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
X Ray Imaging

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) such as deep learning in the quality control of grains has the potential to assist analysts in decision making and improving procedures. Advanced technologies based on X-ray imaging provide markedly easier ways to control insect infestation of stored products, regardless of whether the quality features are visible on the surface of the grains. Here, we applied contrast enhancement algorithms based on peripheral equalization and calcification emphasis on X-ray images to improve the detection of Sitophilus zeamais in maize grains. In addition, we proposed an approach based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to identity non-infested and infested classes using three different architectures; (i) Inception-ResNet-v2, (ii) Xception and (iii) MobileNetV2. In general, the prediction models developed based on the MobileNetV2 and Xception architectures achieved higher accuracy (≥0.88) in identifying non-infested grains and grains infested by maize weevil, with a correct classification from 0.78 to 1.00 for validation and test sets. Hence, the proposed approach using enhanced radiographs has the potential to provide precise control of Sitophilus zeamais for safe human consumption of maize grains. The proposed method can automatically recognize food contaminated with hidden storage pests without manual features, which makes it more reliable for grain inspection.

Preliminary Estimates of Costs of Foodborne Disease in the United States

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 595-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
EWEN C. D. TODD
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Foodborne Diseases ◽  
Hemorrhagic Colitis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Total Impact

Although the full economic impact of foodborne diseases has yet to be measured, preliminary studies show that the cost of illness, death, and business lost is high indeed. This impact is probably greatest in developing countries, but few facts are known. For the United States, preliminary estimates are 12.6 million cases costing $8.4 billion. These may seem excessive but other authors have postulated even higher case and dollar figures. Microbiological diseases (bacterial and viral) represent 84% of the United States' costs, with salmonellosis and staphylococcal intoxication being the most economically important diseases (annually $4.0 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively). Other costly types of illnesses are toxoplasmosis ($445 million), listeriosis ($313 million), campylobacteriosis ($156 million), trichinosis ($144 million), Clostridium perfringens enteritis ($123 million), and E. coli infections including hemorrhagic colitis ($223 million). Botulism has a high cost per case ($322,200), but its total impact is only $87 million because relatively few cases occur (270). This is because the food industry has been able to introduce effective control measures. Salmonellosis, however, is much more widespread (2.9 million cases) and affects all sectors of the food industry.

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