scholarly journals Development of the Russian grain imports in the XIX – early XX centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 171-188
Author(s):  
Yurii Federovich Chistyakov
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Grain Products ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
First Time

  The object of this research is the Russian imports of grain and grain products (flour and cereal) over the period from 1802 to 1917. The subject of this research is the dynamic processes of changes in the volume and commodity structure of the import of grain and grain products in the XIX – early XX centuries. The article leans on the analysis of sources that contain data on the Russian imports of grain and grain products (annual “Reviews of Russian foreign trade through European and Asian borders”), which characterizes import of grain to the Russian Empire of this period. The study employs the methods of historical, source studies, and statistical analysis. The analysis of sampling relies on the tabular summary of data and graphic representation of data. The novelty lies in the analysis of the key trends in the development of import of grain to the country throughout a prolonged historical period, which is carried out virtually for the first time. Based on examination of the statistical data in the import of grain, the following results were obtained: 1) a significant dependence of the volume of grain imports on the state of domestic grain production and the absence or presence of “lean years” in particular is underlined; 2) the periods of excess of grain imports over exports is determined. 3. The conclusion is made on the significant increase in the volume and transformation of the structure of the Russian grain imports in the beginning of the XX century. It is also indicated that due to insignificant volumes of import, compared to export, the grain imports did not affect the overall level of grain consumption among the Russian population.  

scholarly journals Lama Jambal Dorjo gegen and His Treatise “One who has Reached the Highest Wisdom”

2020 ◽  
pp. 371-385
Author(s):  
I. G. Aktamov ◽  
S. B. Bukhogolova ◽  
S. B. Dashieva ◽  
B. L. Tushinov ◽  
N. D. Tsyrenova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the analysis of a historical source of the nineteenth century entitled “One who has reached the highest wisdom”, the authorship of which is attributed to the Mongolian lama, the hierarchy of the Buddhist Sangha, Jambal Dorjo gegen, who had the title “Nomun Khan”. It is emphasized that this source reveals some aspects of bilateral Russian-Mongolian diplomatic relations in the historical period that is very difficult for countries - the beginning of the 20th century, the period of civil wars and the formation of new statehood. The uniqueness of the source is determined by the fact that this manuscript was not the subject of historical analysis, its content reveals the position of theocratic Mongolia in relation to the Russian state. It is noted that the message of Jambal Dorjo gegen to his fellow believers-Buryats, already in the department of the Russian state, is seen as a kind of mandate, a wish for a safe and peaceful coexistence within the country. It is argued that the establishment of the state border between the Russian Empire and Mongolia has not yet passed its final phase, so its appeal to the Buryats, subjects of the White Tsar, fundamentally influenced the process of legitimization of imperial power in the territory of ethnic Buryatia.

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION ANDSIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE AND LEGAL INSTITUTION OF JUDICIAL REPRESENTATION IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE OF THE XIX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4(73)) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
A.V. Sosnin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Profession ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Political Work ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The subject of the study establishes the nature of the legal profession, peculiarities of formation of the legal profession of the nineteenth century, and the conditions past development of the legal profession in the Russian Empire and the first steps in the reformation of jury legal profession, providing information on references to judicial representation in the oldest monuments of the Russian Empire of the XIX century. Some features of the judicial counter-reform of 1864, which served as the beginning of the emergence and appearance of the juried bar, are described. The problems worthy on the way of self-origin and improvement of legal Institute of bar, the developed aspects of the organization and work of bar in the course of its formation were revealed. The embodiment of the ancient and later foundations of independence, the legality of corporatism, self-government and equality of lawyers. The test of reconstruction of one of the first and important legal institutions of representation of judicial and source studies of the Russian Empire is carried out. The key conclusions that determined the practice of our time, state political work, which formed the basis of the judicial and legal system of the state, are established.

scholarly journals Women's Institutes in Imperial Russia in the wording of the normative documents (1764 – early XX century): terms, typology, dates

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-129
Author(s):  
Varvara Vital'evna Ponomareva
Keyword(s):  
Normative Documents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Class Composition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
Departmental Affiliation

The subject of this research is the foundation of women’s education system in the Russian Empire, namely of the Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria, which totaled up to three dozen by the early XX century. Actualization of the knowledge about the best examples of the Russian school in the past is determined by the fundamental importance of education in the context of ongoing modernization of the country. The topic of Women's institutes of Imperial Russia, which existed for over 150 years, is poorly studied. Despite the extensive source base, in the historical literature one can often come across improper names of the institutes, determination of their departmental affiliation, class composition of the students, as well as incorrect dating and topography. Using the historical-systemic and typological analysis, the author determines and clarifies the conceptual framework of the problematic as a necessary research toolset. The author's contribution to selected topic consists in discovery of a wide variety of sources, including those introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time, accurate names of the institutes and variations in the official documents and everyday practice., their renaming and the causes. The article also traces the dynamics of changes in the class and confessional composition of students since the establishment of the institutes until the beginning of the XX century. Subordination and departmental affiliation at different stages of the history of these institutes is clarified.

scholarly journals Alphabetical Lists of Confirmed and Ascribed Nobles of the Ufa and Orenburg Gubernias of the Russian Empire as a Historical source: The Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 627-639
Author(s):  
Albina Ya. Ilyasova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Family ◽  
Plain Paper ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article presents the results of the source studies analyses of the alphabetical lists of confirmed and ascribed nobles of the Ufa and Orenburg gubernias from the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). Imperially approved opinion of the State Council of the Russian Empire (January 2, 1861) ordered national noble assemblies to send annually to the Department of Heraldry of the Governing Senate “alphabetical lists of noble families during the year confirmed in their nobility by the Governing Senate” and “similar lists of those families, to which, in the course of the year, were attached some individuals.” Most of these lists are preserved in the materials of the “Third Department of the Senate” fond of the Russian State Historical Archive. The archives holds original copies of 39 reports and 65 lists, including 28 lists of confirmed nobles, and 37 — of ascribed, which were sent to the to the Department of Heraldry of the Governing Senate by the Orenburg Noble Assembly in 1862-1917; and 48 reports and 89 lists, including 41 of confirmed nobles and 48 — of ascribed, which were sent to the Department of Heraldry by the Ufa Noble Assembly in 1866-1917. These documents are written on plain paper on both sides of the sheet sized 22.2 (width) * 35.4 (height) cm. Most are handwritten. Reports of the Ufa Noble Assembly became typewritten from 1899 on, those of the Noble Orenburg Assembly — since 1911; lists of Ufa Noble Assembly became typewritten from 1897 on, of the Orenburg Noble Assembly — from 1908 on. The lists have a title page. Information about the nobles is given in tabular form. A list of confirmed nobles contains the following information: surname, name, patronymic of the person confirmed in hereditary nobility; date of the resolution of the Noble Assembly on declaring them a noble; part of the genealogical book, in which that person was entered; the date of receipt of documents for consideration in the Department of Heraldry; date and number of the confirming decree of Department of the Heraldry. The list of ascribed nobles includes such data as: surname, name, patronymic of the person added to the nobility; the date of the resolution of the Noble Assembly to ascribe the person to a noble family, confirmed by the Department of Heraldry; name, date, and document number(s) on the basis of which they were ascribed; part of the genealogical book, in which the family was entered; date and number of the decree of the Department of Heraldry of the Governing Senate confirming the family to rank among the nobility. The list was to be certified by signatures of the gubernia marshal of nobility, or those acting in that position, and by the secretary of the Noble Assembly. The list was not sealed. These documents are unique and quite valuable written sources on the history of the Russian nobility.

scholarly journals The development of Russian tourism market: problems and potential

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-38
Author(s):  
Vera Sergeevna Zarutskaya
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Comprehensive Management ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Domestic Tourism ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
In The Beginning

The downturn in tourism sector due to the COVID-2020 pandemic requires active measures taken by the governments towards reorientation of national tourism markets towards domestic tourism. The subject of this article is the economic health of tourism. The object is the tourism market of the Russian Federation. The article is dedicated to statistical analysis of the Russian tourism market. The research methodology is based on the systematic approach towards management. Using the official data of Rosstat, the author examines the 2014 – 2019 period of development of the tourism market. The analysis of the results of 2020 is conducted via using relevant statistical data and expert evaluations published by the recognized organizations. Description is given to the current concept of tourism market, adopted by Rosstat for data collection. The author provides the results of comparison of the official statistical data that reflect the situation and trends in the development of Russian tourism market over the period from 2014 to 2019. Assessment is given to the long-term trends that determine the pre-crisis state of the tourism market. The conclusion is made on the growth of tourism market in the indicated period. The article reveals the peculiarities of consumer behavior developed in the market by the end of 2019. Sustained imbalance of the demand for international tourism is observed. The key outcome of the crisis for tourism sector 2020 are presented in form of comparison of numerical data in the beginning and in the end of the year. The trends established in the behavior of consumers and companies are described. The author underlines the need for comprehensive management of the market in order to fulfill the potential of domestic tourism.

scholarly journals To the question of the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου in economic inscriptions of Ai-Khanoum

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ivan Korovchinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Written Sources

The subject of this research is the inscriptions 117 and 119 from Ai-Khanoum (Greco-Bactria, II century BC) according to numeration Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum (Part 2, Volume 1). It is very likely that they represent two copies of the same text, which survived in two variations. The goal of this work is to determine the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου appearing in these inscriptions, as well as the overall meaning of the inscriptions, the understanding of which depends on interpretation of these words. Relevance of such research is substantiated by the fact that the survived written sources on the economy of Greco-Bactria are extremely brief and fragmentary, therefore every single word matters for the scholars. The comparison of inscriptions of Al-Khanoum with the papyri of Zenon Archive is carried out for the first time. The papyri under consideration contain a range of textual parallels with the reviewed Greco-Bactrian inscriptions. It is concluded that based on the analogies from the mentioned Egyptian texts, the words τοῦ ἡμιολίου (verbatim “one and a half” in the genitive) are direct object to the words ἀπὸ κεραμίων δύο (“out of two amphorae”) and indicate pouring olive oil over from one amphora and half of another amphora. The author provides a new translation of the unified text of inscriptions 117 and 118. The field of application of the presented materials is the source studies of ancient world, economic history of Greco-Bactria, Hellenistic world and ancient world.

scholarly journals Charity organizations and financial aid rendered to the writers and scholars of white émigré in Europe in 1920’s – 1930’s

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-181
Author(s):  
Natalia Valerievna Evdoshenko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Aid ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scientific Emigration ◽  
First Time

The subject of this research is the financial aid rendered by charity organizations of the Russian literature and scientific emigration to the writers and scholars in European countries over the period of 1920’s – 1930’s. The goal consists in determination of significance of the provided by beneficiaries financial assistance in the context of economic situation of the receiving country during the indicated historical period. The work examines the activity of organizations that rendered financial aid to the writers, journalists and scholars in such countries as France, Switzerland, Germany, Turkey (Constantinople) and Czechoslovakia. Methodology is based on the historical approach and principles of scientificity and objectivity. Quantitative, comparative and statistical methods are applied for the analysis of financial indexes. For achieving the set foal, the author analyzed a wide variety of sources from the Russian and foreign archives, some of which were published for the first time. As a result of the conducted research, the author acquired new data on the size of actual financial assistance rendered to the writers and scholars of white émigré. Assessment is conducted on the significance of such aid for successful social adaptation and overcoming of financial difficulties by the representatives of scientific and literature emigration. The article is addressed to all researchers of the organizations of white émigré.  

scholarly journals Character of cossack Kyrylo Tur in the deleted fragment of P. Kulish’s novel “Chorna rada” (“The Black Council: The Chronicle of 1663”)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 118-123
Author(s):  
Oles Fedoruk
Keyword(s):  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Final Text ◽  
Original Edition

The subject of the inquiry is editions and versions of the text of the novel “The Black Council: The Chronicle of 1663” by Panteleimon Kulish. The objective of the study is to analyze a fragment of the original edition (released in 1846), that was not included in the final text (released in 1857), peculiar in that it contains materials to characterize the image of the Cossack. Analysis of this fragment in the interpretive and textual planes provides for a better understanding of the creative method of P. Kulish as the author of the “The Black Council”. The methodology of the article comprises of a combination of source studies and comparative methods, which helps to solve the raised textual problems. In particular, the comparison of different editions reveals the effect of the “blind eye” when reading the final text: the omitted place correlates with the immediate context, and upon careful reading of the novel one could notice a possible omission, because its presence somewhat violates the logic of presentation. As a result, it has been revealed that the Russian-language equivalent of the fragment is contained in a magazine publication “Kyiv Pilgrims in the 17th Century” (1846). This text is a dialogue between hetman Yakym Somko, Cossack Kyrylo Tur, colonel-priest Ivan Shram and his friend Matvii Cherevan. V. Petrov’s statement that the writer “builds his novel by wide concentric closed motivational circles”, using the methods of refutations and oppositions, has been confirmed. In textual criticism terms, this fragment in the final version reveals the effect of the “blind eye” while reading the novel. Cherevan’s remark (that only in the Sich everybody knows how to “live the right way”) is in response to Tur’s statement that the Cossacks are hardy drinkers and Tur’s ignoring of Somko’s accusations that the Cossacks sit up to their neck in vodka in the final text are less motivated than in the original version. Also, it is revealed that the source of Tur’s statement is that the Sich Cossacks divide the spoils of war in three parts: to the needs of the church, to the military needs and Cossacks festivities and fun. The author used an allusion to the epic song [duma] about Samiilo Kishka. The analyzed fragment of the original edition is published for the first time, which determines the novelty of the study. The analysis of Kyrylo Tur’s image in this fragment is promising in connection with the forthcoming comprehensive study of the topic, which will become possible after the publication of all draft texts of both versions of the novel in Complete Works by P. Kulish.

scholarly journals Mykola Yakovych Dakhnov (1862–1930): the Symbolic Personality of Steppic Forestry

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Varfolomii Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
White Spots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the article is search and generalization of information about M. Ya. Dakhnovʼs life and activity and creation of the most complete biography of the outstanding forester of Ukraine for today.Methods of research: analytical-synthetic, historical-chronological, comparative-historical, logical, historical-biographical.The scientific novelty: for the first time in the historical-chronological context the life and creative way of the outstanding forester M. Ya. Dakhnov is being considered. The hypothesis about the M. Ya. Dakhnov's pedigree is expressed and substantiated.Practical significance: materials can be used in drawing up handbooks on the history of forestry in Ukraine.The originality of the research is based on a wide range of sources used and their analytical and synthetic elaboration.Type of article: descriptive, research. scientific and biographical.The main results. Based on the analysis of historiographical sources on the history of the development of the national steppe forestry, the subject of research was determined: the life and career of a well-known forester and gardener Mykola Yakovych Dakhnov. The little-known facts of his life activity were introduced into scientific circulation. A hypothesis was expressed about who were the parents (father) M. Ya. Dakhnov. The materials are given that in his youth M. Ya. Dakhnov was involved in protest actions against the government of the Russian Empire. The process of the formation of M. Ya. Dakhnov as a well-known specialist in the field of steppe forestry and gardening is considered. Based on the study of materials of the forestry congress in Great Anadol (1908), the role of M. Ya. Dakhnov in the creation and practical implementation of various types of afforestation and methods of "remediation" of forest stands was substantiated. His organizational and scientific activities during the 1908 congress in Great Anadol are shown and his proposals on strengthening the gardening direction in lower forest schools are considered. Given the little-known facts from the life and work of M. Ya. Dakhnov after 1919, when he retired, It was suggested that the resignation and relocation to Alushta could be associated with family circumstances caused by the civil war. Attention is drawn to the presence of "white spots" in biographical essays on M. Ya. Dakhnov. It is noted in this regard, the need for further research of his life and work.

scholarly journals Cantonment of troops and housing service in Belarus (mid 1850s – mid 1870s)

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-58
Author(s):  
Aliaksandr B. Arlukevich
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Housing Allowance ◽  
Housing Service ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

The article reveals the essence of one of the phenomena of the era of Alexander’s reforms which on the scale of the Russian Empire was most common in Belarus but until now has not become the subject of research by Belarusian historians. According to the sources identified in the archives and book repositories of Belarus, Russia, Lithuania the military post due to the special geostrategic position of the Belarusian provinces in the mid 1850s – mid 1870s was an integral attribute of the daily life of hundreds of thousands of their inhabitants. In the present study is the first to assess the extent of involvement of the population in Belarusian provinces in support of troops of the Russian Empire housing allowance, sets out the principles and forms of army civilian infrastructure and food within the housing service, the role of local civil administration and selfgovernment in the cantonment of the troops on the ground. For the first time most of the used ones are mentioned.

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