scholarly journals Expanding or limiting the boundaries of the “allowable”: to the problem of outlining the concept of “religious art”

Author(s):  
Dmitrii Aleksandrovich Golovushkin ◽  
Irina Ravkatovna Gumarova

Religious art is one of the most complex and controversial phenomena in the history of art. The attempts to conceptualize this phenomenon are relatively recent, and are carried out mostly in the context of the existence of confessional, ecclesiastical/nonecclesiastical, cult/atheistic art. Therefore, religious art within the Russian humanities traditionally receives ambivalent interpretation. In a narrow sense, religious art implies a combination of artworks with dogmatic, doctrinal, and liturgical meaning. In a broad sense, religious art represents a set artworks that reveal religious themes from ideological and figurative perspectives, reflect religious worldview, faith and experience, but do not carry sacred statues, nor intended for reverence, worship, liturgical practices.  The author concludes that neither definition describes the distinctness and novelty of the religious art. The appropriate interpretation describes religious art as d both, ecclesiastical/non-ecclesiastical and cult / atheistic art. This leads to a terminological confusion, and doubts the need for introducing the concept of “religious art” and the phenomenon itself. The key towards understanding this phenomenon and a new definition of the concept of “religious art” can be their context – the European and Russian secularization. It is not coincidental that the first was addressed, and the second was deliberately formulated at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. Religious art mainstreams during the historical periods when the boundaries of secularization/religion become flexible, initiating struggle for them.

1970 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 261-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. S. Megaw

Nearly seventy years ago Wilhelm Worringer first wrote that ‘ultimately all our definitions of art are definitions of classical art’ (Worringer, 1953, 132). Today, the study of Western European art history, old or modern, the products of peasant craft-centres or urban ‘schools’, has in the course of time developed its own methodology and, almost, mystique. In contrast, the study of many branches of prehistoric art in Europe and elsewhere is all too often seen as a mere extension of the skilled but subjective approaches of classical archaeology without considering the suitability of the latter's application. The use of the classical art-historian's intuitive methods built up not just from visual exprience but a detailed background of literary, historical and philosophical studies must in fact be almost entirely denied the student of prehistoric or primitive art. It is perhaps only natural that principles of classical art history should be applied to later European prehistory, though it is often difficult to arrive at a precise definition of these principles. It was Johann Joachim Winckelmann who made the first systematic application of categories of style to the history of art (Gombrich, 1968, 319). Sir John Beazley, the greatest of all modern classical art historians followed in this tradition basing attributions ‘on the grounds of tell-tale traits of individual mannerisms’ (Carpenter, 1963, 115 ff.) a scheme first applied to painting less than a century ago by the Italian physician Giovanni Morelli (Gombrich, 1968, 309 ff.) and followed at the turn of the nineteenth century in the study of Italian painting (Lermolieff, 1892–3). With Beazley it is, however, difficult to follow step by step his methods of work.


2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-275
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yamazaki ◽  
Sho Takeshita ◽  
Yukiharu Todo ◽  
Hiroko Matsumiya ◽  
Chisa Shimada ◽  
...  

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to investigate a magnetic resonance imaging-based definition of lower uterine segment carcinoma. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 587 consecutive patients with endometrial cancer who underwent hysterectomy. Lower uterine segment carcinoma was determined through pathological examination and magnetic resonance imaging assessment. For imaging assessment, the location of the inner lining of the uterus was classified into four equal parts on a sagittal section image. A tumor was defined as lower uterine segment carcinoma when its thickest part was located in the second or the third part from the uterine fundus. Lower uterine segment carcinoma was further divided into lower uterine segment in a narrow sense, upon which diagnosis was exclusively based on pathological findings, and lower uterine segment in a broad sense that were the remaining lower uterine segment carcinomas except lower uterine segment carcinomas in a narrow sense. The relationship between lower uterine segment carcinoma and probable Lynch syndrome was investigated. Patients with loss of MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 expression or those with tumors with loss of MLH1 and absence of MLH1 promoter methylation were diagnosed as probable Lynch syndrome. Results Lower uterine segment carcinoma was identified in 59 (10.2%) patients. Twenty-eight (47.5%) patients were categorized as lower uterine segment in a narrow sense and 31 (52.5%) as lower uterine segment in a broad sense. Among them, probable Lynch syndrome was identified in 12 (20.3%) cases. There was no difference in clinical profiles, including the prevalence of probable Lynch syndrome between the two categories. Conclusions A magnetic resonance imaging-based expanded definition of lower uterine segment carcinoma is likely to secure characteristics equivalent to a conventional pathology-based definition of lower uterine segment carcinoma. The novel definition of lower uterine segment carcinoma might improve the detection of probable Lynch syndrome.


2021 ◽  
pp. 287-295
Author(s):  
Т.С. Карандаева

В России периодически появляются публикации, посвященные определению предметного поля культурологии, ее междисциплинарным связям, нерешенным проблемам научного становления культурологии. Новые способы интерпретации истории, которые предложили французские исследователи, сначала вызвали почти паническое утверждение о том, что как наука «история исчезает», но впоследствии пришли к переходу от «истории-события» к «истории-проблеме», к появлению и успешному развитию истории ментальности, микроистории, исторической антропологии, истории повседневной жизни и др. История мировой художественной культуры, история искусств, история художественной культуры, история мировых религий как учебные дисциплины сегодня в России сохраняются только на узкоспециализированных факультетах. На протяжении нескольких десятилетий кардинально изменился сам характер общекультурной эрудиции более или менее образованного человека. Традиционная устоявшаяся совокупность знаний, которая была обязательной для гуманитария или негуманитария, существенно трансформировалась за счет сокращения собственно гуманитарной, художественной сферы. Хотя ради справедливости стоит заметить, что современные технологии значительно упростили доступ к культурным достижениям. Каждый раз увеличивается и количество, и качество интернет-ресурсов мировых музеев, библиотек, архивов. В последнее время начали проводить конференции и публиковать итоговые коллективные монографии, цель которых – практически продемонстрировать современный профессиональный уровень культурологических исследований. Одним из последних примеров является коллективная монография (скорее сборник статей) 2019 г. «Наука о культуре: культурология, культуроведение, Cultural Studies, culturology». Безусловно, в сборнике есть хорошие, профессиональные научные публикации, которые заслуживают отдельного обстоятельного рецензирования. In Russia, there are periodically published publications devoted to the definition of the subject field of cultural studies, its interdisciplinary connections, and unresolved problems of the scientific formation of cultural studies. The new ways of interpreting history proposed by the French researchers first caused an almost panicked statement that as a science "history disappears", but later came to the transition from "history-event" to "history-problem", to the emergence and successful development of the history of mentality, microhistory, historical anthropology, the history of everyday life, etc. The history of world art culture, the history of art, the history of art culture, the history of world religions as academic disciplines today in Russia are preserved only in highly specialized faculties. Over the course of several decades, the very nature of the general cultural erudition of a more or less educated person has changed dramatically. The traditional, well-established body of knowledge, which was mandatory for the humanities or non-humanitarians, was significantly transformed by reducing the actual humanitarian, artistic sphere. Although for the sake of justice, it is worth noting that modern technologies have greatly simplified access to cultural achievements. Each time, the number and quality of Internet resources of world museums, libraries, and archives increases. Recently, we have started to hold conferences and publish final collective monographs, the purpose of which is to practically demonstrate the modern professional level of cultural studies. One recent example is a collective monograph (rather a collection of articles) two thousand nineteen "The science of culture: cultural Studies, cultural Studies, cultural Studies". Of course, there are good, professional scientific publications in the collection that deserve a separate thorough review.


2019 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
N.V. Shmeleva ◽  
A.K. Saimiddinov

The article considers the status of contemporary art in the system of university education, addresses the need for determine the boundaries of art in the framework of pedagogical practice, offers methods of analysis of contemporary art, because such university courses as "World Art Studies" (WAS) and "History of Art" have a number of specific features. Firstly, a work of art is often presented as a cultural text with significant axiological meaning and considered as a history of the development of art, but not as art itself. Secondly, the logic of teaching requires the definition of clearer tools for the selection of studied works of art. Also, the teaching methods such disciplines as "WAS" or "History of Art" are closely intertwined with methods of analyzing the existing empirical base in the field of contemporary (or near modern) art. Teaching of artistic culture of the twentieth century, as a rule, rests in an insufficient understanding of the specifics of creative practices of the Modern and Postmodern eras (if you use some kind of common periodicals), therefore, often, extrapolating an established didactic platform relating exclusively to classical art is clearly not enough.


Adam alemi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
K. Kurmanbayev ◽  
◽  
D. Sikhimbayeva ◽  

The article examines the original meaning, the transformation of the concept of education in Islam and its role in the development of science and education in the Muslim civilization. Any concept or term undergoes semantic changes depending on ideological, cultural, social and other conditions in different historical periods. This applies both to the concept of education in Islam and its place in civilization. The concept of knowledge in the tribal Arab culture with limited literacy acquires a new meaning with the advent of Islam, makes a huge contribution to the theoretical definition of the systemic concept of religious and secular education and the development of scientific knowledge. Based on fundamental works on the history of education and science, the role of the concept of education in the development of the Islamic religion and Muslim civilization is evaluated. The main historical factors of accumulation, systematization and development of knowledge in the Muslim civilization are also analyzed. In particular, the ancient Greek, Indian and Persian cultures were included in the Muslim civilization, which contributed to its intellectual enrichment. The prerequisites for the increasing development of education and science in the era of the "golden age" in Islam are analyzed, the place of ancient Greek science in the Muslim civilization, which is the core of modern scientific knowledge, is assessed.


Author(s):  
Ivan Pylypenko

This article is dedicated to the studio of fine arts and temple culture in the context of the history of the National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture. Analyzed was the educational program of the studio’s founder,M. Storozhenko. Discovered were the methodological analogies between the studio of monumental painting and templar culture of NAFAA, M. Boychuck’s art workshop and the icon-painting studio of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. It was proved that an analysis of historical experience can be useful in the educational process and in the upbringing of the modern painters of sacred (religious) art.


2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Tine Germ

The triad of decline-metamorphosis-rebirth constantly reappears in the history of civilisation, it is current in all historical periods and cultural environments, in different areas and the most diverse contexts. Its manifestations are countless and the same is true of its interpretations. They are especially frequent in the area of art, because the evolutionary model, grounded in the idea of cyclic development comes very handy for explanations and illustrations which seek to present complicated things in a simple and clear way. The history of art, mainly in the 19th century, advocated a tripartite development of art which seeks greater perfection and maturity and reaches its peak just to be then inevitably followed by a decline in artistic originality and power. Already for some time now the evolutionary model has been shown too ineffective in addressing scholarly questions, especially due to oversimplification and a priori classification of subject matter which cannot possibly be classified. The perception that the art of the Early Renaissance was a preliminary period for more mature and accomplished achievements of High Renaissance which at some point began to lose its drive and went into decline either by repeating outmoded forms or their decomposition, is not only naive, but simply wrong and represents a misunderstanding of the essence of art. In much the same way it would be equally wrong to label in advance the early works of a certain artist as not-mature-yet or possessing less artistic authenticity.


Author(s):  
Alla Babii

he article presents the results of a study of the problems of classification of extremist acts based on the Criminal Code ofUkraine. The classification of extremist acts contributes to a deeper understanding of the essence of such attacks and is the basis forbuilding a system to counter extremism in Ukraine. The author analyzes the grounds for distinguishing a criminological group underthe general name «extremist crimes». The lack of unanimity among scholars regarding the name by which extremist acts should be de -signated in domestic legal literature has been ascertained. It is proposed to further use the concept of «extremist crimes» in order toeliminate terminological confusion in the field of countering extremism. Based on the results of the study, it was proposed that extremistcrimes be classified according to the criterion of a tribal object of assault.The findings of the study contain a list of extremist crimes that is not exhaustive. A broad and narrow approach to understandingthe category of «extremist crimes» has been proposed. Crimes related to extremist activities (extremist crimes in the broad sense) are proposed to be classified into extremist acts themselves, that is, extremist crimes in the narrow sense and crimes related to extremism,directly related to extremist activities, but not extremist acts.It is concluded that the system of extremist crimes is composed not only of extremist acts themselves, but also crimes that ensurethe implementation of extremist activities and are directly related to it. In order to ensure a systemic counteraction to extremism,extremist crimes in the broad sense include not only extremist acts themselves – crimes provided for by the Criminal Code of Ukrainecommitted from extremist motives (purposes), but also crimes that ensure the implementation of extremist activity and are directly relatedto it. It is worth taking into account that terrorist crimes and «separatist» crimes are covered by the concept of «extremist crimes».Extremist crimes should be divided into political, national, religious, economic and environmental.


2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Tine Germ

The triad of decline-metamorphosis-rebirth constantly reappears in the history of civilisation, it is current in all historical periods and cultural environments, in different areas and the most diverse contexts. Its manifestations are countless and the same is true of its interpretations. They are especially frequent in the area of art, because the evolutionary model, grounded in the idea of cyclic development comes very handy for explanations and illustrations which seek to present complicated things in a simple and clear way. The history of art, mainly in the 19th century, advocated a tripartite development of art which seeks greater perfection and maturity and reaches its peak just to be then inevitably followed by a decline in artistic originality and power. Already for some time now the evolutionary model has been shown too ineffective in addressing scholarly questions, especially due to oversimplification and a priori classification of subject matter which cannot possibly be classified. The perception that the art of the Early Renaissance was a preliminary period for more mature and accomplished achievements of High Renaissance which at some point began to lose its drive and went into decline either by repeating outmoded forms or their decomposition, is not only naive, but simply wrong and represents a misunderstanding of the essence of art. In much the same way it would be equally wrong to label in advance the early works of a certain artist as not-mature-yet or possessing less artistic authenticity.


2020 ◽  
pp. 132-146
Author(s):  
Yaroslava Bondarchuk

The article aims to trace the antinomic comprehension of God in unity of spiritual transcendent and material immanent principles in the major religious systems of the second half of the 1st millennium BC — the beginning of a new era and the reflection of this process in the art of that time based on analyzing religious texts, theological and philosophical treatises of the main monotheistic and polytheistic religious worldview ideas and ways of their embodiment. The study showed that the universal idea of religious systems (Taoism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity) of the indicated period is the idea of embodying the highest spiritual Absolut into a natural anthropomorphic form. In most leading religions of the time (except for Judaism) this interpretation of God became the basis for the development of religious art. For the first time, a comparison of concepts of God in the leading religious-philosophical systems of the researched period was made. Such an interpretation of the deity has been shown to be manifested in religious art, which confirms its worldview subordination. It was hypothesized that the antinomic comprehension of God in the unity of transcendent and immanent principles in the leading religious systems formed at the turn of the millennia determined that the dominant zodiacal Pisces constellation, in which the Sun was rising on the day of the spring equinox, was characterized as a sign of the unity of antinomies. This article may be used for further research, for the courses of lectures in the history of world culture.


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