FROM RIVER WEEDS TO REGAL FABULOUS: ICONOGRAPHY AND SYMBOLISM OF A 12TH DYNASTY EGYPTIAN DIADEM

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-283
Author(s):  
Stephanie J. Harris

Ancient Egyptian women’s headdresses in the form of circlets, fillets and diadems are intriguing in their complexity. In response to the increased need to indicate social status in a poorly literate dynastic society, these items of personal adornment became a powerful form of non-verbal communication. Garlands, originally made from handfuls of river plants, gradually developed into innovative and imaginatively powerful visual symbols when fashioned from metal and a variety of semi-precious stones. Botanical motifs symbolic of the Nile River and the duality of a unified Sema Tawy (Two Lands) were incorporated into magical and superstitious symbolism that encompassed social, political, religious, mythological and amuletic contexts. The headdresses that were worn were not purely ornamental but, it was believed, also provided apotropaic protection for the head. Flower motifs, material and colour played an important role in their belief system. The iconography and symbolism incorporated into a delicately crafted gold wire diadem excavated from Princess Khnumet’s 12th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom) tomb at Dashur (and currently housed in the Cairo Museum) will be systematically interpreted at primary and secondary levels in order to provide some insight into its owner. Given the relationship between form and function, a novel connection has been proposed between the iconography and symbolism, and the diadem’s use during an annual Nile inundation cultic festival.

Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).


JOGED ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-562
Author(s):  
Jumiati Jumiati

Upacara Belian merupakan ritual pengobatan, membayar hutang, dan pembersihan kampung yang terdapat di Kabupaten Paser. Upacara Belian ini dilatar belakangi oleh sistem kepercayaan terhadap kekuatan-kekuatan gaib. Inti upacara Belian berupa gerak-gerak dan mantra-mantar. Gerak yang dihadiran pada upacara Belian ini menimbulkan inspirasi bagi seorang seniman bernama Irusmiati untuk mentransformasikan upacara Belian menjadi tari Gitang Paser.Gerak dalam tari Gitang ini terinspirasi dari dua motif gerak yang dilakukan oleh Mulung yaitu perambut (gerak lambat), kerkesek (gerak cepat) serta bunyi gitang. Kedua unsur ini dikembangkan dalam irama, ritme dan penggunaan tenaga sehingga menjadikannya lebih dinamisUntuk mengtahui aspek apa saja yang bertransformasi pada upacara Belian ke dalam tari Gitang Paser maka peneliti menggunakan konsep yang dikemukaka n oleh Djoharnurani yang mengemukakan bahwa proses transfomasi dapat dilalui dalam tiga tahap yaitu; 1) tahap pemahaman dan penghayatan makna; 2) tahap resepsi; dan 3) tahap tindak resepsi. Pada butir pertama adalah pemahaman dan penghayatan makna terhadap nilai-nilai yang ditransformasikan. Butir kedua adalah resepsi yang berarti penerimaan memang salah satu aspek yang ada dalam proses transformasi. Kemudian pada aspek tindak resepsilah transformasi membawa rangsangan idesional atau gagasan untuk membuat suatu yang baru. Maka melalui dari tiga tahap ini lah hasil transformasi antara upacara Belian dan tari Gitang Paser dari aspek rasa, bentuk, dan makna masing-masing bisa berubah, masih nampak ataupun menjadi samar-samar.Hasil analisis di atas menunjukkan adanya suatu perubahan bentuk penyajian, makna serta fungsi upacara Belian ke dalam tari Gitang. Hasil yang didapat memberikan nilai yang bersifat mengembangkan. Salah satu pengembangan yang dapat dilihat dari bentuk penyajian yaitu gerak, gerak pada upacara Belian lebih sederhana hanya menggunakan dua motif yaitu perambut dan kerkesek ketika berubah maka gerak tersebut lebih dinamis karena memiliki berbagai macam motif. Pengembangan yang terjadi pada bentuk penyajian memberikan dampak perubahan pula pada fungsi. Fungsi pada upacara lebih pada ritual pengobatan ketika berubah menjadi tari Gitang fungsi tersebut sebagai hiburan semata tanpa meninggalkan suasana magis. Ketika bentuk dan fungsi berubah mengakibatkan perubahan makna yang terjadi pada tari Gitang yaitu hilangnya kepercayaan masyarakat setempat terhadap upacara Belian.  Belian ceremony is a ritual of treatment, debt repayment, and cleaning of villages located in Paser District. This Belian ceremony is based on a belief system of supernatural powers. The core of the Belian ceremony is in the form of movements and mantras. The movement attended at this Belian ceremony inspired an artist named Irusmiati to transform the Belian ceremony into a Gitang Paser dance. Motion in Gitang dance is inspired by two motive motifs performed by Mulung that is perambut (slow motion) kerkesek (fast motion) and the sound of gitang. It is developed in rhythm, rhythm and use of power making it more dynamic. To know what aspects are transformed at Belian ceremony into Gitang Paser dance then the researcher uses the concept proposed by Djoharnurani which shows that the process of transfomation can be passed in three stages that is 1) Stage of understanding and appreciation of meaning 2) the reception stage and 3) stage of action. In the first point is the understanding and appreciation of the meaning of values that are transformed. The second point is acceptance which means acceptance is one of the aspects that exist in the transformation process. Then on the aspect stage of action transformation brings about an ational stimulus or an idea to create a new one. So through these three stages is the result of the transformation between Belian ceremonies into Gitang Paser dance from the aspect of taste, form, and meaning of each can change, remain visible or become blurred. The results of the above analysis indicate a change in the form of presentation, meaning and function of Belian ceremony into Gitang dance. The results obtained provide a value that is developing. One of the developments that can be seen from the form of motion presentation, motion at Belian ceremony is simpler by using only two motifs that is perambut and kerkesek When changed the motion is more dynamic because it has a variety of motives. The development that occurs in the form of presentation gives effect to changes also on the function. The function at this ceremony is more on the treatment ritual when it transforms into a Gitang dance function as a mere entertainment without leaving the magical atmosphere. When the form and function change resulted in a change of meaning that occurred in Gitang dance that is the loss of local belief in Belian ceremony. 


Author(s):  
Gopala Krishna Ganta ◽  
Rama Krishna Alla ◽  
Kamala Cheruvu ◽  
Bharathi Ram Guduri

Bone grafts are often used to retrieve the lost bone in the most acceptable, technical and skilful manner that enables to restore the form and function of the bone. Numerous bone graft materials have been developed to fill and/or remodel the bony defects. Though, autografts were considered to be the gold standard among the grafts available; they have got some inherent disadvantages. The current research is more focused on allografts, which addressed the problems associated with autografts. This article provides an insight into the remodeling process, and various types of bone grafts currently available. Also, the emphasis was given on the recent advances of the bone grafts.


1985 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-310
Author(s):  
J.S. Hyams

Axonemes from the heterosporous water fern Marsilea vestita were fixed in the presence of tannic acid and examined by thin-section electron microscopy. Transverse sections revealed the normal 9+2 configuration except for the absence of the outer of the two dynein arms. Both arms were normally preserved in parallel preparations of Chlamydomonas axonemes. Isolated dynein from the ciliated protozoon Tetrahymena bound to Marsilea axonemes at the site normally occupied by the outer arm. Dynein binding was partially reversed by ATP as judged by both electron microscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This system should provide a valuable insight into the biochemistry and function of the inner dynein arm and the relationship of the two arms to motility in more conventionally equipped axonemes.


Author(s):  
Caroline R. Wiltshire

This study uses data from Indian English as a second language, spoken by speakers of five first languages, to illustrate and evaluate the role of the emergence of the unmarked (TETU) in phonological theory. The analysis focusses on word-final consonant devoicing and cluster reduction, for which the five Indian first languages have various constraints, while Indian English is relatively unrestricted. Variation in L2 Indian Englishes results from both transfer of L1 phonotactics and the emergence of the unmarked, accounted for within Optimality Theory. The use of a learning algorithm also allows us to test the relative importance of markedness and frequency and to evaluate the relative markedness of various clusters. Thus, data from Indian Englishes provides insight into the form and function of markedness constraints, as well as the mechanisms of Second Language Acquisition (SLA).


2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Michael

In the realm of muscle atrophy research, many studies address minute details of molecular function but few examine the effects of atrophy in terms of mobility, strength, endurance, and performance of activities of daily living. The relationship between impairment and functional limitation is the focus of this research review. A wide array of studies constitute this area of inquiry, including investigations as diverse and widely disparate as molecular chemistry and space travel and populations as different as rats, healthy young men, and elderly women. Thirty-four studies were selected based on their fit with the Enabling-Disabling Model. Three paradigms of atrophy and function emerged. Adaptation reflects the plastic nature of muscle when placed under certain conditions, ranging from disuse to high-resistance exercise. Injury/loss describes damage to muscle tissue from ischemia, medications, or reloading or reperfusion trauma. Also in this category is the loss of muscle that is seen with aging. Integrity relates to the muscle’s tendency to protect itself and maintain structural adjacencies and cellular proportions. Based on the 3 muscle research paradigms, the relationship of muscle atrophy to function is portrayed as a bidirectional interaction wherein form and function have an influence on each other by way of physical changes, including those of adaptation, injury/loss, or integrity. A conceptual model is constructed to reflect this relationship.


2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Vogel ◽  
Kristin Buhrow ◽  
Caroline Cornish

In the Andean region, spindle whorls have been the subject of archaeological analysis less often than other artifact classes, such as pottery. Nevertheless, spindle whorls may have much more to contribute to archaeological interpretations of production, status, and exchange patterns than previously acknowledged. The case study presented here examines the spindle whorl collection from the site of El Purgatorio, Peru, the capital city of the Casma polity (ca. A.D. 700–1400). Spindle whorls were not only expertly crafted utilitarian tools for spinning yarn, but also items of personal adornment, symbols of wealth or status, and possible indicators of intra-polity exchange patterns. The analysis of spindle whorls in regard to form and function provides insight into Casma social and economic organization. The spindle whorls discovered at El Purgatorio also reflect varying degrees of standardization and technical knowledge, suggesting that at least some may have been manufactured by specialists in metallurgical and ceramic workshops.


1989 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Jan-Arjen Mondria

This paper reports research into the acquisition of vocabulary in a foreign language, more specifically into the supposition that 'guessing' (i.e. inferring the meaning of an unknown word from context and word-form) contributes substantially to retention. Although much is to be said for the latter, the empirical underpinning of this supposition has so far been slight and various questions have remained. In order to gain a better insight into these we have carried out an experiment in a classroom setting, focussing on the following questions: 1.Which factors of context influence the guessability of words? 2.What is the influence of these factors on receptive retention (after guessing and learning)? 3.What is the relationship between guessing and retention? (Are words which have been correctly guessed better retained than words which have not been correctly guessed?) The chief findings of the experiment are: l.A specific ('pregnant') filler of the slots 'subject', 'verb' and 'function' contributes to the guessability of a word in a particular sentential context. 2. A specific ('pregnant') filler of the slots mentioned in guessing and learning has no effect on the retention ('subject' and 'verb') or even a negative effect ('function'). 3.There is no positive correlation between guessing and retention (after guessing and learning; for some words there is even a negative correlation. To sum up: a 'pregnant' context does indeed induce better guessing, but subsequently it does not induce a better retention of the meaning involved, at least not if the guessing stage is followed by a learning stage using the same context as in guessing.


2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nunzio La Fauci ◽  
Liana Tronci

This paper deals with the complex interaction between form and function in the verb morphosyntax of four Indo-European languages (French, Italian, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Beyond the difference in form, auxiliation patterns in French and Italian, and verb inflections in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit correlate, thanks to the agreement for number and person, to the expression of the relationship with the Subject. The different auxiliation patterns (sum and habeo) and the different inflections (middle and active) correlate to different properties of the Subject. In particular, these forms depend on the syntactic opposition between middle and non-middle. The ways of this dependency are regulated and systematic, although they appear fuzzy and chaotic, not only if the four languages are compared to each other, but also if different morphosyntactic combinations, inside the same language, are concerned.


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