Quantitative description of the pastoral economy of western Tuvan nomads

Nomadic Pastoralism ◽

Inner Asia ◽

Local Environments ◽

Quantitative Understanding ◽

Ethnographic Data ◽

Using Data ◽

Pastoral Economy

Nomadic pastoralism persists at a substantial scale in Tuva and neighboring regions of Inner Asia. Tuvan pastoral lifeways reflect adaptations to both local environments and current economic realities. Much of our quantitative understanding of the economics of Tuvan nomads is derived from data collected in the first half of the 20th century. Accordingly, this paper provides an updated picture of the inner workings of nomadic households using data collected in Barun-Khemchik and Bai-Taiga provinces in 2013–2015. It analyzes herd composition and size, and compares the frequency of different animals kept today with values recorded in Tuva in 1916 and 1931. It then quantifies rates of provisioning hay and grain, and the production of meat and dairy products for consumption and sale. Finally, it characterizes typical costs of food, petrol, medicine, clothing, and school supplies faced by present-day herders. We advocate the collection of quantitative ethnographic data that can shed further light on the future of the Tuvan pastoralist niche.

The Evolution of Beliefs and Opinions on Matters related to Marriage and Sexual Behaviour among French-speaking Catholic Quebecers and English-speaking Protestant Ontarians

Canadian Studies in Population ◽

10.25336/p6b31h ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 209 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Benoît Laplante ◽

Caia Miller ◽

Paskall Malherbe

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Sexual Behaviour ◽

General Result ◽

Religious Group ◽

Sexual Life ◽

French Speaking ◽

Major Transformation ◽

English Speaking ◽

Using Data ◽

Family Behaviour

The authors argue that the important changes in behaviour related to family and sexual life that were seen in Quebec during the second half of the 20th century are a consequence of a major transformation of the foundation of the normative system shared by the members of Quebec’s main socio-religious group, Frenchspeaking Catholics. Using data from Gallup polls, the authors compare the evolution of the opinions of French-speaking Quebec Catholics and Englishspeaking Ontario Protestants on matters related to sexual and family behaviour from the 1950s to the beginning of the 2000s. The general result is that the evolution of the differences between the two groups is compatible with the hypothesis.

29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering: Volume 3 ◽

A Systematic Approach for Quantitative Environmental Assessment of Seafloor Massive Sulfide Mining

10.1115/omae2010-20248 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Tetsuo Yamazaki ◽

Masahito Ikemoto ◽

Naoki Nakatani ◽

Rei Arai

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impacts ◽

Environmental Assessment ◽

Systematic Approach ◽

Massive Sulfide ◽

Effective Control ◽

Local Environments ◽

Quantitative Understanding ◽

Global And Local ◽

Seafloor Massive Sulfide ◽

International Initiative

Seafloor massive sulfides have been a subject of interest for profitable commercial mining these ten years. However, less information is available for both the baseline ecosystems in the distribution areas and the environmental impacts on them caused by the mining. Owing to growing concern for the global and local environments, the quantitative understanding of the environmental impacts, the systematic environmental assessment, and the effective control and regulation methods of seafloor massive sulfide mining must be clarified. A systematic approach necessary for the clarification is discussed. An example design of artificial impact experiment and the monitoring are introduced. An international initiative is proposed.

Forty years of a psychiatric day hospital

Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy ◽

10.1590/2237-6089-2013-0018 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 52-58

Author(s):

Rosário Curral ◽

Rui Lopes ◽

Celeste Silveira ◽

Andreia Norton ◽

Isabel Domingues ◽

...

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

21St Century ◽

Affective Disorders ◽

Inpatient Care ◽

Diagnostic Group ◽

Day Hospital ◽

Neurotic Disorders ◽

Common Diagnosis ◽

Day Hospitals ◽

INTRODUCTION: Day hospitals in psychiatry are a major alternative to inpatient care today, acting as key components of community and social psychiatry. Objective: To study trends in the use of psychiatric day hospitals over the last decades of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, focusing on patient age, sex, and diagnostic group, using data from Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal. METHODS: Data corresponding to years 1970 to 2009 were collected from patient files. Patients were classified into seven diagnostic groups considering their primary diagnoses only. RESULTS: Mean age upon admission rose from 32.7±12.1 years in the second half of the 1970s to 43.5±12.2 years in 2005-2009 (p for trend < 0.001). Most patients were female (63.2%), however their proportion decreased from nearly 70% in the 1970s to 60% in the first decade of the 21st century. In males, until the late 1980s, neurotic disorders (E) were the most common diagnosis, accounting for more than one third of admissions. In the subsequent years, this proportion decreased, and the number of admissions for schizophrenia (C) exceeded 50% in 2004- 2009. In females, until the late 1980s, affective disorders (D) and neurotic disorders (E), similarly distributed, accounted for most admissions. From the 1990s on, the proportion of neurotic disorders (E) substantially decreased, and affective disorders (D) came to represent more than 50% of all admissions. CONCLUSIONS: Mean age upon admission rose with time, as did the percentage of female admissions, even though the latter tendency weakened in the last 10 years assessed. There was also an increase in the proportion of patients with schizophrenia.

PEMANFAATAN E –JURNAL ILMIAH KELAUTAN DAN PERIKANAN BERBASIS OPEN JOURNAL SYSTEM PADA PEMUSTAKA PUSAT RISET PERIKANAN

Jurnal Pari ◽

10.15578/jp.v6i2.9735 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 123

Author(s):

Erny Puspa

Keyword(s):

Web Sites ◽

Information Search ◽

Small Proportion ◽

Scientific Journal ◽

Literature Study ◽

Fisheries Science ◽

Using Data ◽

Search Facility ◽

Almost All

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan e-Jurnal Ilmiah KelautanPerikanan berbasis Open Journal System pada pemustaka Pusat Riset Perikanan. Penelitian dengan teknik pengumpulan data, observasi, kuesioner, dan studi pustaka. Sampel penelitian 32 respondenpemustakadengan metode penelitian deskripsi kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan “baik”dalam pemanfaatannya, dapat diukur hasil analisis yaitu : 80% atau hampir seluruhnya pemustaka mengetahui keberadaan e-Jurnal Ilmiah KP, dan untuk pemanfaatannya sebagian besar responden(63%) mengakses sebanyak lebih 3 kali dalam seminggu sedangkan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan informasi sebagian besar (69 %) responden mengunjungi 4 kali lebih judul e-jurnal dengan dokumen yang diunduh dalam sebulan sebagian besar (69 %) sebanyak 10-15 dokumen. Adapunstategi pencarian informasi dan pemanfaatan yaitu sebagian besar (69%) menyatakan melalui situs web dengan pola penelusuran sebagian besar (69 %) melalui subjek tertentu dengan kecepatan proses penelusuran hampir seluruhnya (81%) menyatakan cepat. Dalam hal kesesuaian informasi sebagian besar (72%) menyatakan sesuai serta (84%) menyatakan mutakhir. Adapun dari segi ketersediaan jurnal lama kurun waktu 5-15 tahun hampir seluruhnya (81%) menyatakan banyak tersedia Adapun dalam hal kendala sebagian besar (69 %) respondenmenyatakan tidak ada kendala hanya sebagian kecil (19%) terdapat kendala yaitu kurangnya informasi mutakhir tentang konservasi dan teknik perkapalan, dan sebagian kecil 12 % menyatakanterbatasnya proses pencarian infornasi khusunya mengenai informasi mengenai bidang pengolahan dan teknologi produk karena tidak dapat ditelusuri melalui fasilitas search yang terdapat pada beranda website E- Jurnal ilmiah Kelautan dan Perikanan. Upaya yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala tersebut yaitu dengan mengusulkan ke pengelola/penulis jurnal agar lebih menambah referensi up to date tentang konsevasi dan perkapalan dan untuk terbatasnya fasilitassearch sebaiknya dibuat satu login sehingga dapat membuka semua lokal konten satuan kerja lain di pencarian (search) beranda e -jornal ilmiah KP tanpa membuka database satuan kerjanya.The research objective was to determine the use of the e-Journal of Marine Science and Fisheries based on the Open Journal System at the Center for Fisheries Research. Research using data collection techniques, observation, questionnaires, and literature study. The research samplewas 32 respondents using quantitative description research methods. The results showed "good" in its utilization,the results of the analysis can be measured, namely: 80% or almost all of the users know the existence ofthe e-Scientific Journal of KP, and for its utilization most of the respondents (63%) access it more than 3 times a week to fulfill the needs. Most of the respondents (69%) visited the e-journal titles more than 4times with documents downloaded in a month, respondents downloaded around 10-15 documents. As for the information search and utilization strategy, most of them (69%) stated that through web sites,most of the search patterns (69%) were through certain subjects with the speed of the search processalmost entirely (81%) said it was fast. In terms of conformity of the information most (72%) stated that it was appropriate and (84%) stated that it was up to date. As for the availability of old journals for a period of 5-15 years, almost all (81%) stated that they were widely available. As for the constraints, most (69%)of the respondents stated that there were no obstacles, only a small proportion (19%) had problems,namely the lack of up-to-date information on conservation and shipping techniques, and a small proportion of 12%stated that the process of seeking information, especially information regarding the field of processing and product technology because it cannot be traced through the search facility foundon the homepage of the E-Journal of Marine and Fisheries Science Journals.Efforts made in overcoming these obstacles are by proposing journal managers / writersto add more up-to-date references about conservation and shipping and for the limited search facilities, one login should be made so that all local content of other work units can be opened in search (search) homepage. KP scientific e-journal without opening its work unit database.

Kensur Nawang Nima’s Treatise “The Lamp of Collected Quotations from Classical Works of the Buddhist History”: the Genesis of the Buddhist Monastic System in Northwest China

Humanitarian Vector ◽

10.21209/1996-7853-2020-15-6-172-179 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 172-179

Author(s):

Bazarov Andrey A. ◽

◽

Khartayev Vladimir V. ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Traditional Culture ◽

Northwest China ◽

Time Analysis ◽

Inner Asia ◽

Cultural Processes ◽

History Of ◽

Revolutionary Period ◽

Monastic History ◽

Historical Thought

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Buddhist monastic history in Northwest China, described in the treatise of the Buryat scholar Kensur Nawang Nima “The lamp of collected quotations from classical works of the Buddhist history”. This work is an example of Buddhist historical thought, which was developed in the traditional culture of the Buryats in the pre-revolutionary period. The authors of the article claim that “The lamp of collected quotations” has a specificity of presentation, determined by the author’s personality, historical and cultural circumstances. This specificity is related to the post-classical period of the history of Tibetan scholasticism, within which the work was written. Buddhist historical thought tried to understand the results of the most important stages of the Buddhist history in the vast region based on the works of previous generations. The treatise can be described as a scholastic work and Nawang Nima as an outstanding scholar and theorist of his time. Analysis of the structure of the work has showed that the author focused primarily on the history of the Geluk School, which he belonged to. Due to this specificity, most of the text is devoted to the biography of the founder of the school Je Tsongkhapa. The volume of work directly related to the history of Buddhist monasteries in northwestern China is extremely small. Nawang Nima describes the Genesis of the Geluk Buddhist monasteries: Chacung (bya khyung), Kumbum (sku ‘bum byams pa gling), Gonlung (dgon lung byams pa gling), Ganden (lga ldan dam chos gling), Rongwo (rong bo dgon chen), Labrang (bla brang bkra shis ‘khyil), Chone (сone dgon chen), etc. This fragment of the work “The lamp of collected quotations from classical works of the Buddhist history” is a fundamental historical description of the most important religious and cultural processes in the territories of Inner Asia in the period from the 19th up to the 20th century. Keywords: Buddhism, history, monastery, Buryatia, Tibet, Northwest China, Nawang Nima

Trends in heat stress over Europe over the 20th century

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-2582 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joakim Kjellsson ◽

Nils Niebaum ◽

Robin Pilch Kedzierski

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

20Th Century ◽

Heat Wave ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Dew Point ◽

Stress Index ◽

Internal Climate Variability ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

We investigate how European heat waves and their associated heat stress on humans have changed over the 20th century. We find that the heat stress has increased, even in regions where heat waves have not become warmer. As heat stress increases over wide areas of Europe there is also an increase in the total population affected by the heat stress.&#160;Heat waves pose a serious health risk to humans by reducing our ability to shed heat. We have studied the occurrence and intensity of heat waves as well as a heat stress index based on simplified wet-bulb globe temperature using data from ERA-20C reanalysis 1900-2010. Over the 110 years of data we find an overall warming of the air temperatures and dew point. The 98th percentile of both air temperature has increased by more than 1.5&#176;C over large areas of Europe.&#160;We find an overall increase in heat wave days per year as well as an increase of air temperature during heat waves over most of Europe. As such, many densely populated areas exhibit increased heat stress during heat waves. For example, the mean heat stress during heat wave days over Paris has increased by one level, from &#8220;alert&#8221; in 1900-1930 to &#8220;caution&#8221; in 1980-2010. The fraction of the population exposed to heat waves has increased by 10%/century in central Europe and 25%/century over the Mediterranean.&#160;We find more heat waves during 1920 - 1950, which may be related to the positive phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variation (AMV). This suggests that the heat stress during European heat waves may also be influenced by internal climate variability, and large-ensemble model simulations may be used to disentangle the effects of natural variability and anthropogenic forcing.

Basic Theoretical Thesises of Chemmotology

World of OIL Products the Oil Companies Bulletin ◽

10.32758/2071-5951-2020-0-5-54-59 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 05 ◽

pp. 54-59

Author(s):

N.N. Grishin ◽

◽

V.V. Sereda ◽

Keyword(s):

Free Radicals ◽

Physical Model ◽

20Th Century ◽

Metastable State ◽

Theoretical Basis ◽

Present Moment ◽

Engine Oils ◽

Physico Chemical

Toward the end of the 20th century fundamental theories of oxidation, combustion, friction, deterioration, corrosion and others were adapted to chemmotology systems: proposed an oscillatory-homogenous theory of the formation of free radicals in hydrocarbonated nature; demonstrated unsuitability of “physical” model of combustion for a description of working processes of engines; worked out a theory of boundary processes of grease and friction as applied with conjugate details; worked out the general patterns of tribochemical reactions in lubricant nature; developed the basis of theory of physico-chemical mechanics of pseudocolloidal systems. At the present moment established the general patterns of the effect of quality of combustion and composition of fuel during the period of delay of ignition, speed and volume of burning of hydrocarbons ; worked out a concept of quasiciliary formation of fuels, defining their condition of metastable state; proposed mechanism of abnormally - fast internally flaming gasification of dispersing carbohydrate ; worked out an electro-kinetical model of quality state of engine oils in static and dynamic conditions and many others . Introduction of relevant theoretical basis will provide quantitative description of chemotological processes.

Reconstructing Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past 1000 Years: A Reappraisal

Energy & Environment ◽

10.1260/095830503765184619 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 14 (2-3) ◽

pp. 233-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Willie Soon ◽

Sallie Baliunas ◽

Craig Idso ◽

Sherwood Idso ◽

David R. Legates

Keyword(s):

Environmental History ◽

20Th Century ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Ice Age ◽

Local Climate ◽

Proxy Records ◽

Local Environments ◽

Climate Indicators ◽

Climatic Period ◽

History Of

The 1000-year climatic and environmental history of the Earth contained in various proxy records is examined. As indicators, the proxies duly represent or record aspects of local climate. Questions on the relevance and validity of the locality paradigm for climatological research become sharper as studies of climatic changes on timescales of 50–100 years or longer are pursued. This is because thermal and dynamical constraints imposed by local geography become increasingly important as the air-sea-land interaction and coupling timescales increase. Because the nature of the various proxy climate indicators are so different, the results cannot be combined into a simple hemispheric or global quantitative composite. However, considered as an ensemble of individual observations, an assemblage of the local representations of climate establishes the reality of both the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period as climatic anomalies with world-wide imprints, extending earlier results by Bryson et al. (1963), Lamb (1965), and numerous other research efforts. Furthermore, these individual proxies are used to determine whether the 20th century is the warmest century of the 2nd Millennium at a variety of globally dispersed locations. Many records reveal that the 20th century is likely not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium, although it is clear that human activity has significantly impacted some local environments.

Identifying the time scale of temporal association

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z88-309 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 66 (9) ◽

pp. 2090-2092 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Austin Burt ◽

Wayne Hunte ◽

France Dufresne

Keyword(s):

Time Scale ◽

Temporal Association ◽

Time Interval ◽

Thalassoma Bifasciatum ◽

Spawning Frequency ◽

Initial Event ◽

Novel Method ◽

Previously used methods of investigating the temporal association of behavioural events have tested sequences of events for temporal clumping; such an approach does not quantitatively indicate the time scale over which the association is significant. We present a novel method of analysis that specifically identifies this time scale, thereby allowing more ready elimination of competing causal hypotheses for the association observed. Our null hypothesis is that, following any event, the number of events in a given time interval is independent of the time elapsed since the initial event. The method is simple and robust against long-term changes in event frequency, and provides a more detailed quantitative description of the temporal association. We illustrate it using data on spawning in the blueheaded wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum). The analysis demonstrates that, after a spawning event, there is a 70% increase in mean spawning frequency which lasts for 30 s and then abruptly disappears. The effect of spawns appears to summate multiplicatively.

Increasing Longevity and the New Demography of Death

International Journal of Population Research ◽

10.1155/2014/521523 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

George W. Leeson

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

21St Century ◽

Population Level ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Global Level ◽

England And Wales ◽

Individual Level ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The world is ageing at both an individual and population levels and population ageing is truly a global phenomenon, the only notable region of exception being sub-Saharan Africa, which remains relatively young in demographic terms. At an individual level, life expectancies at birth have increased at the global level from 47 years in the mid-20th century to around 70 years today and are expected to rise to 76 years by the mid-21st century. At the population level, the proportion of the world’s population aged 60 years and over has increased from 8 percent in the mid-20th century to 12 percent, and by 2050, it is expected to reach 21 percent. In Europe, ageing has continued at a slower rate, but with the emergence of increasing numbers of centenarians. This paper outlines the transition using data from England and Wales from a demography of young death in the mid-19th century to a demography of survival in the 20th century and on to the new demography of old death in the 21st century. The paper provides evidence that it is likely that ages at death will continue to increase, with more and more people reaching extreme old age. At the same time, it is likely that life expectancies at birth will continue to rise, taking life expectancy at birth in England and Wales to 100 years or more by the end of the 21st century. The new 21st century demography of death will lead to annual numbers of deaths far in excess of previous maxima.