scholarly journals Abstractions and Idealizations in Normative Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
A. A. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Social Field ◽  
The Social ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The One ◽  
Normative Models ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The article explores the use of philosophical techniques of abstraction and idealization in the creation of normative theoretical models. It shows the difficulties related to distinguishing abstractions from idealizations in scientific research, as well as their common functional features, the main of which is the representation of the object under study in a form that would meet the goals and objectives of the researcher. The paper also demonstrates the ongoing popularity of ideal normative theories in the social field and explicates the problems that provoke criticism of ideal theories from various theoretical positions. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen such normative models by distinguishing between heuristically «good» and «bad» idealizations within the framework of the general ideal theory, and also providing methods of transition from an ideal theoretical model to the one that could be applied in practice.

scholarly journals “Each Punishment Should Be a Fable”: Punitive Analytics, The Punitive-City Diagram, and Punishment as Technology of Power in Foucault’s Works of the 1970s and 1980s

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Bruzzone
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Extensive Form ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
Relations Of Power

Michel Foucault’s Punitive Society lectures make clear that, for him, punishment presents a critical problem. On the one hand, Foucault struggles to develop a conceptual vocabulary adequate to punishment, and particularly to the prison-form as a penal development. On the other hand, the Punitive Society lectures clearly indicate the stakes of punishment. How, Foucault asks, might punishment focalize relations of power? How might it serve as a field of struggle? What does a punitive technology of power look like, if it exists? Indeed, across numerous works from the 1970s and 1980s, Foucault traces the varying place of penalties within penal and punitive tactics, showing how punishment reciprocates historical relations of power and problems of power. Yet it remains necessary to develop Foucault’s account of punishment, which is never formalized. In this paper, I develop punishment as a polyvalent technology. Foucauldian punishment may be an analytic, a technology, and—in the allegorical “punitive city” from Discipline and Punish—a diagram of power. I argue that Foucauldian punitive power seizes the body in the name of an authority or a reified power to subordinate individuals to that authority, and with an objective to correct the individual’s relation to a multiplicity. It operates “above,” at the level of, and in “fragments” of embodied individuals. Further, with Foucault’s account of the “punitive city,” we find a theoretical model in whichpunishment becomes the ordering force of the social, and therein a diagram of punitive power exerted in extensive form across the social field.

scholarly journals Content and stylistic peculiarities of non-canonical Orthodox Internet Sermon in modern Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Konstantin S. Sharov
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Technical Professions

The paper is concerned with a study of the changing content and style of non-canonical Christian religious preaching in the digital age. Special attention is paid to the analysis of modern rhetoric Christian preachers practice in their Internet channels, forums and blogs. It is shown that the content of the Internet sermon is largely determined by the Internet users themselves and the topics of their appeals. The fundamental characteristics of the content of the Internet sermon are: 1) focus on the individual, their private goals and objectives, not just on theological problems; 2) rethinking the phenomenon of the neighbour; 3) a shift from the Hesychast tradition of preaching the importance of inner spiritual concentration to the preaching of religious interactivity. The observed stylistic features of the digital preaching can be summarised as follows: 1) moving away from simple answers to the rhetoric of new questions addressed to the audience; 2) empathy, co-participation with a person in his/her life conflicts and experiences; 3) desire to share religious information, not to impose it; 4) resorting to various rhetorical techniques to reach different audiences; 5) a tendency to use slang, sometimes even irrespective of the audience’s language preferences and expectations. It should be pointed out that the Orthodox Internet sermon in the Russian Internet space has a dual and contradictory nature. On the one hand, this phenomenon can be regarded as positive for the Orthodox preaching in general, since it is a means of spreading Christian ideas in the social groups that do not constitute a core of parishioners of Orthodox churches, for example, schoolchildren, students, representatives of technical professions, etc. On the other hand, the effectiveness of such preaching is still unclear. Lack of reliable statistics as well as the results of the survey related to the Orthodox Internet preaching gives us no opportunity to judge about effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the phenomenon at this stage of its development.

Synergistic Use of Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice, Queer Theories, and Employment Relation Theories: A Perspective for Sustainable Transgender Inclusion at the Workplace

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Nikhil Kewal Krishna Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Potential Model ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Employment Relation ◽  
Theory Of Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Level I ◽  
Agency And Structure

Many transgender employees leave their employment even before they settle themselves in their workplace. Their inclusion in mainstream employment is a sensitive and emerging issue. As Bourdieu’s theory of practice promises to work at both the agency and structure level, I see great potential in integrating it with queer perspectives and employment relations theory. This integration can play a significant role in transgender inclusion in the workplace. Therefore, a potential model has been proposed to build a theoretical model using underpinnings from these theories. Based on the deductive approach, integration of queer theories and employment relation theory may enable one to understand queer habitus, capitals, and practices in the social field. I suggest that in the pursuance of taking forward queer habitus, capital in the social field (employment), Unitarian, Pluralist, and Marxist views from the premise of employment theories can add empathy and sensitivity. Therefore, in this study, I intend to present a perspective through an integrated model derived from concepts from these theories. In the future, this model can be explored for observational confrontation and synergistic use to check workplace reality and to seek sustainable transgender inclusion at the workplace.

Challenges Faced by Modern Accounting as a Scientific Discipline : Four Plane Reflections

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-107
Author(s):  
Anna Karmańska
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Applied Science ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Accounting Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

The following text presents the author's four plane reflections in relation to modern accounting as a scientific discipline. This science is becoming increasingly significant in the world at present, which is due to the fact that: (1) the accounting science (scientific discipline) is an applied science, i.e. the one that considerably enriches the accounting practice, important not only for the company which deals with accounting, (2) its research spectrum is presently extraordinarily comprehensive as it focuses on many aspects, including the social and behavioural ones, which are important for accounting. Bearing in mind that accounting in real terms in the context of the worldwide standardisation trend in the author's opinion is one of the most original systems and the one which demands exceptional professionalism from among all the information systems related to human activity, the author shares her reflections with reader on the tasks of the scientific discipline dealing with this kind of accounting in a methodical and scientific way. The planes of deliberations have been determined by: (1) unlimited data processing revolution, (2) the imperative of opposition to the traditional perception of accounting, (3) commercialisation of scientific research results, (4) ethics in scientific research.

scholarly journals On the role of hypocrisy in escaping the tragedy of the commons

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Korman ◽  
Robin Vacus
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
Dynamic Network Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
The Commons ◽  
The One

AbstractWe study the emergence of cooperation in large spatial public goods games. Without employing severe social-pressure against “defectors”, or alternatively, significantly rewarding “cooperators”, theoretical models typically predict a system collapse in a way that is reminiscent of the “tragedy-of-the-commons” metaphor. Drawing on a dynamic network model, this paper demonstrates how cooperation can emerge when the social-pressure is mild. This is achieved with the aid of an additional behavior called “hypocrisy”, which appears to be cooperative from the external observer’s perspective but in fact hardly contributes to the social-welfare. Our model assumes that social-pressure is induced over both defectors and hypocritical players, though the extent of which may differ. Our main result indicates that the emergence of cooperation highly depends on the extent of social-pressure applied against hypocritical players. Setting it to be at some intermediate range below the one employed against defectors allows a system composed almost exclusively of defectors to transform into a fully cooperative one quickly. Conversely, when the social-pressure against hypocritical players is either too low or too high, the system remains locked in a degenerate configuration.

scholarly journals Peran Pemikiran Heuristik pada Hubungan Persepsi Sosial dengan Munculnya Sikap terhadap Ide Penegakkan Khilafah Islamiyah di Indonesia

Al-Ulum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Ros Mayasari
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The Social ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mediator Variable

The spread of the idea of application of Khilafah Islamiyah (Islamic Caliphate) emerges zealously over the last few years. This phenomenon occurs especially among the younger generation. Through a quantitative approach, this research examines the theoretical model of the relationship between the need to reject the uncertainty, the social perception of the reality of a society and democratic practices, bias heuristic thinking and the attitude towards the idea of the application of khilafah Islamiyah in Indonesia. Data processed by regression analysis with 245 respondents. Based on the test results of the regression analysis, theoretical models did not fit with the data. Researchers propose a new theoretical model that does not involve variable need of uncertainty avoidance. The �bias-heuristic variable� thinking proves to be an alternative mediator variable in the relationship between social perception of reality of a society, and democratic emergence and attitudes toward the idea of khilafah Islamiyah. For further research, suggested using SEM analysis. Researchers recommended the need to develop and construct the critical thinking among the younger generation, so they become more critical in addressing ideas tend to be radical

scholarly journals DIPLOMATIC PRACTICES OF VIACHESLAV LYPYNSKYI IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF HISTORIANS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Bondarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Assessment ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

In recent years, researchers are increasingly focused on the Viacheslav Lypynskyi (Ukrainian politician, theorist of Ukrainian conservatism) : from practical political actions to a detailed study of theoretical reflections. They interested in various vectors of Lipin studies. It should be noted that V. Lypynskyi became sufficiently studied in recent years as the head of the Ukrainian Embassy in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Scientists, on the work of which drawn attention in the relevant topic: Igor Ducks, Igor Girich, Tatyana Ostashko, Irina Interim and others. This article is aimed at summing a certain result in the long run of scientists. The article is trying to collect, analyze, explore and outline certain results in the historiographic study of the place of V. Lypynskyi in the international politics of the Ukrainian state. The main submers are considered, which researchers studied in the context of the activities of V. Lypynskyi as ambassador during their work from 1918 to 1919. The topics of scientific research were especially studied: Embassy staff (appointment, the appointment of those who are responsible for certain sectors and criticism of personnel by opponents, both from among the government and the social democratic forces); The struggle for territorial encroachments and at the same time ratification of Beresia Agreement (peace treaty between the Ukrainian People’s Republic on the one hand and German, Austria-Hungarian, Ottoman Empires and the Bulgarian kingdom of the other side). The strong Polish diaspora prevented the joining of the Kholm region and part of the smashes in the Ukrainian state. Also, the activity that puts themselves the goal of helping the prisoners of war in concentration camps and citizens of Ukraine, which were in Austria – Hungary); Lypynskyi’s care from the post of Representative of Ukraine in Vienna (comes to power in Kiev in November 1918, the directory of UNR and the inability to find a common language with new government structures). As a result of scientific research, we conclude that this topic is sufficiently studied. Most scientific works used during the writing of the article are combined into a positive assessment of the role of V. Lipinsky as ambassador.

As formas de tratamento na abordagem multissistémica: um novo modelo teórico de análise

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Veronica Manole ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Address Forms in a Multisystemic Approach: A New Theoretical Model of Analysis. The aim of this paper is to propose a new theoretical model for the analysis of address forms. In the first part of the paper, I do a critical evaluation of existing theoretical models, showing, on the one hand, that the divergent approaches reflect the complexity of address research, and, on the other hand, that there is a need for a unified model to englobe morphosyntactic, semantic, pragmatic, discursive, and diachronic approaches. In the second part of the paper, I present the multisystemic theory developed by the Brazilian linguist Ataliba de Castilho and demonstrate that it can be successfully used for the analysis of address forms. In the last part of the paper, I show that lexicalization, semanticization, discursivization, and grammaticalization (linguistic processes identified by Ataliba de Castilho in his theory) can explain linguistic phenomena of the address systems in Portuguese and Romanian. Keywords: address forms, European Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese, Romanian, multisystemic theory, multisystemic theory of Ataliba de Castilho

Ageing in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Carvallo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Process ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
Medical Category

ArgumentAt the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century, ageing was specifically a medical issue. Indeed, on the one hand, ageing is a normal process of living; on the other hand, old age often entails specific pathologies. Is it really possible to dissociate old age from pathology? If so, how can we think of old age and explain both the necessity and the normality of it? If not, what is the cause of this dysfunction? Modern medical controversies argue along the lines of the respective partisans of iatromecanism (Descartes), empirical medicine (Sydenham), and animist medicine (Stahl). Furthermore, it progressively appears that the issue of aging must also be addressed within the social field, where old age is affected by sanitary, economic, and strategic conditions. Indeed, doctors, economists, and philosophers (Graunt, Petty, Leibniz) even tried to assess old age quantitatively with new methods of arithmetic. Thus, in this paper, we want to draw what constitutes the systems of knowledge of old age as a medical category located at the borderlines between epistemological, practical, and social challenges.

LIBERALISM BEFORE JUSTICE

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 354-371
Author(s):  
Eric MacGilvray
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Principles Of Justice ◽  
Just Society ◽  
The One

Abstract:The ideal theory debate rests on two conflicting claims: that justice is “the first virtue of social systems” (justice first), and that a just society is one in which “everyone accepts and knows that the others accept the same principles of justice” (universal consent). Justice first holds that questions about the meaning of justice — and thus about what an ideally just society would look like — must be settled before we can effectively pursue justice. However, universal consent entails a project of justification that can only take place over time. I propose that we avoid this impasse by treating freedom rather than justice as the “first virtue” of a liberal society. Liberal freedom has two distinct and complementary dimensions, which give rise to two distinct and complementary moral aims: on the one hand, to create the social conditions that make responsible agency possible (republican freedom), and on the other hand to carve out a social space within which the demands of responsible agency are relaxed or absent (market freedom). Striking the appropriate balance between these two dimensions of liberal freedom is irreducibly a matter of judgment. A freedom-centered liberalism therefore requires that we treat justice as the endpoint rather than the starting point of political action, thus severing the link between legitimacy and consent.

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