Determining the effects of early gestation in utero heat stress on postnatal fasting heat production and circulating biomarkers associated with metabolism in growing pigs

Abstract In utero heat stress (IUHS) reduces swine productivity and welfare but little is known about the long-term impact on immune function. The study objective was to determine the effects of IUHS on the immune and metabolic response of pigs subjected to an 8 h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge during postnatal life. Twenty-four pregnant gilts were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; n = 12; 17.5 ± 2.1⁰C) or heat stress (HS; n = 12; cyclical 27°C-37°C) conditions from d 1 to 58 of gestation, and TN conditions from d 59 of gestation to farrowing. After farrowing, all piglets were housed under the same conditions. At 12 weeks post-farrowing, 16 IUHS and 16 in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) pigs were selected, balanced by sex and given an intravenous injection of LPS (2 µg/kg BW) or saline (SAL). Treatment combinations were: IUTN-SAL, IUTN-LPS, IUHS-SAL, IUHS-LPS. Body temperature was monitored in 30-min intervals and blood samples were obtained at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h. Blood was analyzed for glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and cytokine concentrations. Body temperature increased (P < 0.01; 1.05°C) in LPS versus SAL pigs, regardless of in utero treatment. Glucose concentrations were reduced overall (P = 0.05; 5.9%) in IUHS versus IUTN pigs. Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations tended to be greater (P = 0.07; 143.4%) in IUHS-LPS pigs compared to all other treatments, and IUTN-LPS pigs tended to have greater circulating NEFA concentrations (127.4%) compared to IUTN-SAL and IUHS-SAL pigs. At 1 h, TNFα was increased (P = 0.01; 115.1%) in IUHS-LPS compared to IUTN-LPS pigs. Overall, IL-1β and IL-6 were greater (P < 0.04; 56.0 and 46.8%, respectively) in IUHS-LPS compared IUTN-LPS pigs. In summary, IUHS altered the postnatal immune and metabolic response of pigs during postnatal life, which has negative implications towards future disease susceptibility.

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Major determinants of fasting heat production and energetic cost of activity in growing pigs of different body weight and breed/castration combination

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19980089 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 79 (6) ◽

pp. 509-517 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

J. Van Milgen ◽

J. F. Bernier ◽

Y. Lecozler ◽

S. Dubois ◽

J. Noblet

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Weight ◽

Heat Production ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

The Body ◽

Energetic Cost ◽

Large White ◽

Visceral Mass ◽

Group A ◽

Fasting Heat Production

A total of sixty-five observations on heat production during fasting and physical activity were obtained in four groups of pigs differing in breed and/or castration (Meishan (MC) and Large White (LWC) castrates and Large White (LWM) and Piétrain (PM) males) with body weight (BW) ranging between 25 and 60 kg. Pigs were fed ad libitum before fasting. Heat production was measured using indirect calorimetry. Fasting heat production (FHP) was proportional to the body weight raised to the power 0.55, but with group-specific proportionality parameters (810, 1200, 1220 and 1120kJ/kg BW0.55 per d for MC, LWC, LWM and PM respectively). Group effects could be removed by expressing FHP as a function of muscle, viscera and fat: FHP (kJ/d) = 457(muscle)0.81 + 1969(viscera)0.81 - 644(fat)0.81. It is hypothesized that different breeds with equal muscle and visceral mass, can have different FHP. The negative coefficient for fat would then be the result of a low FHP rather than a cause of it. Because a large part of the variation in tissue composition between groups was due to MC group, a separate equation for the lean groups was established. For lean pigs, FHP could be expressed as a function of muscle and viscera alone: FHP (kJ/d) = 508(muscle)0.66 + 2011(viscera)0.66. Both type of pig and BW affected the number of bouts of physical activities (i.e. standing or sitting) per day, the duration of activity and the total cost of activity. Energetic cost of activity was proportional to the muscle mass raised to the power 0.91 (FHPactivity (kJ/h activity) = 21.0(muscle)0.91). Physical activity represented less than 10% of the total heat production in fasting growing pigs housed alone in metabolic cages and kept in a quiet environment.

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Effect of experimental methodology on fasting heat production and the net energy content of corn and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Archives of Animal Nutrition ◽

10.1080/1745039x.2014.931016 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 281-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Dewen Liu ◽

Neil William Jaworski ◽

Guifeng Zhang ◽

Zhongchao Li ◽

Defa Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Production ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Energy Content ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Experimental Methodology ◽

Net Energy ◽

Fasting Heat Production

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Heat Stress Reduces Metabolic Rate While Increasing Respiratory Exchange Ratio in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11010215 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 215

Author(s):

Dane W. Fausnacht ◽

Kellie A. Kroscher ◽

Ryan P. McMillan ◽

Luciane S. Martello ◽

Lance H. Baumgard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Metabolic Phenotype ◽

Substrate Regulation ◽

Enclosed Chamber ◽

Muscle Biopsies

Heat stress (HS) diminishes animal production, reducing muscle growth and increasing adiposity, especially in swine. Excess heat creates a metabolic phenotype with limited lipid oxidation that relies on aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis as a predominant means of energy production, potentially reducing metabolic rate. To evaluate the effects of HS on substrate utilization and energy expenditure, crossbred barrows (15.2 ± 2.4 kg) were acclimatized for 5 days (22 °C), then treated with 5 days of TN (thermal neutral, 22 °C, n = 8) or HS (35 °C, n = 8). Pigs were fed ad libitum and monitored for respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER, CO2:O2) were evaluated fasted in an enclosed chamber through indirect calorimetry. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the longissimus dorsi pre/post. HS increased temperature (39.2 ± 0.1 vs. 39.6 ± 0.1 °C, p < 0.01) and RER (0.91 ± 0.02 vs. 1.02 ± 0.02 VCO2:VO2, p < 0.01), but decreased DEE/BW (68.8 ± 1.7 vs. 49.7 ± 4.8 kcal/day/kg, p < 0.01) relative to TN. Weight gain (p = 0.80) and feed intake (p = 0.84) did not differ between HS and TN groups. HS decreased muscle metabolic flexibility (~33%, p = 0.01), but increased leucine oxidation (~35%, p = 0.02) compared to baseline values. These data demonstrate that HS disrupts substrate regulation and energy expenditure in growing pigs.

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PSV-1 Effects of dietary oils on nutrient digestibility in the growing pigs under heat stress condition.

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/sky404.099 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 96 (suppl_3) ◽

pp. 44-44

Author(s):

W Yun ◽

J Lee ◽

C Lee ◽

W Kwak ◽

H Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Stress Condition ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Dietary Oils ◽

Heat Stress Condition

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Selenium exerts protective effects against heat stress induced barrier disruption and inflammation response in jejunum of growing pigs

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.1002/jsfa.11377 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ying He ◽

Yan Liu ◽

Jiayong Tang ◽

Gang Jia ◽

Guangmang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Inflammation Response ◽

Barrier Disruption

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Effect of short-term exposure to high ambient temperatures on gas exchange and heat production in boars of different breeds

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800009589 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 431-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A.-H. Tauson ◽

A. Chwalibog ◽

J. Ludvigsen ◽

K. Jakobsen ◽

G. Thorbek

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Heat Production ◽

Live Weight ◽

Mean Value ◽

Short Term ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Cooling Period ◽

Basal Period ◽

Short Term Exposure

AbstractThe effects of short-term exposure to high ambient temperatures on gas exchange, heat production (HE), respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature were evaluated individually with boars of approximately 100 kg live weight. The boars were of different breeds with four of Yorkshire (YS), eight of Danish Landrace (DL), out of which three were found stress susceptible by the halothane test (DLH+), eight of Duroc (DR) and eight of Hampshire (HS) breeds. After 1 h rest in the respiration chamber at 17·0°C the gas exchange measurements started with al-h basal period at 17 °C, followed by 2h of heating during which temperature increased to 35·0 °C (period I) and then further to 39·7X1 (period II). Then cooling of the chamber started, and after 1 h (period III) temperature had decreased to 21·8°C, and after the 2nd h of cooling (period IV) temperature was 18·2 °C. The gas exchange was measured for each hour from 09.00 h (basal period) until 14.00 h (period IV). RR was recorded every 15 min. Rectal temperatures were measured when the animals were removed from the chamber. The gas exchange and HE increased slowly during period I but rapidly in period II, followed by decreasing values in the cooling periods. HS and DLH+ had considerably higher gas exchange and HE than other breeds in these two periods and the values remained high during period III. In period IV all breeds had gas exchange rates and HE below those of the basal period. RR increased slightly in period I and then a sharp increase followed during period II. Maximum RR was recorded in period III with an average of 183 breaths per min for all breeds. RR increased earlier and more steeply in HS and reached the highest mean value of 236 breaths per min. Four HS boars salivated heavily during heat stress and rectal temperatures of these animals were 39·7 °C when removed from the chamber compared with close to 39·0 °C for all other breeds. It was concluded that there were considerable breed differences in response to heat stress and that DLH+ and HS were more severely stressed than boars ofYS, DL and DR.

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