scholarly journals Major determinants of fasting heat production and energetic cost of activity in growing pigs of different body weight and breed/castration combination

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Van Milgen ◽  
J. F. Bernier ◽  
Y. Lecozler ◽  
S. Dubois ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Large White ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

A total of sixty-five observations on heat production during fasting and physical activity were obtained in four groups of pigs differing in breed and/or castration (Meishan (MC) and Large White (LWC) castrates and Large White (LWM) and Piétrain (PM) males) with body weight (BW) ranging between 25 and 60 kg. Pigs were fed ad libitum before fasting. Heat production was measured using indirect calorimetry. Fasting heat production (FHP) was proportional to the body weight raised to the power 0.55, but with group-specific proportionality parameters (810, 1200, 1220 and 1120kJ/kg BW0.55 per d for MC, LWC, LWM and PM respectively). Group effects could be removed by expressing FHP as a function of muscle, viscera and fat: FHP (kJ/d) = 457(muscle)0.81 + 1969(viscera)0.81 - 644(fat)0.81. It is hypothesized that different breeds with equal muscle and visceral mass, can have different FHP. The negative coefficient for fat would then be the result of a low FHP rather than a cause of it. Because a large part of the variation in tissue composition between groups was due to MC group, a separate equation for the lean groups was established. For lean pigs, FHP could be expressed as a function of muscle and viscera alone: FHP (kJ/d) = 508(muscle)0.66 + 2011(viscera)0.66. Both type of pig and BW affected the number of bouts of physical activities (i.e. standing or sitting) per day, the duration of activity and the total cost of activity. Energetic cost of activity was proportional to the muscle mass raised to the power 0.91 (FHPactivity (kJ/h activity) = 21.0(muscle)0.91). Physical activity represented less than 10% of the total heat production in fasting growing pigs housed alone in metabolic cages and kept in a quiet environment.

scholarly journals Modelling heat production and energy balance in group-housed growing pigs exposed to low or high ambient temperatures

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
S. Dubois
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Thermic Effect

The effects of ambient temperature (T; 12–29°C), body weight (BW; 30–90 kg) and metabolisable energy intake (ME) on components of energy balance were studied in seven groups of Piétrain × Large White barrows kept in a respiratory chamber. In Expt 1 (groups 1, 2 and 3), T varied in a cyclic way from 22°C to 12°C and then from 12°C to 22°C with three or four consecutive days at each of 22, 19, 16, 14 and 12°C. Similarly, in Expt 2 (groups 4, 5 and 6), T varied from 19 to 29°C and then from 29 to 19°C with three or four consecutive days at each of 19, 22, 25, 27 and 29°C. In both experiments, pigs were offered feedad libitum. In Expt 3, pigs (group 7) were exposed to the thermic conditions of Expt 1 but their feed allowance was adjusted on a BW basis to thead libitumintake recorded at 19 and 22°C in Expt 1. Groups 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 were used over two successive cycles with initial average BW of 37 kg at cycle 1 (four pigs per group) and 63 kg at cycle 2 (three pigs per group). Groups 3 and 6 were studied at an intermediary stage of growth; their initial BW was 45 kg. The O2and CO2concentrations, physical activity and feed intake were continuously and simultaneously measured and used to calculate total heat production (HP; HPtot), HP due to physical activity (HPact), activity-free HP (HP0), and thermic effect of feed. HP was modelled as a non-linear function with T, BW and ME as predictors. Results indicate that all components of HP were proportional to BW0·60. Physical activity was minimal between 19 and 27°C (8 % ME). The estimated lower critical temperature was 24°C. Between 24 and 12°C, total thermic effect of feed decreased from 31 to 16 % ME, but the short-term thermic effect of feed (5·1 % ME) remained constant. Equations for prediction of HPtot, HPactand HP0according to BW, T and ME are proposed and evaluated according to literature values; values for the feed cost of thermoregulation in pigs are proposed.

scholarly journals Effects of Fasting Duration and Body Weight on Fasting Heat Production in Growing Pigs

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 2333-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Li ◽  
Q. Hu ◽  
F.L. Wang ◽  
X.S. Piao ◽  
J.J. Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fasting Duration ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Neuroregulation of nonexercise activity thermogenesis and obesity resistance

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. R699-R710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Kotz ◽  
Jennifer A. Teske ◽  
Charles J. Billington
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Spontaneous Physical Activity

High levels of spontaneous physical activity in lean people and the nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) derived from that activity appear to protect lean people from obesity during caloric challenge, while obesity in humans is characterized by dramatically reduced spontaneous physical activity. We have similarly demonstrated that obesity-resistant rats have significantly greater spontaneous physical activity than obesity-prone rats, and that spontaneous physical activity predicts body weight gain. Although the energetic cost of activity varies between types of activity and may be regulated, individual level of spontaneous physical activity is important in determining propensity for obesity. We review the current status of knowledge about the brain mechanisms involved in controlling the level of spontaneous physical activity and the NEAT so generated. Focus is on potential neural mediators of spontaneous physical activity and NEAT, including orexin A (also known as hypocretin 1), agouti-related protein, ghrelin, and neuromedin U, in addition to brief mention of neuropeptide Y, corticotrophin releasing hormone, cholecystokinin, estrogen, leptin, and dopamine effects on spontaneous physical activity. We further review evidence that strain differences in orexin stimulation pathways for spontaneous physical activity and NEAT appear to track with the body weight phenotype, thus providing a potential mechanistic explanation for reduced activity and weight gain.

scholarly journals Estimates of repeatability for body weight and conformation traits in three breeds of grower pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
P. O. Akporhuarho ◽  
E. Obodoagwu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Response ◽  
Large White ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
High Repeatability ◽  
Linear Body

The aims of the study were to provide estimate of repeatability on the body weight and body traits of the three genotype of grower pigs. Data on 30 growing pigs comprising of three strains, landrace, large white and Duroc of the same age were used to estimate the repeatability ® of body weight (BDW), and linear body traits measured from 2-8 weeks of growth and development. The linear body traits measured was: Head length (HDL), Body length (BDL), body girth (BDG), Ham length (HML), Ear length (ERL) and Neck circumference (NCG). Repeatability estimate for body weight of the three strains were relatively high (0.62, 0.71 and 0.64) for landrace, large white and duroc respectively at 8 weeks of growth. The repeatability values ranged from low to high for other linear body traits (0.2 – 0.52) in the three strains of pigs at early stage of growth. The high repeatability estimates noted for most of the traits imply possible high expected genetic response from inherent transmitting ability of the pigs of traits with moderate's repeatability and the low repeatability estimates recorded for some other traits imply that collection of additional records and improvement of non-genetic factors influencing performance will improve these traits. The three genotype of pigs although were better in terms of development performance, but additional measurements and improvement of non-genetic factors influencing repeatability traits will be needed to realize expected respond from selection.

The effects of temperature and type of floor on metabolic rate and effective critical temperature in groups of growing pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
W. Van Der Hel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Temperature Heat ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

SUMMARY1. Six experiments each with 2 groups of 9 pigs (9 castrated males and 9 females), 26 to 31 kg initial weight, were kept in a large indirect calorimeter equipped with two identical pig pens. In each pen nine animals were housed for periods of 6 to 8 weeks. The floors tested were: asphalt, straw bedding on asphalt (25 mm straw on asphalt), and concrete slats. Two experiments, each of four periods, were performed on each of the floors. The temperature in the calorimeter was changed in stepwise fashion by 2 to 3°C at intervals of 2 to 3 days. In periods 1 and 3 the temperature was decreased stepwise from 20·23°C to 5·8°C, and in periods 2 and 4 in the reverse order. Gaseous exchange was measured at each of the temperatures for 48 hr. Feeding level was kept constant at about 1160 kJ meta-bolizable energy/kg0·75.day.2. Heat production and energy balance per unit of feed intake were similar on all floors in the zone of thermoneutrality and the derived maintenance requirements were also similar with a mean value 438 kJ/kg0·75.3. The effective critical temperature of animals weighing 40 kg was 11*5 to 13°C on straw bedding, 14 to 15°C on asphalt and 19 to 20°C on concrete slats.4. At temperatures below the critical temperature heat production was increased. The increase in extra thermoregulatory heat production was on average 8·9 kJ/kg0·75 per °C below the effective critical temperature. Between the various floor types differences in this increase were noticed, but were not significant.5. Body-weight gains on asphalt and straw bedding were similar; on concrete slats the body-weight gain was significantly reduced.

scholarly journals Lifestyle Changes and Determinants of Children’s and Adolescents’ Body Weight Increase during the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Greece: The COV-EAT Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Odysseas Androutsos ◽  
Maria Perperidi ◽  
Christos Georgiou ◽  
Giorgos Chouliaras
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviors ◽  
Lifestyle Habits ◽  
Body Weight Increase

Previous studies showed that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown imposed changes in adults’ lifestyle behaviors; however, there is limited information regarding the effects on youth. The COV-EAT study aimed to report changes in children’s and adolescents’ lifestyle habits during the first COVID-19 lockdown and explore potential associations between changes of participants’ lifestyle behaviors and body weight. An online survey among 397 children/adolescents and their parents across 63 municipalities in Greece was conducted in April–May 2020. Parents self-reported changes of their children’s lifestyle habits and body weight, as well as sociodemographic data of their family. The present study shows that during the lockdown, children’s/adolescents’ sleep duration and screen time increased, while their physical activity decreased. Their consumption of fruits and fresh fruit juices, vegetables, dairy products, pasta, sweets, total snacks, and breakfast increased, while fast-food consumption decreased. Body weight increased in 35% of children/adolescents. A multiple regression analysis showed that the body weight increase was associated with increased consumption of breakfast, salty snacks, and total snacks and with decreased physical activity. The COV-EAT study revealed changes in children’s and adolescents’ lifestyle behaviors during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Greece. Effective strategies are needed to prevent excessive body weight gain in future COVID-19 lockdowns.

scholarly journals Early Weaning Affects Liver Antioxidant Function in Piglets

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2679
Author(s):  
Lihuai Yu ◽  
Hongmin Li ◽  
Zhong Peng ◽  
Yuzhu Ge ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Large White ◽  
Enzymes Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Function ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of early weaning on antioxidant function in piglets. A total of 40 Duroc × Landrace × Large White, 21-day-old piglets (half male and half female) were divided into suckling groups (SG) and weaning groups (WG). Piglets in WG were weaned at the 21st day, while the piglets in SG continued to get breastfed. Eight piglets from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered at 24th-day (SG3, WG3) and 28th-day old (SG7, WG7). The body weight, liver index, hepatocyte morphology, antioxidant enzymes activity, gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, and Nrf2 signaling in the liver of piglets were measured. The results showed that weaning caused decreased body weight (p < 0.01), lower liver weight (p < 0.01), and decreased the liver organ index (p < 0.05) of piglets. The area and size of hepatocytes in the WG group was smaller than that in the SG group (p < 0.05). We also observed that weaning reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (p < 0.05) in the liver of piglets. Relative to the SG3 group, the gene expression of GSH-Px in liver of WG3 was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The gene expression of Nrf2 in the SG3 group was higher than that in the WG3 group (p < 0.01). The gene expression of NQO1 in the SG7 group was higher than that in the WG7 group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, weaning resulted in lower weight, slowed liver development, and reduced antioxidant enzymes activity, thereby impairing liver antioxidant function and suppressing piglet growth.

scholarly journals Effect of certain haematinics on body weight and haemato-biochemical changes in laboratory mice

1970 ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
M Jahan ◽  
N Ahmad ◽  
M Myenuddin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Physiology Laboratory ◽  
Hb Concentration

A total of 24, six weeks old mice were used to study the body weight and haemato-biochemical changes following administering of different haematinics (CuSO4, FeSO4 and Vitamin B12). The experiment was performed in Physiology laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from February to March 2006. They were randomly assigned to one of four equal groups (n = 6). In addition to normal rat pellets Group A was supplemented with CuSO4 @ 0.6mg/mice/day orally, Group B with FeSO4 @ 1.2mg/mice/day orally, and Group C with Vitamin B12 (Cytamin®, Glaxo) @ 0.004mg/mice intramuscularly at every 7 days. Group D was considered as control and was also supplemented with rat pellets. Increased body weight was observed in all haematinic treated mice but group B had a significant (p < 0.05) higher weight gain compared to the control. TEC and PCV increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all the treatment groups compared to the control. Statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) increase in TLC was also recorded in all the treated groups. Hb concentration increased for all the treatment groups. The ESR values of the experimental mice were negligible in first hour. The serum transaminases (SGPT and SGOT) increased in all treated groups but the difference in group A was significant (p < 0.05) compared to the control. Blood urea was recorded significantly (P < 0.01) higher for group A and lower for group C compared to the control. This study can be helpful to study the effect of particular haematinic on animal especially on simple stomach animal and human being as mice is used as human and animal model. Key words: Haematinics, haemato-biochemical parameters, mice DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1325 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 103-105

scholarly journals Positive and Negative Changes in Food Habits, Physical Activity Patterns, and Weight Status during COVID-19 Confinement: Associated Factors in the Chilean Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Reyes-Olavarría ◽  
Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román ◽  
Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán ◽  
Daniel Jerez-Mayorga ◽  
Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Body Weight Increase ◽  
Active Breaks

The association between the changes in lifestyle during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confinement and body weight have not been studied deeply. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine lifestyle changes, such as eating habits and physical activity (PA) patterns, caused by confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze its association with changes in body weight. Seven hundred participants (women, n = 528 and men, n = 172) aged between 18–62 years old of the Chilean national territory participated in the study. Food habits, PA, body weight, and sociodemographic variables were measured through a survey in May and June 2020. The body weight increase presented positive association with the consumption of fried foods ≥ 3 times per week (OR; 3.36, p < 0.001), low water consumption (OR; 1.58, p = 0.03), and sedentary time ≥6 h/day (OR; 1.85, p = 0.01). Conversely, fish consumed (OR; 0.67, p = 0.03), active breaks (OR; 0.72, p = 0.04), and PA ≥ 4 times per week (OR; 0.51, p = 0.001) presented an inverse association with body weight increase. Daily alcohol consumption (OR; 4.77, p = 0.003) was associated with PA decrease. Food habits, PA, and active breaks may be protective factors for weight increase during COVID-19 confinement.

The effects of level of feeding of sows during pregnancy. II. Changes in body weight

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
W. H. Elsley ◽  
R. M. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Large White ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Group A ◽  
C 71 ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Group B

1. Twelve groups of 3 litter-sister Large White gilts were given during three successive pregnancies a daily meal allowance of either 6 lb. (Group A) 3 lb. (Group B) or 3 lb. for 76 days followed by 6 lb. until parturition (Group C). During 8-week lactation periods all received the same daily allowance of 4 lb. meal plus 0·8 lb. for each piglet suckled.2. Net weight gains during the three successive pregnancies respectively were: Group A, 114, 97 and 79 lb.; Group B, 11, 10 and 7 lb.; Group C, 47, 44 and 35 lb. The differences between groups were highly significant (P<0·001) and there was a significant parity interaction (P<0·05) in that Group A sows showed a significant decline in net weight gain from parity to parity whereas those of Groups B and C did not. No relationship was found between net weight gain and litter weight at birth.3. Weight changes during the three successive lactation periods respectively were: Group A, –37, –41 and –36 lb.; Group B, 2, 14 and 4 lb.; Group C, –10, –14 and –5 lb. The differences between groups were significant to various degrees in different lactations. There was no relationship between weight changes during lactation and total litter weight at 3 weeks of age.4. Overall weight changes from first service to third weaning were: Group A, 160 lb.; Group B, 72 lb.; Group C, 71 lb. The differences between Group A and Groups B and C were highly significant (P<0·001).5. The implication of the results as an indication of feed requirements for reproduction is discussed.

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