Polymorphisms in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene modify blood glucose response to dietary oils varying in monounsaturated fatty acid content in adults with obesity

ABSTRACT Diets varying in saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content can impact glycemic control; however, whether underlying differences in genetic make-up can influence blood glucose responses to these dietary fatty acids is unknown. We examined the impact of dietary oils varying in SFA/MUFA content on changes in blood glucose levels (primary outcome) and whether these changes were modified by variants in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene (secondary outcome). Obese men and women participating in the randomized, crossover, isocaloric, controlled-feeding Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial II consumed 3 dietary oils for 6 wk, with washout periods of ˜6 wk between each treatment. Diets studied included a high SFA/low MUFA Control oil (36.6% SFA/28.2% MUFA), a conventional canola oil (6.2% SFA/63.1% MUFA), and a high oleic acid canola oil (5.8% SFA/74.7% MUFA). No differences in fasting blood glucose were observed following the consumption of the dietary oils. However, when stratified by SCD genotypes, significant SNP-by-treatment interactions on blood glucose response were found with additive models for rs1502593 (p=0.01), rs3071 (p=0.02), and rs522951 (p=0.03). The interaction for rs3071 remained significant (p=0.005) when analyzed with a recessive model, where individuals carrying the CC genotype showed an increase (0.14±0.09 mmol/L) in blood glucose levels with the Control oil diet, but reductions in blood glucose with both MUFA oil diets. Individuals carrying the AA and AC genotypes experienced reductions in blood glucose in response to all 3 oils. These findings identify a potential new target for personalized nutrition approaches aimed at improving glycemic control.

Effects of Lard and Vegetable Oils Supplementation Quality and Concentration on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Liver Antioxidant Genes Expression in Hy-Line Brown

This study examined the effects of various types, quality, and levels of dietary oils on laying performance and the expression patterns of antioxidant-related genes in Hy-line brown laying hens. A total of 720 40-week-old Hy-line brown laying hens were fed the same corn-soybean basal meals but containing 0.5 or 1.5% normal or oxidized soybean oil or lard, a total of 8 treatments. The results showed that laying rate (LR) and fatty acids of raw yolk were significantly correlated dietary type of oil (p < 0.05). With the increasing concentration of normal oil, it significantly increased LR and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR, feed/egg) and albumen height of laying hens. The oxidized oil significant decreased the production performance of laying hens; and adding 1.5% of oxidized lard into feeds could destroy the integrity of yolk spheres of cooked yolk. mRNA expression of liver antioxidant-related genes increased when dietary oxidized oils were added into feeds. By comparing different qualities oil effect on antioxidant-related genes, the expression of Glutathione S-Transferase Theta 1 (GSTT1), Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 3 (GSTA3), Glutathione S-Transferase Omega 2 (GSTO2), and Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2) were increased when dietary oils were oxidized, in which change of the GSTO2 expression was the most with 1.5% of oxidized soybean oil. In conclusion, the ideal type of oil for Hy-line brown layer hens is soybean comparing with lard in a corn-soybean diet, avoiding using of oxidized oil.

Chemical characterisation of commonly used dietary oils in broiler production

This study was conducted to characterize different dietary oils commonly used in broiler chicken production. Soybean oil (SYO), Palm-kernel oil (PKO), Sheabutter (SHO), Coconut oil (CO) and Groundnut oil (GNO) were each assayed for their physical and chemical characteristics using standard procedures. The CO had higher (P<0.05) saponification value (14.55mg/KOH) compared to SHO (60.80mg/KOH), which was lowest. ThePKO had significantly higher (P<0.05) acid value (mgKOH/g) (3.65), comparedwithSHO(0.90). The GNOhad the highest (18.08) for iodine value while PKO (4.71). Peroxide value was highest (P<0.05) in PKO (76.73) and lowest in SYO (4.98). Fatty acid profile was significantly affected by dietary oil sources. The SYBO was higher (P<0.05) in arachidonic acid (2.25) compared with CO (0.07) while Linoleic acid was highest in CO (19.72) compared to GNO (18.05) that had the lowest value. Linolenic acid concentration was higher in GNO (3.14) than SHO (0.16). The CO (8345.06±57.79) had the highest levelof totalcarotene compared withSHO (1550.26 ±12.43) while GNO was highest in .45) content while PKO was lowest (25.59 ± 0.35).The different oils have variedinherent chemical compositionswhichwhen deployed as ingredient,may have different impact on performance of broiler chickens

Spie charts for quantifying treatment effectiveness and safety in multiple outcome network meta-analysis: a proof-of-concept study

Background Network meta-analysis (NMA) simultaneously synthesises direct and indirect evidence on the relative efficacy and safety of at least three treatments. A decision maker may use the coherent results of an NMA to determine which treatment is best for a given outcome. However, this evidence must be balanced across multiple outcomes. This study aims to provide a framework that permits the objective integration of the comparative effectiveness and safety of treatments across multiple outcomes. Methods In the proposed framework, measures of each treatment’s performance are plotted on its own pie chart, superimposed on another pie chart representing the performance of a hypothetical treatment that is the best across all outcomes. This creates a spie chart for each treatment, where the coverage area represents the probability a treatment ranks best overall. The angles of each sector may be adjusted to reflect the importance of each outcome to a decision maker. The framework is illustrated using two published NMA datasets comparing dietary oils and fats and psoriasis treatments. Outcome measures are plotted in terms of the surface under the cumulative ranking curve. The use of the spie chart was contrasted with that of the radar plot. Results In the NMA comparing the effects of dietary oils and fats on four lipid biomarkers, the ease of incorporating the lipids’ relative importance on spie charts was demonstrated using coefficients from a published risk prediction model on coronary heart disease. Radar plots produced two sets of areas based on the ordering of the lipids on the axes, while the spie chart only produced one set. In the NMA comparing psoriasis treatments, the areas inside spie charts containing both efficacy and safety outcomes masked critical information on the treatments’ comparative safety. Plotting the areas inside spie charts of the efficacy outcomes against measures of the safety outcome facilitated simultaneous comparisons of the treatments’ benefits and harms. Conclusions The spie chart is more optimal than a radar plot for integrating the comparative effectiveness or safety of a treatment across multiple outcomes. Formal validation in the decision-making context, along with statistical comparisons with other recent approaches are required.

Feeding oil versus calcium salt of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid on feed intake, digestibility, enteric methane emission and blood metabolic profile in cattle

A study was conducted to know effects of dietary oils and calcium salts (Ca-salts) of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid (FA) on feed intake, digestibility, enteric methane and blood metabolic profiles in bull. Four rumen cannulated bulls were used in 4x4 Latin Square Designs and supplied with Napier silage and concentrate mixture. Four dietary treatments were sunflower oil (SFO; n-6), linseed oil (LSO;n-3), Ca-salt of SFO (Ca-SFO; n-6) and Ca-salt of LSO (Ca-LSO; n-3). Oils and salts were mixed with concentrate part of the ration at 3% (w/w). Data were analyzed for ANOVA in 2x2 Factorial arrangements. It was found that, intake of DM (p<0.05), OM (P<0.01) and ADF (p<0.05) were reduced by feeding Ca-salts compared to oil sources. On the other hand, intake of CP (p<0.01) and NDF (p<0.05) was reduced by Ca-salts of n-3 FA only, but not of n-6 FA. The EE intake was affected by both FAs and their sources (p<0.01). Digestibility of DM was found higher (p<0.05) in n-3 FA and further Ca-salts reduced (p<0.05) DM digestibility. The CP (p<0.01) and ADF (p<0.01) digestibility was reduced by Ca-salts of either FA, while NDF digestibility was increased (p<0.01) by Ca-salt only in n-3 FA but not in n-6 FA. Concentrations of plasma glucose, urea nitrogen (BUN), cortisol and IgF-1 were affected neither by FA types nor by its sources (p>0.05). Concentrations of total cholesterol, IgG and insulin were decreased (p<0.01) by Ca-salt of FA, while triglyceride was decreased (p<0.05) by n-6 FA. The HDL was found to increase by n-3 FA (p<0.01) as well as Ca-salts (p<0.01) of both FA, but LDL was decreased by n-3 FA (p<0.01) as well as Ca-salts (p<0.01) of both FA. Methane production (% of total gas) were significantly reduced (p<0.01) by n-3 FA at 0 and 4 h after feeding, but not at 2h, while Ca-salts irrespective of FA reduced (p<0.05) methane in all different time periods. Oil sources compared to Ca-salts. In conclusion, Ca-salts of FAs hampered nutrient digestibility but helped to improve lipid profiles in plasma by reducing total cholesterol and LDL, but increasing HDL. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 26 (1&2), 2019: P. 34-42