scholarly journals Myth and Antimyth in the Fictions of Socialist Realism in Albania

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Laureta Misiri
Keyword(s):  
Socialist Realism ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Dominant Term ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The People ◽  
Soviet Literature ◽  
Aesthetic Realism ◽  
The Status ◽  
Historical Truth ◽  
The Masses

The process of formation of socialist realism in literary creativity goes hand in hand with the crystallization of social awareness "down", within the psychology of the masses and "up", with the strengthening ideological party institutes of state. Endless discourses among the circles of artists on this plane, so competent is the new artistic unity as "the soc-realistic method" that obtained the status of state doctrine. In 1936 the Soviet government undertook measures to implement the undisputed total soc-realistic method all the arts in the USSR. Socialist realism becomes the dominant term in the science of Soviet literature and art sciences from the thirties to mark "basic approach" which "requires the artist to introduce the concrete historical truth of reality in its revolutionary development", so the literature had to be created with the task of educating the workers in the spirit of socialism. The notion aesthetic "realism" was related to defining "socialist", brought the practice of literature and arts submission to ideology. Demands of using the socialist realism techniques in fact became an obstacle, an anxiety to halt creativity that for years was avoid against the spiritual life of the people, so the writers created in the majority mediokre works of conformist who became propaganda trumpets. In the late ‘80s realism becomes literary and historical term, but in the embryonic stage of many characteristics, the soc-realism literature is determined as "heroic realism", "monumental", "social", "biased" and as if the category of “folk" is the basic principle of a work of art where the mythical watches in the mirror its other part of the medal.

Realästhetik

2020 ◽  
pp. 236-291
Author(s):  
Evgeny Dobrenko
Keyword(s):  
Socialist Realism ◽  
Music Theater ◽  
The People ◽  
The Masses

This chapter describes the effectiveness of politico-ideological transformations that is assured by the accessibility of propaganda. It talks about the “popular spirit” as a key category of Socialist Realism, which produces the image of the people as the Stalinist Regime wanted to see them. It also describes the popular spirit as a key characteristic of Socialist Realism that gained a new momentum in 1948 during the campaign against “formalism” in music. The chapter investigates the “realistic trend in music” that Andrei Zhdanov fought for in relation to extreme pragmatism and realism as the regime's aesthetic strategy for articulating the intentions of the masses. It assesses the Realästhetik campaign that focused on the popular spirit theme in music, theater, cinema, and literature.

The Soviet Pushkin: Pushkin's Substratum of Aleksey N. Tolstoy's Self-Mythmaking of the 1930s

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Vikentiy V. Chekushin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Socialist Realism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Upper Deck ◽  
Soviet Literature ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One

The aim of this article is to review Aleksey N. Tolstoy's self-projections on the figure of Pushkin, seen as the most important classic author in the USSR during the 1930s. The material for the study was the writer's journalism and program speeches - it was in them that he most actively appealed to the Pushkin myth. Such appeals allowed Tolstoy to assert his special status in the Soviet literary hierarchy. In his articles and public speeches, the writer actually declared himself the heir of Pushkin, since both, each in his own era, created a “new literary language” based on historical documents. The category of language was important since the discussion about it became one of the key ones in determining the main aesthetic features of the emerging socialist realism. Pushkin, relying on folk speech, created a new “living” literary language opposing the “academic” elegant phrase of nobility (works by Turgenev, in Tolstoy's opinion, later became the peak of this style). Tolstoy, in turn, also saw his own merit in the discovery of a “new” language - the language of Soviet literature in his case. According to Tolstoy, both Pushkin and himself, relied on historical documents that reflected “authentic common people's” language in the process of creation. When writing, e.g., The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin used documents about Pugachev's Rebellion; while Tolstoy, creating Peter the Great, employed torture protocols of Peter's era, the so-called “Slovo i Delo”. As a result, the succession scheme was built in the following way: “common people's language” with almost a thousand years of history - Pushkin (the creator of a “new” literary language based on common people's language) - Tolstoy (the author who modernized these traditions and created a normative Soviet literary language based on them). These rhetorical techniques allowed the Comrade Count to increase his status in the Soviet literary hierarchy. On the one hand, he used the symbolic potential inherent in the Pushkin myth (the culmination of the poet's canonization was the commemoration of 1937); on the other hand, the figure of Pushkin, in relation to whom the word “great” was used, was constantly projected on Stalin. In the end, even despite a biography which was dubious from the point of view of the authorities, by the mid-1930s, Tolstoy, indeed, received the status of the main Soviet author. This situation was evidenced, for example, by a cartoon where the writer alone was depicted on the upper deck of the “steamship of Soviet literature”. Besides, at the funeral of Gorky, Tolstoy, along with Stalin, carried the coffin of the “proletarian writer”, as if occupying the “empty” place after the death of his predecessor. The important role in obtaining this status was played by Tolstoy's regular and consistent efforts to create his own writer's reputation based on the figure of Pushkin.

scholarly journals Labor Dynasty as a Metaphor

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Relations ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Public Rhetoric ◽  
The Family ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Labor Conflicts

The article analyzes the origins and evolution of the metaphor of “labor dynasty” in the Soviet discourse. In the era of the first five-year plans, the Soviet government made a strong effort to emphasize the elite status of workers. At this time, party officials used a genealogical approach to label “us” and “others.” A person with the status of “hereditary proletarian” was deemed more politically credible. At the turn of the 1930s, “hereditary proletarians” were opposed in public rhetoric to the “workers’ aristocracy” – skilled workers who resisted the regime and negatively influenced the “masses” of new laborers. This term was not used anywhere outside trade union censuses and special works on the history of the structure of the working class in the USSR. Therefore, we may consider this metaphor “dead” (P. Ricker). In the 1930s and the following decades, a secularized cult of the worker’s labor took shape. It had its own pantheon and memorials. Part of this process was the creation of practices for the representation of manual labor as honorable. Appropriate linguistic tools and metaphors emerged to describe the new status of the proletariat, reflecting the spirit of social change. They were recorded in dictionaries. Thus, in the late 1940s, the word “dynasty” is given two meanings in S. Ozhegov’s dictionary, one of which was “workers who consistently pass on from generation to generation their skills and labor traditions.” In this way, semantic innovation took place. The “labor dynasty” metaphor became entrenched during the 1950s to 1980s. It found active use in journalistic discourse. Articles and essays were published on this subject, documentaries were made, theme museums were opened, pan-Union congresses of representatives of labor dynasties were held, etc. The formation and perpetuation of a pattern of labor relations modeled on the family was designed to promote discipline and prevent labor conflicts.

Nietzsche: impact on Russian thought

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
Bolshevik Revolution ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
Soviet Literature ◽  
The Masses

Nietzsche’s thought had a massive influence on Russian literature and the arts, religious philosophy and political culture. His popularizers were writers, artists and political radicals who read his works through the prism of their own culture, highlighting the moral, psychological and mythopoetic aspects of his thought and their sociopolitical implications, and appropriating them for their own agendas. Literature addressed to a mass readership disseminated crude notions of a master morality and an amoral Superman. Russians discovered Nietzsche in the early 1890s. His admirers regarded him as a proponent of self-fulfilment and an enemy of the ‘’slave morality’ of Christianity. Two of them, Dmitri Merezhkovskii (1865–1941) and Maksim Gor’kii (real name Aleksei Peshkov, 1868–1936), were the progenitors of the two main streams of Nietzsche appropriation – the religious and the secular. Merezhkovskii was the initiator of Russian Symbolism. In 1896 he began trying to reconcile Nietzsche and Christianity; this attempt led him to propound an apocalyptic Christianity in 1900 and to found the Religious-Philosophical Society of St Petersburg (1901–3, 1906–17). Its members, the so-called God-seekers, included artists and intellectuals who were also attracted to Nietzsche. As for Gor’kii, his early short stories featured vagrant protagonists who personified crude versions of the slave and the master morality. In 1895 Gor’kii began to dream of a Russian Superman who would lead the masses in a struggle for liberation and imbue them with respect for Man, which he always wrote with a capital letter. During the Revolution of 1905, he and Anatolii Lunacharskii (1875–1933), a Bolshevik admirer of Nietzsche, constructed a Marxist surrogate religion to inspire heroism and self-sacrifice. They believed, as did most Symbolists and some philosophers, that art could transform human consciousness. New literary schools emerged after 1909. The Futurists exaggerated Nietzsche’s anti-rationalism, anti-historicism and cultural iconoclasm. The Acmeists propounded a non-tragic Apollonian Christianity and idealized classical antiquity and ‘world culture’. After the Bolshevik Revolution, Nietzsche was considered an ideologue of reaction and his books were removed from the People’s Libraries, but his ideas, not identified as such, continued to circulate and pervaded Soviet literature, the arts and political culture.

scholarly journals Rules and Practices of Women’s Inheritance Rights in Islam: Bangladesh Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Md. Mostofa
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Economic Dependency ◽  
The People ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Status Of Women ◽  
Religious Obligation

The study aims to map the status of women right of inheritance in Bangladesh with reference to Islamic injunctions and social practice. For ideal status verses of Holy Quran and traditions of Holy Prophet regarding women right of inheritance are collected. The study concludes that we see most of the people of Bangladesh are reluctant to follow Islamic principles properly with reference to women right of inheritance. Who give women inheritance among of them majority families does not give women inheritance rather provide cash or kind in lieu of their actual shares. Even our society consider dowry as substitute of women right of inheritance. Economic dependency on men, fear of social breakup and conflicts with family and deficiency of proper Islamic knowledge are the reasons for women not to press for their share. Religious scholars should be involved to teach the masses to fulfill their religious obligation of providing actual share of inheritance to women.

Hukum Denda dalam Keuangan Publik Islam di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-328
Author(s):  
Fathul Aminudin Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
State Budget ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government

Fines are sanctions or punishments that are applied in the form of the obligation to pay a sum of money imposed on the denial of a number of agreements previously agreed upon. There is debate over the status of fines in Islamic law. Some argue that fines may not be used, and some argue that they may be used. In the context of fines for delays in payment of taxes, in fiqh law it can be analogous to ta'zir bi al-tamlīk (punishment for ownership). This can be justified if the tax obligations have met the requirements. Whereas according to Islamic teachings, fines can be categorized as acts in order to obey government orders as taught in the hadith, and in order to contribute to the realization of mutual benefit in the life of the state. As for the amount of the fine, the government cannot arbitrarily determine fines that are too large to burden the people. Penalties are applied as a message of reprimand and as a means to cover the lack of the state budget.

Damages caused by Polish cavalry in Tyszowce starosty in 17th-18th century

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Adam Frykowski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Financial Capacity ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Town ◽  
Crown Lands ◽  
Negative Phenomena

SUMMARYNon-city starosty of Tyszowce was located in the province of Belz and received the status of royal land in 1462. Its territory included the town of Tyszowce and villages: Mikulin, Perespa, Klatwy and Przewale. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the starosty suffered from a significant increase of various negative phenomena. The crown lands had bitterly tasted devastating fires, epidemics, contributions, requisitions, robberies and field devastations. All these disasters were caused mainly by war and military activities. Marches of soldiers and quartering of troops greatly contributed to the situation and were usually associated with the need of maintaining the soldiers. The requisitions of food, alcohol, cattle, horses and poultry were particularly burdensome for the people. The greatest economic devastation as regards the resources of the starosty and its people was caused by monetary contributions, usually several times higher than the financial capacity of the town and its inhabitants. This work focuses on damages to the starosty caused by the royal cavalry. According to the literature, it is clear that the behavior of the troops in Tyszowce Starosty was not different from the behavior of soldiers in other areas of Poland. It must be admitted that the reprehensible behavior of the army was influenced by many conditions, from the recruitment of people from backgrounds often involving conflict with law, as well as foreigners, to the accommodation system under which the soldiers were forced to supply themselves “on their own.”

Serge Moscovici's "Réflexions sur la popularité des conspiracy mentalities"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Klein
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The People ◽  
Social Representation Theory ◽  
The Masses

This is a pdf of the original typed manuscript of a lecture made in 2006. An annotated English translation will be published by the International Review of Social Psychology. I this text, Moscovici seeks to update his earlier work on the “conspiracy mentality” (1987) by considering the relationships between social representations and conspiracy mentality. Innovation in this field, Moscovici argues, will require a much thorough description and understanding of what conspiracy theories are, what rhetoric they use and what functions they fulfill. Specifically, Moscovici considers conspiracies as a form of counterfactual history implying a more desirable world (in which the conspiracy did not take place) and suggests that social representation theory should tackle this phenomenon. He explicitly links conspiracy theories to works of fiction and suggests that common principles might explain their popularity. Historically, he argues, conspiracism was born twice: First, in the middle ages, when their primary function was to exclude and destroy what was considered as heresy; and second, after the French revolution, to delegitimize the Enlightenment, which was attributed to a small coterie of reactionaries rather than to the will of the people. Moscovici then considers four aspects (“thematas”) of conspiracy mentality: 1/ the prohibition of knowledge; 2/ the duality between the majority (the masses, prohibited to know) and “enlightened” minorities; 3/ the search for a common origin, a “ur phenomenon” that connects historical events and provides a continuity to History (he notes that such a tendency is also present in social psychological theorizing); and 4/ the valorization of tradition as a bulwark against modernity. Some of Moscovici’s insights in this talk have since been borne out by contemporary research on the psychology of conspiracy theories, but many others still remain fascinating potential avenues for future research.

ARIMA model for forecasting COVID-19 Death cases in India (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeya Sutha M
Keyword(s):  
Arima Model ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Death Cases

UNSTRUCTURED COVID-19, the disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious disease. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As of July 25, 2020; 15,947,292 laboratory-confirmed and 642,814 deaths have been reported globally. India has reported 1,338,928 confirmed cases and 31,412 deaths till date. This paper presents different aspects of COVID-19, visualization of the spread of infection and presents the ARIMA model for forecasting the status of COVID-19 death cases in the next 50 days in order to take necessary precaution by the Government to save the people.

The Crisis of the Ryukyus (1877–82)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Sze-lok Leung ◽  
Anthony Carty
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The People ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status ◽  
Historical Viewpoint

Okinawa is now considered as Japanese territory, without challenge from most world powers. However, this is debatable from a historical viewpoint. The Ryukyu Kingdom which dominated the islands was integrated into Japan in 1879. The transformation is seen by Wang Hui as a process of modernization. This chapter argues the issue from an international law perspective. It shows that Ryukyu was an independent State as demonstrated by the 1854 Ryukyu–US Treaty, although it sent regular tributes to China. The Japanese integration by coercion is not justifiable. The people of Ryukyu were willing to continue being a tributary State rather than part of Japan. Britain, as the greatest colonial power, did not object. China and the US attempted to intervene in this affair, but no treaty has so far been concluded. Therefore, the status of Ryukyu/Okinawa remains unresolved and may need to be revisited, while putting the history context into consideration.

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