Response Variability and Detraining Effects of Standardized Exercise Programs

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín–Guillaumes J ◽  
◽  
Montull L ◽  
Ventura JL ◽  
Javierre C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Individual Response

Purpose: To compare inter–individual response variability and detraining effects on markers attributed to aerobic and anaerobic performance after shortterm standardized aerobic, strength and mixed training programs. Methods: Thirty–six male students were randomly assigned to either an aerobic, strength, mixed, or control program (9 per group). They performed two consecutive cycling tests (incremental and plateau) to exhaustion at three points: 1 week before training, after 6 weeks of training, and 3 weeks after the training was finished. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), maximal workload (Wmax), and time to exhaustion performed at Wmax (W × time) were compared between groups by repeated–measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post–hoc tests. The inter–subject response variability within each training group was evaluated by comparison with the 95% confidence interval of the control group. Detraining effects were evaluated using the hysteresis areas, which were compared between each training group and the control group by Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Differences were observed in Wmax for the aerobic (F(2,7)=19.562; p=0.001; n²=0.85) and mixed (F(2,7)=13.447; p=0.004; n²=0.99) programs, and in W × time for the mixed program (F(2,7)=15.432; p= 0.016; n²=0.89). There was high inter–subject response variability for all variables and training programs, except for a homogenous positive response to Wmax in the mixed program (X²=6.27; p=0.04). Detraining effects of Wmax were also better maintained after the mixed program. Conclusion: A mixed program of aerobic and strength training demonstrated higher improvements in the studied markers of performance, with lower interindividual response variability, and longer detraining effects compared with aerobic or strength programs.

Effects of different sprint training programs with ball on explosive, high-intensity and endurance-intensive performances in male young soccer players

2022 ◽  
pp. 174795412110722
Author(s):  
Hamza Marzouki ◽  
Ibrahim Ouergui ◽  
Bilel Cherni ◽  
Karim Ben Ayed ◽  
Ezdine Bouhlel
Keyword(s):  
Training Programs ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprint Training ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Main Effect

This study compared the effects of different sprint ball-based training programs on fitness-related performances in youth soccer players. Forty male players (age: 15.2 ± 0.6 yrs) participated in a short-term (8 weeks) randomized parallel fully controlled training study, with pre-to-post measurements. Players were randomly assigned to 3 sprint ball-based training groups: training with combined sprint (performing linear and change of direction sprints; CST), or using linear sprint (LST), or performing sprint with change of direction (CODT) and to a control group (CONT). Pre- and post-training players completed a test battery involving linear sprinting (10 and 20 m, and flying 10 m), 505 test (COD), 15 m test with ball (CODB), countermovement jump test (CMJ test) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). All physical performance’ variables improved after the training intervention (all p < 0.05; ES ≥ 0.2). No main effect of groups was observed in linear sprinting, CMJ and VO2max (p > 0.05; ES < 0.2). A training group main effect was found (p < 0.0001; ES = 0.50) for COD with CODT induced better performance than LST and CONT (all p <0.0001; ES > 0.8). Also, a training group main effect (p = 0.009; ES = 0.35) was found for CODB with CODT elicited better performance than LST and CONT (all p = 0.001; ES > 0.80). Our findings suggest that ball-based training programs were more effective to improve fitness levels in youth players during the in-season period and that CODT modality was more effective to improve COD and CODB performances.

Benefits of aerobic training in girls with precocious puberty: involvement of CRP and cortisol

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1005-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Heidarianpour ◽  
Elnaz Shokri ◽  
Tayebe Baghian ◽  
Behnaz Shokri
Keyword(s):  
Precocious Puberty ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Serum Crp

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training, 4 weeks of detraining and use gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and cortisol levels in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). Methods Forty-five girls (aged 6–8 years) with precocious puberty were randomly divided into three groups (medication, training and medicine + training groups). Fifteen healthy girls (without precocious puberty) were also included as the control group. Serum CRP and cortisol levels were measured at baseline by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Then, the experimental groups performed an aerobic training program for 3 days/week 20–75 min per day at 45–75% maximum heart rate for 12 weeks. The medication groups also received GnRHa during the study, once a month (1 mL every 4 weeks) by intramuscular injection. Serum CRP and cortisol levels were measured again 48 h after the last training session and also after 4 weeks of detraining. Results Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures showed a significant decrease in CRP (p = 0.02) and cortisol levels (p = 0.01) in the training group and the medicine + training group. Detraining led to return of CRP and cortisol levels to the pre-training levels (p = 0.001). No significant difference in serum CRP (p = 0.43) and cortisol levels (p = 0.06) was observed in the medication group. Further, no significant difference was observed between groups in CRP and cortisol. Conclusions Long-term regular moderate training decreases inflammation indices, and detraining eliminates the benefits of training in girls with precocious puberty.

The effects of an 8-week resistance training intervention on muscular strength, power, and body composition in collegiate female dancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
D.J. Sanders ◽  
T.D. Cardaci ◽  
B.A. McFadden ◽  
A.J. Walker ◽  
B.N. Bozzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Group

Although weight training can enhance muscular strength, power, and body composition, outdated beliefs about muscular adaptations have limited its use in dancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week progressive overload resistance-training (RT) program on muscular strength, power and body composition in collegiate female dancers. Sixteen subjects were randomised into a dance-only control group (CON) or an RT + dance training group (EXP). EXP met 3×/week for RT. Body fat (%BF), lean body mass (LBM), girth measurements, vertical jump (VJ), muscular strength (1-repetition max (RM) squat (SQT) and 1-RM bench press (BP)), maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max, and ventilatory threshold (VT)) were assessed pre- and post-study. Baseline performance characteristics across all subjects were: %BF=28.2±5.7%, VJ=33.4±5.4 cm, SQT=57.5±12.1 kg, BP=30.1±7.6 kg, (V̇O2max)=40.6±3.4 ml/kg/min, and VT=71.2±3.4%VO2max. Strength improvements were significantly greater for EXP than CON (P<0.05). No significant differences were found between groups for %BF, LBM, girth measurements, VJheight, (V̇O2max), or VT (P>0.05). However, a trend was observed for VJpower favouring EXP (P=0.07). EXP significantly improved strength, while no significant changes were observed in body composition. However, EXP improved their power-to-weight ratio, which may be a positive performance adaptation. RT for dancers can improve strength and power, allowing enhanced muscular loading and fatigue-resistance, which may optimise performance and decrease injury risk.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Public Training Programs Reducing the Time Needed to Find a Job

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
José Manuel Cansino Muñoz-Repiso ◽  
Antonio Sánchez Braza
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Active Labour Market Policy ◽  
Market Policy ◽  
International Evidence ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Show Evidence

This paper estimes the average effect of a binary treatment on the time needed to find a job. Such a treatment is the training public schools program implemented in Seville. The research compares one training group and a control group. Two methods are developed with an interesting database. The first uses an estimator which weights observations by the inverse of the propensity score. This estimator let us conclude that, for participants, the time needed to find a job is reduced in 471 days. The second one is the differences estimator, it let us conclude that the time needed to find a job is reduced in 448 days. The evaluated program works as an active labour market policy with favourable effects on unemployed young people. Compared with other research in Spain, the obtained results show evidence in the same way as most of evaluation but stronger. A similar conclusion is derived from a comparison with international evidence disposable.

A Comparison of Mindfulness-Based Group Training and Skills Group Training in Adults With ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-Andreas Edel ◽  
Tanja Hölter ◽  
Kristina Wassink ◽  
Georg Juckel
Keyword(s):  
Dialectical Behavior Therapy ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Training ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Similar Reduction

Objective: To compare a novel “third wave” mindfulness-based training program with an established skills training derived from dialectical behavior therapy, to reduce ADHD symptoms and improve mindfulness and self-efficacy. Method: Ninety-one adults with ADHD (combined and inattentive type, mainly medicated) were non-randomly assigned to and treated within a mindfulness-based training group (MBTG, n = 39) or a skills training group (STG, n = 52), each performed in 13 weekly 2-hr sessions. Results: General linear models with repeated measures revealed that both programs resulted in a similar reduction of ADHD symptoms, and improvement of mindfulness and self-efficacy. However, the effect sizes were in the small-to-medium range. A decrease in ADHD symptoms ≥30% was observed in 30.8% of the MBTG participants and 11.5% of the STG participants. Conclusion: The comparatively weak results may be due to limitations such as the absence of randomization, the lack of a control group without intervention, and the lack of matching groups for borderline, depression, and anxiety status. Moreover, audio instructions for home exercises and more stringent monitoring of participants’ progress and eventual absence from sessions might have improved the outcome.

The Effects of Self-Efficacy and Goal Setting on Bowling Performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ann Boyce ◽  
Sarah M. Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Marginal Improvement ◽  
And Control ◽  
Better Than

The present study investigated the effect of three goal-setting groups (self-set, assigned, and control) and three levels of self-efficacy (low, medium, and high) on bowling performance of college students (N = 288). The performance/retention trials were analyzed in a 3 × 2 × 10 (Goal Conditions × Self-Efficacy Levels × Trials) ANCOVA design, with repeated measures on the last factor and baseline performance as the covariate. Results of the data analysis revealed a significant main effect for self-efficacy (SE) levels for males and females. Individuals at high and medium SE levels performed significantly better than those at a low SE level. The nonsignificant main effect for goal groups was attributed to the spontaneous goal-setting behavior of the control group. Finally, there was a main effect for trials and planned comparisons indicated that as trials progressed female students improved. Evidence of a performance plateau was present for male students, as they showed marginal improvement across trials.

The Effects of Aquatic Plyometric Training on Repeated Jumps, Drop Jumps and Muscle Damage

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 764-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jurado-Lavanant ◽  
J. Alvero-Cruz ◽  
F. Pareja-Blanco ◽  
C. Melero-Romero ◽  
D. Rodríguez-Rosell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Jump Test

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the effects of land- vs. aquatic based plyometric training programs on the drop jump, repeated jump performance and muscle damage. Sixty-five male students were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: aquatic plyometric training group (APT), plyometric training group (PT) and control group (CG). Both experimental groups trained twice a week for 10 weeks performing the same number of sets and total jumps. The following variables were measured prior to, halfway through and after the training programs: creatine kinase (CK) concentration, maximal height during a drop jump from the height of 30 (DJ30) and 50 cm (DJ50), and mean height during a repeated vertical jump test (RJ). The training program resulted in a significant increase (P<0.01–0.001) in RJ, DJ30, and DJ50 for PT, whereas neither APT nor CG reached any significant improvement APT showed likely/possibly improvements on DJ30 and DJ50, respectively. Greater intra-group Effect Size in CK was found for PT when compared to APT. In conclusion, although APT seems to be a safe alternative method for reducing the stress produced on the musculoskeletal system by plyometric training, PT produced greater gains on reactive jumps performance than APT.

Variable Practice in Learning the Forehand Drive in Tennis

2005 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros J. Douvis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Practice Group ◽  
And Training ◽  
Variable Practice

One of the most important factors that has occupied researchers in motor learning is the method of practicing motor skills. This study examined the effect of variable practice in learning the forehand drive in tennis by children and adolescents. Variability of practice was achieved by the alternation of targets and the distance between the point of execution and the target. 40 male children ages 9 to 10 years and 40 male students ages 18 to 19 years were divided into eight equal groups according to age and training group (No Specific target, 1 target, 4 targets, and 5 targets). After 18 practice sessions over 40 days and similar teaching, the participants performed 60 transfer trials after a rest of 72 hours. The experimental design used was a 2 (age) × 4 (practice group) × 6 (block of trials) with repeated measures on the last factor for absolute and constant error scores. The analysis of variance showed that the children performed more poorly than the adolescents, and variable practice yielded better performance than constant and specialized practice. The results support the variability of practice hypothesis and indicate that the effect of variable and specialized practic was related to age of the groups of trainees.

scholarly journals Effects of pomegranate extract on blood flow and running time to exhaustion

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1038-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Trexler ◽  
Abbie E. Smith-Ryan ◽  
Malia N. Melvin ◽  
Erica J. Roelofs ◽  
Hailee L. Wingfield
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Acute Ingestion

Recent research has shown that dietary nitrate has favorable effects on blood flow and exercise performance. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was to investigate the acute effects of pomegranate extract on blood flow, vessel diameter, and exercise performance in active individuals. Nineteen men and women (mean ± SD: age, 22.2 ± 2.2 years; height, 174.8 ± 10.7 cm; body mass, 71.9 ± 13.5 kg) were randomly assigned to a placebo (PL) or pomegranate extract (PE) group. Participants performed a maximal oxygen consumption treadmill test to determine peak velocity (PV). Participants returned after 24–48 h and ingested either PL or PE. Brachial artery blood flow was assessed using ultrasound at baseline and 30 min post-ingestion (30minPI). Three treadmill runs to exhaustion were performed at 90%, 100%, and 110% PV. Blood flow was assessed immediately after each exercise bout and 30 min postexercise (30minPEx). After a 7–10 day washout, participants repeated the same procedures, ingesting the opposite supplement. Separate repeated measures ANOVAs were performed for blood flow, vessel diameter, and time to exhaustion (TTE). Blood flow was significantly augmented (p = 0.033) 30minPI with PE in comparison with PL. Vessel diameter was significantly larger (p = 0.036) 30minPEx with PE. Ingestion of PE was found to significantly augment TTE at 90% (p = 0.009) and 100% PV (p = 0.027). Acute ingestion of PE 30 min before exercise may enhance vessel diameter and blood flow and delay fatigue during exercise. Results of the current study indicate that PE is ergogenic for intermittent running, eliciting beneficial effects on blood flow.

scholarly journals Effects of 7-week Resistance Training on Handcycle Performance in Able-bodied Males

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulric Sena Abonie ◽  
Tryntje Albada ◽  
Floor Morrien ◽  
Lucas van der Woude ◽  
Florentina Hettinga
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Body Resistance

AbstractThe effect of an upper body resistance training program on maximal and submaximal handcycling performance in able-bodied males was explored. Eighteen able-bodied men were randomly assigned to a training group (TG: n=10) and a control group (CG: n=8). TG received 7 weeks of upper body resistance training (60% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), 3×10 repetitions, 6 exercise stations, 2 times per week). CG received no training. Peak values for oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak), power output (POpeak), heart rate (HRpeak), minute ventilation (V˙OEpeak) and respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak), submaximal values (HR, V˙O2, RER, PO, and gross mechanical efficiency (GE)), and time to exhaustion (TTE) were determined in an incremental test pre- and post-training. Maximal isokinetic arm strength and 1RM tests were conducted. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons were performed to examine the effect of time, group and its interaction (p<0.05). TG improved on POpeak (8.55%), TTE (10.73%), and 1RM (12.28–38.98%). RPE at the same stage during pre- and post-test was lower during the post-test (8.17%). Despite no improvements in V˙O2peak, training improved POpeak, muscular strength, and TTE. Upper body resistance training has the potential to improve handcycling performance.

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