scholarly journals Evolution of customer focus: from artisans and family businesses to CRM-systems

E-Management ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
A. V. Malkova
Keyword(s):  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Customer Focus ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

The process of evolution of such phenomenon as customer focus and its impact on the formation of trade relations has been considered. In order to study the phenomenon as a whole and the factors that influenced the changes in particular, a retrospective analysis from the era of craftsmanship to the present day has been made. Special attention has been paid to industrial revolutions as stimulators of change, and to the peculiar boundaries of the periods of using different approaches to trade and business interaction. The article also touches on the topic of direct marketing, as a prototype of today’s business relations. In addition to the history of marketing and the impact of industrial revolutions on the development of the relationship between seller and buyer, the paper considered and analysed such a phenomenon as the automation of production in order to create a fullfledged picture, reflecting the reasons for the creation, the essence and relevance of CRM-systems in the modern world. CRM-systems in this article have been considered as one of the tools of customer focus methodology, which facilitates the interaction between participants in business relationships, as well as serving as a centralized directory of information about the customers. The initial and, consequently, the ultimate goal of the study was to create an interconnected scheme for the formation of a modern system of customer focus and definition of the role of CRM-systems in the whole process.

Revolution as Vendetta: Patriotism in Piedmont, 1794–1821

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Broers
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ideological Commitment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The French Revolution

It is an irony that so much of the major historiography of the revolutionary era outside France has succeeded – often unintentionally – in reducing the role of the patriots to a marginal one, peripheral to the impact of the French revolution on western Europe and devoid of importance for the policies of successive French regimes. There have been two main reasons for this, although many recent works have begun to dispel this image. The first has been an exaggerated concentration on the ideology of the ‘Jacobins’, which inevitably reduces the study of patriotism to that of a handful of powerless intellectual cliques, most of whose adherents were, indeed, swept away by the advent of the Consulate in 1799 and were seldom taken seriously by the French before then. These men were far from central to the history of the period, and the undue attention they have received from ideologically motivated historians has been properly criticized. However, the critics themselves have often compounded the misconception surrounding the phenomenon of patriotism, exactly because they have adopted the narrow conception of patriotism inherited from their opponents, the shared acceptance of a definition of the patriots as an intellectual clique. By concentrating on the ideas of a minority, this approach simply leaves out too many people, and fails to encompass the phenomenon of practical, political collaboration with the French, something quite different from an ideological commitment to the French revolution.

Stress, Cortisol and Suicide Risk

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl Brian O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hpa Axis Activity ◽  
The Impact

Suicide is a global health issue accounting for at least 800,000 deaths per annum. Numerous models have been proposed that differ in their emphasis on the role of psychological, social, psychiatric and neurobiological factors in explaining suicide risk. Central to many models is a stress-diathesis component which states that suicidal behavior is the result of an interaction between acutely stressful events and a susceptibility to suicidal behavior (a diathesis). This article presents an overview of studies that demonstrate that stress and dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, as measured by cortisol levels, are important additional risk factors for suicide. Evidence for other putative stress-related suicide risk factors including childhood trauma, impaired executive function, impulsivity and disrupted sleep are considered together with the impact of family history of suicide, perinatal and epigenetic influences on suicide risk.

Setting the Stage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred L. Borch
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Ethical Policy ◽  
Netherlands East Indies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Economy ◽  
The Impact

Explores the role of the Dutch in the Indies from 1595, when sailors from Amsterdam first arrived in the islands, to 1942, when the Japanese invaded the colony and inflicted a devastating defeat upon the Dutch. The history of the Dutch in the Indonesian archipelago is critical to understanding the impact of the Japanese occupation after 1942, and the nature of the war crimes committed by the Japanese. This is because the ultimate goal of the Japanese occupiers was to erase all aspects of Dutch culture and influence the islands. The chapter begins with an examination of the early Dutch settlement of the islands, and the development of the colonial economy. It then discusses the so-called “Ethical Policy,” which sought to unify the islands under Dutch rule and implement European ideas about civilization, culture, and prosperity. The chapter looks at the colony’s social structure prior to World War II and closes with a discussion of the colony’s preparations for war with the Japanese in 1942. A short postscript explains what occurred between August 1945, when the Japanese surrendered, and December 1949, when the Netherlands East Indies ceased to exist.

The Role of Oil and Gas in the Economic Development of the Global Economy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Factor Inputs ◽  
The Impact

This chapter is concerned with the role of oil and gas in the economic development of the global economy. It focuses on the context in which established and newer oil and gas producers in developing countries must frame their policies to optimize the benefits of such resources. It outlines a history of the issue over the last twenty-five years. It considers oil and gas as factor inputs, their role in global trade, the role of oil prices in the macroeconomy and the impact of the geopolitics of oil and gas. It then considers various conventional views of the future of oil and gas in the primary energy mix. Finally, it challenges the drivers behind these conventional views of the future with an emphasis on why they may prove to be different from what is expected and how this may change the context in which producers must frame their policy responses.

Capitalisms

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tenth Century ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Small Producers ◽  
Circulation Of Knowledge ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

Conventional accounts often conceive the genesis of capitalism in Europe within the conjunctures of agricultural, commercial, and industrial revolutions. Challenging this widely believed cliché, this volume traces the history of capitalism across civilizations, tenth century onwards, and argues that capitalism was neither a monolithic entity nor exclusively an economic phenomenon confined to the West. Looking at regions as diverse as England, South America, Russia, North Africa, and East, South, West, and Southeast Asia, the book explores the plurality of developments across time and space. The chapters analyse aspects such as historical conjunctures, commodity production and distribution, circulation of knowledge and personnel, and the role of mercantile capital, small producers, and force—all the while stressing the necessity to think beyond present-day national boundaries. The book argues that the multiple histories of capitalism can be better understood from a trans-regional, intercontinental, and interconnected perspective.

scholarly journals A short history of ocean acidification science in the 20th century: a chemist's view

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7411-7422 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical Knowledge ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Ph Scale ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This review covers the development of ocean acidification science, with an emphasis on the creation of ocean chemical knowledge, through the course of the 20th century. This begins with the creation of the pH scale by Sørensen in 1909 and ends with the widespread knowledge of the impact of the "High CO2 Ocean" by then well underway as the trajectory along the IPCC scenario pathways continues. By mid-century the massive role of the ocean in absorbing fossil fuel CO2 was known to specialists, but not appreciated by the greater scientific community. By the end of the century the trade-offs between the beneficial role of the ocean in absorbing some 90% of all heat created, and the accumulation of some 50% of all fossil fuel CO2 emitted, and the impacts on marine life were becoming more clear. This paper documents the evolution of knowledge throughout this period.

The Rise and Fall of the French Agences de l’Eau: From German-Type Subsidiarität to State Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 1850013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard O. Barraqué ◽  
Patrick Laigneau ◽  
Rosa Maria Formiga-Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
State Control ◽  
Integrated Water Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Administrative Elites

The Agences de l’eau (Water Agencies) are well known abroad as the French attempt to develop integrated water management at river basin scale through the implementation of the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP). Yet, after 30 years of existence, environmental economists became aware that they were not implementing the PPP, and therefore were not aiming at reducing pollution through economic efficiency. Behind the purported success story, which still attracts visitors from abroad, a crisis has been recently growing. Initially based on the model of the German (rather than Dutch) waterboards, the French system always remained fragile and quasi-unconstitutional. It failed to choose between two legal, economic and institutional conceptions of river basin management. These principles differ on the definition of the PPP, and on the role of levies paid by water users. After presenting these two contrasting visions, the paper revisits the history of the French Agences, to show that, unwilling to modify the Constitution to make room for specific institutions to manage common pool resources, Parliament and administrative elites brought the system to levels of complexity and incoherence which might doom the experiment.

scholarly journals Emilio Betti: from the history of law to the general theory of interpretation

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-44
Author(s):  
Iuliia Rossius
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Dialectical Tension ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hans Georg Gadamer

The goal of this article consists in demonstration of the impact of research in the field of history and theory of law alongside the hermeneutics of Emilio Betti impacted the vector of this philosophical thought. The subject of this article is the lectures read by Emilio Betti (prolusioni) in 1927 and 1948, as well as his writings of 1949 and 1962. Analysis is conducted on the succession of Betti's ideas in these works, which is traced despite the discrepancy in their theme (legal and philosophical). The author indicates “legal” origin of the canons of Bettis’ hermeneutics, namely the canon of autonomy of the object. Emphasis is placed on the problem of objectivity in Betti's theory, as well as on dialectical tension between the historicity of the interpreted subject and strangeness of the object that accompanies legal, as well as any other type of interpretation. The article reveals the key moment of Betti's criticism of Hans-Georg Gadamer. Regarding the question of historicity of the subject of interpretation. The conclusion is made that the origin of the general theory of interpretation lies in the approaches and methods developed and implemented by Betti back in legal hermeneutics and in studying history of law.   Betti's philosophical theory was significantly affected by the idea on the role of modern legal dogma in interpretation of the history of law. Namely this idea that contains the principle of historicity of the subject of interpretation, which commenced  the general hermeneutical theory of Emilio Betti, was realized in canon of the relevance of understanding in the lecture in 1948, and later in the “general theory of interpretation”. The author also underlines that the question of objectivity of understanding, which has crucial practical importance in legal hermeneutics, was transmitted into the philosophical works of E. Betti, finding reflection in dialectic of the subject and object of interpretation.

scholarly journals Political communication in post-truth society

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87
Author(s):  
Nina Gorenc
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
Us Presidential Election ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Apathy ◽  
The Impact

The research behind this paper is set in the context of the 2016 US presidential election that has come to symbolize the post-truth era. We conducted a literature review on the 2016 election, with the aim to better understand the impact of computational propaganda on the election outcome and on the behaviour of voters. The paper opens with a definition of post-truth society and related concepts such as fake news and computational propaganda. It explores the changes of political communication in a digital environment and analyses the role of social media in the 2016 election. It probes into phenomena such as the trivialization of politics and the loss of credibility of political actors, which are both common in post-truth societies. The reviewed literature seems to indicate that social media have become strong actors on the political stage, but so far not the predominant source of political information and influence on the behaviour of voters. The paper makes two important contributions. Firstly, drawing on the concept of post-truth society, it analyses the role of computational propaganda in the 2016 presidential election, and secondly, it attempts to explain the paradox of general political apathy on one hand, and increased political activism on the other. These are some of the challenges we are now facing, and in order to be able to cope with them it is important to acknowledge and understand them.

scholarly journals ROLE OF MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Bondarenko ◽  
Viktoriia Vasiuta ◽  
Kateryna Pisarenko
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Marketing Communications ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Integrated Marketing ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Communications System

The article deals with the question of the influence of marketing communications on consumer behavior. Today, in order to increase sales, it is no longer enough for companies to just improve their product or service, improve its quality. Among all marketing tools, marketing communications play a special role. The relevance of the topic is due to the need for a theoretical substantiation of the influence of the marketing communication environment on consumer behavior. The purpose of the article is to study the role of marketing communications and their impact on consumer behavior. As a result of this study, the role of marketing communications in the formation of consumer behavior has been substantiated from the standpoint of the main theories and concepts that form the subject areas of marketing communications research. The effectiveness of marketing policy depends on the correct choice of communication tools. The tools of the communication complex are highlighted and characterized. It has been proved that marketing communications influence the formation of consumer behavior in three aspects: informational, emotional, and behavioral. The scientific approaches of scientists to the definition of the process of making a consumer’s decision to purchase are analyzed. The stages of the consumer’s decision-making process to purchase a product are highlighted. Today, integrated marketing communications are considered more effective. They represent the most complete marketing communications system that includes all elements from advertising to packaging. Special attention is paid to the issue of the effectiveness of the impact of marketing communications on consumer behavior. The sequence of determining the effectiveness of the impact of marketing communications on consumer behavior is indicated. It is noted that for effective promotion of goods, only the informational component of communications is not enough. When developing a marketing communications system, it is necessary to take into account personal values. This will increase the degree of influence on consumer behavior. The main goal of marketing communications is to motivate consumer behavior. The use of modern marketing communications through a variety of means can increase the effectiveness of influencing consumer behavior.

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