Pine Rosin as a Toxic Cannabis Extract Adulterant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiries Meehan-Atrash ◽  
Robert Strongin
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Asthma ◽  
Bronchial Epithelium ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Asthma Symptoms ◽  
Cannabis Extract ◽  
Synthetic Marijuana ◽  
Significant Health

Pine rosin (colophony) has been identified as a new adulterant in cannabis oil for vaping. Its inhalation toxicity is a significant health concern. For example, pine rosin fumes are released during soldering, and have been cited as a causative agent of occupational asthma. Symptoms also include desquamation of bronchial epithelium, which has been observed in EVALI patients. The sample analyzed herein also contains medium chain triglycerides and oleamide, the latter of which is found in the synthetic marijuana product Spice, or K2. A combination of NMR and HPLC-ESIMS was used to unambiguously identify major pine rosin ingredients such as abietic and other resin acids. Comparison to commercial samples of pure pine rosin confirmed the assignment.<br>

Pine Rosin as a Toxic Cannabis Extract Adulterant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiries Meehan-Atrash ◽  
Robert Strongin
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Asthma ◽  
Bronchial Epithelium ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Asthma Symptoms ◽  
Cannabis Extract ◽  
Synthetic Marijuana ◽  
Significant Health

Pine rosin (colophony) has been identified as a new adulterant in cannabis oil for vaping. Its inhalation toxicity is a significant health concern. For example, pine rosin fumes are released during soldering, and have been cited as a causative agent of occupational asthma. Symptoms also include desquamation of bronchial epithelium, which has been observed in EVALI patients. The sample analyzed herein also contains medium chain triglycerides and oleamide, the latter of which is found in the synthetic marijuana product Spice, or K2. A combination of NMR and HPLC-ESIMS was used to unambiguously identify major pine rosin ingredients such as abietic and other resin acids. Comparison to commercial samples of pure pine rosin confirmed the assignment.<br>

Substance Use Patterns Among Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-594
Author(s):  
Heeyoung Lee ◽  
Kyeongra Yang ◽  
Joshua Palmer ◽  
Brayden Kameg ◽  
Lin Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Latent Class Analysis ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Health Risk Behaviors ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Synthetic Marijuana

BACKGROUND: Substance use among adolescents remains a major public health concern, which is correlated with mortality. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to (1) examine risk factors predisposing adolescents to substance use and (2) identify patterns of simultaneous drug exploration among adolescents. METHOD: Data ( N = 15,624; collected in 2015) were drawn from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which is a national school-based survey of 9th- to 12th-grade students to monitor health risk behaviors. Substance use was assessed using self-reported questionnaires, and latent class analysis and logistic regression were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Five latent patterns of substance use were identified: (1) abstinent (64%); (2) 1st-step social experimenter (25%) (i.e., used alcohol, e-cigarettes, and/or marijuana); (3) 2nd-step social experimenter (6%) (i.e., used alcohol, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, marijuana, synthetic marijuana, and/or prescription pills); (4) pill experimenter (4%), (i.e., used prescription pills); (5) full experimenter (2%) (i.e., likely to use all assessed substances). Gender, race, grade, and depressive mood were strong predictors of membership in a particular substance use class. CONCLUSION: Adolescents presenting for care may possess symptoms associated with various substances beyond those being managed. Mental health nurses can leverage these results in reducing adolescent substance use through primary and secondary prevention. A longitudinal study of not only substance use patterns but also the progression to substance use disorders among adolescents is warranted.

scholarly journals The spread of chloramphenicol-resistant Neisseria meningitidis in Southeast Asia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Batty ◽  
Tomas-Paul Cusack ◽  
Janjira Thaipadungpanit ◽  
Wanitda Watthanaworawit ◽  
Verena Carrara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Chloramphenicol Resistance ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽  
Diagnostic Microbiology ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Significant Health

AbstractInvasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis is a significant health concern globally, but our knowledge of the prevailing serogroups, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and genetics of N. meningitidis in Southeast Asia is limited. Chloramphenicol resistance in N. meningitidis has rarely been reported, but was first described in isolates from Vietnam in 1998. Using whole-genome sequencing of meningococcal isolates from 18 patients collected between 2007 and 2018 from diagnostic microbiology laboratories in Cambodia, Thailand and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), of which eight were non-susceptible to chloramphenicol, we report the spread of this chloramphenicol-resistant lineage of N. meningitidis across Southeast Asia. Strains resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin were also observed, including a chloramphenicol-resistant strain from the previously-described lineage which has acquired penicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance, and most isolates were of serogroup B. This study suggests that chloramphenicol-resistant N. meningitidis is more widespread than previously thought.

scholarly journals Hypoglycaemia Remains the Key Obstacle to Optimal Glycaemic Control – Continuous Glucose Monitoring is the Solution

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Adolfsson ◽  
Donald Rentoul ◽  
Brigitte Klinkenbijl ◽  
Christopher G Parkin
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Primary Obstacle ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Patient Families ◽  
Financial Burdens ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Significant Health

We queried PubMed and other internet databases to identify studies, meta-analyses, review articles and other data sources regarding hypoglycaemia incidence/costs/impacts and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use. Our analysis of the evidence showed that hypoglycaemia remains a significant health concern and a primary obstacle to optimal adherence to prescribed diabetes treatment. In addition to its adverse clinical consequences, hypoglycaemia negatively impacts quality of life and places additional financial burdens on patients, patient families, employers and healthcare payers. Clinical trials have shown that the use of CGM can reduce the incidence and duration of hypoglycaemic episodes. This article reviews relevant CGM studies, discusses the prevalence and clinical/financial implications of hypoglycaemia, and explores the strengths and limitations of current CGM systems in minimising the burden of hypoglycaemia.

scholarly journals Concussion Education in Children and Youth: A Scoping Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 237796082093849
Author(s):  
Scott Ramsay ◽  
Susan Dahinten
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sustained Effects ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Concussion Knowledge ◽  
Significant Health ◽  
Concussion Education

Introduction Sports-related concussions in children and youth are a significant health concern. There is increasing literature pertaining to levels of knowledge about concussion and the effects of educational interventions, but the literature has not yet been synthesized for the subpopulation of children and youth. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to identify and summarize the current state of the literature on concussion knowledge, and the effect of concussion education on the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of children and youth who engage in sports. Methods A scoping review was conducted, guided by Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Two databases, MEDLINE and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and reference lists were searched to identify relevant studies that focused on children and youth less than 19 years of age who engage in sports. We also searched Google Scholar for gray literature. Results Of the 21 articles that met inclusion criteria, 15 focused on levels of concussion knowledge, and 6 examined the effects of educational interventions. Children and youths’ level of knowledge and exposure to prior concussion education varied, although more of the studies found a lack of concussion knowledge. Educational interventions of various types have been associated with short-term increases in knowledge and intention to report, but few of the studies found sustained effects. Conclusions Findings highlight the need for improved concussion education for children and youth engaged in sports. Findings also indicate a need for further research using more rigorous methods, and studies that examine subgroup differences in knowledge and factors that may moderate the effects of educational interventions.

Occupational asthma symptoms and respiratory function among aerial pesticide applicators

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacie M. Jones ◽  
A. Wesley Burks ◽  
Horace J. Spencer ◽  
Shelly Lensing ◽  
Paula K. Roberson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Occupational Asthma ◽  
Asthma Symptoms ◽  
Pesticide Applicators

scholarly journals Neuro-COVID long-haulers exhibit broad dysfunction in T cell memory generation and responses to vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavanya Visvabharathy ◽  
Barbara Alice Hanson ◽  
Zachary Orban ◽  
Patrick H Lim ◽  
Rishi Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Significant Health

The high prevalence of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) is a significant health concern. In particular, virus-specific immunity in patients who suffer from chronic neurologic symptoms after mild acute COVID remain poorly understood. Here, we report that neuro-PASC patients have a specific signature composed of humoral and cellular immune responses that are biased towards different structural proteins compared to healthy COVID convalescents. Interestingly, the severity of cognitive deficits or quality of life markers in neuro-PASC patients are associated with reduced effector molecule expressionn in memory T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines are aberrantly elevated in longitudinally sampled neuro-PASC patients compared with healthy COVID convalescents. These data provide a framework for the rational design of diagnostics and predictive biomarkers for long-COVID disease, as well as a blueprint for improved therapeutics.

scholarly journals Occupational Asthma in Hospital Healthcare Worker

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-269
Author(s):  
Rahmad Budianto ◽  
Tri Wahju Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Asthma ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Test Management ◽  
Asthma Symptoms ◽  
Immunological Tests ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Immunological Reactions ◽  
Prevention Of Disability

Occupational asthma is defined as an adult onset of asthma triggered by specific exposures or combinations from the workplace. Occupational asthma is classified into a sensitizer-induced occupational asthma or allergic occupational asthma caused by exposure or sensitization by a causative agents induced by immunological reactions; and irritant-induced occupational asthma or non-allergic occupational asthma caused by agents that are irritative to the airway. Occupational asthma can occur in health workers at hospitals. In the hospital there are various exposure of agents, medicines, and health equipments which can induce the asthma symptoms for health workers. The diagnosis of occupational asthma established by history taking, physical examination, supporting examination (spirometry, bronchial hyper-responsiveness test, exhaled nitric oxide, and immunological tests), and biomarker test. Management of occupational asthma includes principle management by avoiding exposure, pharmacological therapy, and immunotherapy. Precautions taken by primary, secondary (medical surveilance) and tertiary prevention (prevention of disability through worker’s compensation system).

Prevalence of Asthma Symptoms Based on ISAAC Questionnaire and Pulmonary Function Tests in Cotton Ginnery Workers in Gezira State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A Ali
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Occupational Asthma ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
International Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chest Tightness ◽  
Asthma Symptoms ◽  
Cotton Gin

Background: The prevalence of asthma symptoms in the adult Sudanese population was found to be 10% according to the international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire and was more than that in dusty working places. Occupational asthma is caused by breathing chemical fumes, gases, dust or other substances on the job. More than 250 workplace substances have been identified as possible causes of occupational asthma. These include animal substances, chemicals, enzymes, metals, plant substances, and respiratory irritants. Exposure to airborne asthma triggers can cause permanent lung destruction, byssinosis and resulting in disability or death. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of asthma symptoms in cotton gin workers in Gezira state, Sudan. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in cotton ginnery in Rufaa - al-Gezira State in the middle of Sudan; to evaluate the prevalence of asthma symptoms in cotton gin workers. The aim of the study was explained to all participants after taking their consent and the modified international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was used and had been filled by 60 workers. Pulmonary function test (PFT) also had been done for them and the results were compared with the normal values for each participant. A T-test was used to compare the statistical significance (P-value ?0.05 was considered statistically significant). Results: (43) of the participants were males and (17) were females. Analysis of data revealed that (13.3%) had to wheeze in the last 12 months, and (3.3%) had chest tightness early morning. Also (3.3%) had an episode of chest tightness which awakes them from sleeping. The forced expiratory volume in the first second and the forced vital capacity were significantly lower than the Sudanese normal values. Conclusion: The prevalence of asthma symptoms in cotton gin workers is higher than the general population with lower lung function values. Further big-scale studies are recommended to be done.

Age Differences in Landing Phase Ankle Dynamics During a Balance-Restoring Step Response

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaitanya K. Akula ◽  
Gregory W. King
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Joint Dynamics ◽  
Base Of Support ◽  
Significant Health

Falls are a significant health concern among older adults. The rate of falls increases with age [1], and often leads to fall-related injuries such as fractures and head injuries. These lead to loss of independence, morbidity and fear of falling [2]. There are many strategies used to prevent falls, including those used to regain balance following a slip or trip. One such balance recovery maneuver is the step response, which involves respositioning the body’s base of support to recapture its moving center of mass [3]. Age-related performance declines in the step response may contribute to fall risk, especially during the step response landing phase where biomechanical strength requirements are largest [4]. Such age-related declines likely manifest themselves as alterations in lower extremity joint dynamics. While these effects are likely present in all lower extremity joints (hips, knees, and ankles), the purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate age effects in stepping leg ankle dynamics during a balance-restoring step response.

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