scholarly journals Insitu Opthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5315-5320
Author(s):  
Mani Dineshkumar ◽  
Vyshnavi Tallapaneni ◽  
Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri
Keyword(s):  
Control Release ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
Adequate Quantity ◽  
Gel Preparation ◽  
Bio Compatibility ◽  
Systemic Drug

Eyes are considered as one of the most important organs of the body. The main hurdle for achieving effective ocular treatment is the maintenance of adequate quantity of drug at the site of action within the eye. Maintaining the concentration of drug in the eye is a difficult task as the anatomy and physiology of the eye leads to the draining of the drug from the eye. This leads to poor ocular bio availability and there by poor ocular therapy. The ocular bio availability can be improved by increasing the ocular retention time of the formulation. Insitu gel formation technology is a promising technique to prevent the lacrimal drainage of the drug rapidly from the eyes. Insitu gel preparation will be in liquid from when prepared, they are administered into the Cul-de-sac of the eye. Due to the environmental characteristics of the eye such as temperature, pH, Ionic concentration etc. the liquid formulation changes to gel form. This will increase the residence time and contact time of the drug with the mucosa of the eye. Insitu gels can increase the ocular bioavailability of the drug .The primary requirement of a successful control release product focuses on increasing patient compliance, good stability and bio compatibility. Insitu gels are used now a days as vehicles for both local and systemic drug therapies. This review deals with the study of a novel insitu gel approaches as a means to localize and prolong drug activity at its site of action.

Indigenous Theory Building for Māori Children and Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injury and their Extended Family

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hinemoa Elder
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Indigenous Research ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Indigenous Theory

Background: International research identifies indigeneity as a risk factor for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Aotearoa New Zealand studies show that mokopuna (grandchildren; used here to encompass the ages and stages of infant, child and adolescent development and those in young adulthood) are significantly overrepresented in TBI populations. The important role of whānau (family) is also well established in child and adolescent TBI scholarship. Despite awareness of these factors, no studies have been identified that explore whānau knowledge about mokopuna TBI. The aim of this study was to explore two questions: (1) What do Māori people say about mokopuna TBI in the context of the Māori cultural belief that the head is the most sacred part of the body? and (2) How could this information be used to build theory that could inform addressing the rehabilitation needs of this group?Method: Eighteen marae wānanga (culture-specific fora in traditional meeting houses) were held. The wānanga typically lasted approximately 2 hours. Footage and written transcripts were analysed using Rangahau Kaupapa Māori (Māori indigenous research methods).Results: The wairua theory of mokopuna TBI proposes that TBI not only injures brain anatomy and physiology but also injures wairua (defined here as a unique connection between Māori and all aspects of the universe). Injury to wairua means that culturally determined interventions are both indicated and expected. The wairua theory of mokopuna TBI thereby provides a guide to intervention.Conclusion: A Māori theory of mokopuna TBI has been identified which describes a culture-specific aspect of TBI. This theory proposes that pre-existing whānau knowledge salient to TBI is critical to optimising recovery. Further research is needed to test this theory not only in TBI but also in other areas such as in mental illness, neurodegenerative disease and addiction.

The Sensitivity of the Pedal Ganglion of the Slug to Osmotic Pressure Changes

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-501
Author(s):  
G. A. KERKUT ◽  
B. J. R. TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bathing Solution ◽  
Pedal Ganglion ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Fluid Concentration ◽  
Locke Solution ◽  
Pressure Changes

1. The effects of different dilutions of Locke solution on the electrical activity of the isolated pedal ganglion of the slug can be reproduced by adding different concentrations of glucose of mannitol to a given concentration of Locke. 2. This indicates that certain cells in the pedal ganglion are sensitive to the osmotic pressure of the solution and not its ionic concentration. 3. The preparation is sensitive to slow changes in the concentration of the bathing medium. The cells increased their activity when the bathing solution was slowly changed from 0.7 Locke to 0.6 Locke, the change taking 43 min. This corresponds approximately to a change of 1% of the body fluid concentration over 4 min. Such rates of change are found in the normal intact animal. 4. The sensitivity of the preparation compares well with that of the mammalian osmoreceptors.

The Cardiac System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Mauchley
Keyword(s):  
Sinoatrial Node ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Atrioventricular Node ◽  
Atrial Septum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Pulmonic Valve ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Cardiac System ◽  
Cardiac Operations

The circulatory system, which consists of the heart, arterial system, venous system, and lymphatics, constitutes a complicated network of vessels and ducts that are responsible for the delivery of oxygenated blood to the body and return of deoxygenated blood to the heart and lungs. The heart is at the center of the circulatory system, and its pumping mechanism provides energy and nutrition to all organs in the body. This review focuses on the anatomy and physiology of the heart and describes anatomic details that are important to the planning of many common cardiac operations.    This review contains 28 figures, and 25 references. Key words: aortic root, aortic valve, atrial septum, atrioventricular node, coronary artery, fibrous skeleton of heart, mitral valve, myocardium, pericardium, pulmonic valve, sinoatrial node, tricuspid valve, ventricular septum 

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobials

2012 ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Lynn L. Estes
Keyword(s):  
Protein Binding ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Pharmacologic Effect ◽  
Over Time

Pharmacokinetics is the disposition of drugs in the body (how the body acts on the drug); it incorporates terms such as absorption, bioavailability, distribution, protein binding, metabolism, and elimination. Pharmacodynamics is the interaction between the drug concentration at the site of action over time (drug exposure) and the pharmacologic effect, which, in the case of antimicrobials, is eradication of microorganisms. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are interrelated. Both need to be taken into account to optimize antimicrobial therapy.

scholarly journals Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye: Biopharmaceutic and Pharmacokinetic Considerations

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén Varela-Fernández ◽  
Victoria Díaz-Tomé ◽  
Andrea Luaces-Rodríguez ◽  
Andrea Conde-Penedo ◽  
Xurxo García-Otero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Intraocular Drug Delivery ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Drug Pharmacokinetics

The treatment of the posterior-segment ocular diseases, such as age-related eye diseases (AMD) or diabetic retinopathy (DR), present a challenge for ophthalmologists due to the complex anatomy and physiology of the eye. This specialized organ is composed of various static and dynamic barriers that restrict drug delivery into the target site of action. Despite numerous efforts, effective intraocular drug delivery remains unresolved and, therefore, it is highly desirable to improve the current treatments of diseases affecting the posterior cavity. This review article gives an overview of pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutics aspects for the most commonly-used ocular administration routes (intravitreal, topical, systemic, and periocular), including information of the absorption, distribution, and elimination, as well as the benefits and limitations of each one. This article also encompasses different conventional and novel drug delivery systems designed and developed to improve drug pharmacokinetics intended for the posterior ocular segment treatment.

Normal anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Casha ◽  
Philippe Mercier
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
Sensory Afferents ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Sacral Spine

The spinal cord and peripheral nerves carry motor and autonomic efferents, as well as sensory afferents connecting the cerebrum with the body. Efferent and afferent fibres form predictable tracts within the spinal cord, forming spinal nerves as they exit the spinal canal. Peripheral nerves are often formed from complicated plexuses of spinal nerves in the cervical, lumbar, and sacral spine. Dermatomes are formed from spinal nerves that innervate specific areas of skin, while myotomes innervate a specific set of muscles. The detailed anatomy of these structures are discussed. Knowledge of the anatomy of these structures is relevant to many clinical situations encountered in the intensive care unit especially with caring for neurological, neurosurgical, orthopaedic, and trauma patients.

Levels of explanation in Galen

1997 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Singe
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Prime Model ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Humoral Pathology ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cultural Status ◽  
Dual Image ◽  
Mathematical Sciences ◽  
Deductive Science ◽  
The One

Galen's æuvre presents a remarkably varied body of texts–varied in subject matter, style, and didactic purpose. Logical tracts sit alongside tomes of drug–lore; handbooks of dietetics alongside anatomical investigations; treatises of physiology alongside ethical opuscula. These differences in type have received some, though as yet insufficient, scholarly attention. Mario Vegetti demonstrated the coexistence of two ‘profili’ or images of the art of medicine: Galen presents the art as an Aristotelian deductive science, on the one hand, and as a technician's craft, on the other. The former image, offering an ambitious elevation of the doctor's cultural status, has medicine as a philosophical episteme analogous to the mathematical sciences, exercised above all to provide causal accounts and logical demonstrations, and centred on the knowledge of anatomy. The second image is that of the clinician, concerned with the body in its pathological manifestations and using as its prime model the ‘pre-anatomical’ theory of the humours. And the content of the treatises shifts in relation to this dual image: ‘profilo alto’ and ‘profilo basso’ are reflected in different types of work. Polemical writings such as the Protrepticus, as well as the great treatises of anatomy and physiology, De usu partium and De naturalibus facultatibus, present medicine in the former light, while works like De temperamentis or Quod animi mores base themselves on humoral pathology and accord with the earlier, artisan-like image.

scholarly journals A CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF KALA SHARIR W.S.R.TO RAKTADHARA KALA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Yende ◽  
Sheetal Laxmanrao Thosar ◽  
Jayashree S Gohane
Keyword(s):  
Circulatory System ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Blood Circulatory System ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT  : The word kala has been used in many senses in vedic & other ancient literature , Kala Sharira is an important part of Ayurvedic anatomy. Kala was first time described by Sushruta. He has explained kala as a barrier between dhatu and its ashaya Vagbhata has then added embryological development that it is the  important physical and functional components of the body. They form a protective coating for the ashayas as well as boundary between the ashayas and dhatus. There are seven kala in the body, in which second kala is Raktadhara kala. Kala sharira (anatomy and physiology of kala) gives us information about the important membranes and layers of the body which take part in many important functions of the body. Acharyas of Ayurveda have described the Anatomy & Physiology of Raktadhara kala in very brief manner.It is explained that Raktadhara kala holds the Raktadhatu (Blood) & present especially in sira (vessels), yakrita (liver) & pleeha (speen) but which structure inside of them is responsible for Raktadhara kala is not clearly mentioned. Hridaya (Heart) is an important organ of blood circulatory system but it is not included as a specific site of Raktadhara kala. So for proper understanding, it is essential to correlate it with the modern science & elaborate in a proper way.

scholarly journals DEVLOPMENT AND INVITRO EVALUATION OF NANOSUSPENSION GEL OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Rahul Kumar Ancheria ◽  
Saloni Jain ◽  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Shankar Lal Soni
Keyword(s):  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Site ◽  
Pilosebaceous Unit ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Active Entity

Novel drug delivery systems are designed with an intend to deliver drugs to the specific site at a rate and extent directed by the needs of the body and it directs an active entity to specific site of action during the period of treatment. Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease, affecting about 70-80% of adolescents and young adults. It is a multifactorial disease of the pilosebaceous unit. it has been developed as possible carriers to deliver antifungal drugs to the target site and to enhance an epidermal permeation across the skin.this article we present benzoyl peroxide can increase solubility and permeability of topical used.when benzoyl peroxide is very widely used  in the  mild to moderate acne vulgaris and rosacea.   KEYWORDS-

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