Design and Optimization of the Circulatory Cell-Driven Drug Delivery Platform

Achievement of high targeting efficiency for a drug delivery system remains a challenge of tumor diagnoses and nonsurgery therapies. Although nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have made great progress in extending circulation time, improving durability, and controlling drug release, the targeting efficiency remains low. And the development is limited to reducing side effects since overall survival rates are mostly unchanged. Therefore, great efforts have been made to explore cell-driven drug delivery systems in the tumor area. Cells, particularly those in the blood circulatory system, meet most of the demands that the nanoparticle-based delivery systems do not. These cells possess extended circulation times and innate chemomigration ability and can activate an immune response that exerts therapeutic effects. However, new challenges have emerged, such as payloads, cell function change, cargo leakage, and in situ release. Generally, employing cells from the blood circulatory system as cargo carriers has achieved great benefits and paved the way for tumor diagnosis and therapy. This review specifically covers (a) the properties of red blood cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells; (b) the loading strategies to balance cargo amounts and cell function balance; (c) the cascade strategies to improve cell-driven targeting delivery efficiency; and (d) the features and applications of cell membranes, artificial cells, and extracellular vesicles in cancer treatment.

Functional state of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis in healthy men with various adaptation potential

The characterization of the functioning of the blood circulatory system of the organism in terms of its ability to adapt to environmental conditions includes the definition of adaptive potential (AP). The purpose of the study is to supplement the idea of adaptive potential in the aspect of its association with indicators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal system in healthy men living in the climatic conditions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The study involved 94 apparently healthy men. Serum hormone levels of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal system were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Percent of men with satisfactory adaptation was 67%. Markers of increased tension in adaptive mechanisms include a decrease in values of testosterone, sex hormone -binding globulin, and testosterone / estradiol ratio. It has been shown that in individuals with a 4-th degree of adaptive potential, the activity of the pituitary-gonadal and the pituitary-adrenal cortex systems participating in the maintenance of the circulatory system is suppressed. That may be associated with a decrease in the reserves of hormone synthesis in these systems. An increase in the tension of the adaptive mechanisms of the circulatory system occurs with a decrease in the levels of anabolic hormones and a simultaneous increase in the level of estradiol as a compensatory reaction to maintain the function of the cardiovascular system. It is established that when moving northward beyond the border of the Arctic Circle an increase in the tension of the adaptive mechanisms of the circulatory system is noted for men living in extreme climatic conditions. The results of the study show a negative correlation of adaptive potential with the values of testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin and the testosterone / estradiol ratio. The tension of the adaptive mechanisms of the blood circulatory system occurs with decreased sex hormones levels, which can be considered as a marker of disadaptation changes amid the risk of the ecological well-being of the population.

The circulating level of Non-coding RNA for breast cancer diagnosis

Background: The expression of non-coding RNAs were closely related to breast cancer progression. However, there were no systemic analysis of non-coding RNAs in breast cancer diagnosis of the blood circulatory system. Herein, we aimed to collect all the evidence to test the potential role of non-coding RNAs as novel biomarkers in human breast cancers. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was used to search relevant literatures in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase databases from January 2012 to November 2019. The correlation of non-coding RNAs expression in serum, plasma or blood circulatory system and the diagnostic accuracy of BC markers were analyzed. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the QUADAS-2. Statistical analysis was used the STATA (version 12.0), Meta-Disc (version 1.4) and Review Manager (version 5.3) software. Results: The present meta-analysis of the non-coding RNAs expression data of BC patients and healthy specimens’ bloodfrom 2392 patients in 24 publications (32 studies). The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values were 0.82, 0.83, and 0.89, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the expression of non-coding RNA (miRNA, circRNA, andlncRNA) in the blood circulatory system (including blood, plasma, and serum) of BC was more prone to be detected in TNM stage and subtype of BC group, with a high value of the sensitivity and AUC. Conclusions: The blood circulatory system (including blood, plasma, and serum) of miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs detection may be effective for diagnosing breast cancer, particularly in TNM stage, subtype of BC (ER/PgR, PR or HER2/c-erbB-2) group of breast cancer. Further studies are needed to identify the value of these non-coding RNAs as novel markers in clinical.

Prevalence and new histopathological aspects of Haemoproteus spp. in pigeons from Iran

Haemoproteus spp. is pathogenic protozoan that effecting blood circulatory system of birds. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the presence of Haemoproteus spp. in pigeons from Iran and associatedhistopathological changes. A total of 108 blood samples were taken from pigeons to investigate Haemoproteus spp. presence by blood smear and semi-nested PCR targeting the cytochrome b gene methods. Also, to evaluate histopathological changes 12 infected pigeons to Haemoproteus were sacrificed and studied. 34.2% of pigeons infected with Haemoproteus showed macro and microgametocytes in their erythrocytes while based on the molecular method 63.8% were infected. Focal lymphocytic aggregates, pigmentation and cell swelling were the main histopathological lesions in infected livers. Multifocal non- suppurative interstitial nephritis, pigmentation and splenic lymphoid hyperplasia were also seen in the infected pigeons. Mild lymphocytic myocarditis in the heart of one pigeon was the other finding. No histopathological changes were seen in brain, intestine, and pancreas. Schizonts with variable shapes and sizes were detected in infected livers, lungs, kidneys, and spleens but megaloschizonts were not found. This study also reports the molecular prevalence of Haemoproteus spp. in Iran

Features of blood supply to the arteries of the forelimb of the northern domesticated reindeers

A role of the blood circulatory system in a regulation of organism’s physiological functions and in a development of pathological processes is enormous. In this work the specifics of the vascular supply of the northern reindeer’s limbs are presented which are characterized by monotonous scheme. However, the northern reindeer has anatomic specific due to advanced second and the fifth dactyls. In this article there is determination of the development of forelimb’s arterial vessels of the northern reindeer during postnatal ontogenesis. In the postnatal period of development, the most intensive growth in the length and diameter of the great arteries is observed in the first year of the animal’s life, especially in the first month.

A Design of a Patient-Customized Healthcare System for Learning Blood Circulation System (I-Lbcs) by Game - Learning Environment (G-Le)

An Improved-Human Blood Circulatory System (I-LBCS) is critical to educate.Be that as it may, it is hard to get it. Thisi-LBCS method to comprehend through LA. This application will give the i-LBCS progressively intuitive and intriguing, in which game -player engaged with the game. The plan and build up a game method on Android Studio (AS) that can assist a student with understanding configurations and standards of significant cells in the Human (HUM) Circulatory and Immune System (CIS) in Human Body (HB). These games generally focused on science subjects for grade HSC Students (STDNT).