The Body as Site of Action and Intersubjectivity in Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right

Author(s):  
John Russon
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5315-5320
Author(s):  
Mani Dineshkumar ◽  
Vyshnavi Tallapaneni ◽  
Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri

Eyes are considered as one of the most important organs of the body. The main hurdle for achieving effective ocular treatment is the maintenance of adequate quantity of drug at the site of action within the eye. Maintaining the concentration of drug in the eye is a difficult task as the anatomy and physiology of the eye leads to the draining of the drug from the eye. This leads to poor ocular bio availability and there by poor ocular therapy. The ocular bio availability can be improved by increasing the ocular retention time of the formulation. Insitu gel formation technology is a promising technique to prevent the lacrimal drainage of the drug rapidly from the eyes. Insitu gel preparation will be in liquid from when prepared, they are administered into the Cul-de-sac of the eye. Due to the environmental characteristics of the eye such as temperature, pH, Ionic concentration etc. the liquid formulation changes to gel form. This will increase the residence time and contact time of the drug with the mucosa of the eye. Insitu gels can increase the ocular bioavailability of the drug .The primary requirement of a successful control release product focuses on increasing patient compliance, good stability and bio compatibility. Insitu gels are used now a days as vehicles for both local and systemic drug therapies. This review deals with the study of a novel insitu gel approaches as a means to localize and prolong drug activity at its site of action.


Author(s):  
Lynn L. Estes

Pharmacokinetics is the disposition of drugs in the body (how the body acts on the drug); it incorporates terms such as absorption, bioavailability, distribution, protein binding, metabolism, and elimination. Pharmacodynamics is the interaction between the drug concentration at the site of action over time (drug exposure) and the pharmacologic effect, which, in the case of antimicrobials, is eradication of microorganisms. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are interrelated. Both need to be taken into account to optimize antimicrobial therapy.


2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Austin Riede

Abstract David Cronenberg's The Fly (1986), the definitive film of the body horror genre, poses political questions regarding the limits of human recognition and the disciplinary surveillance techniques employed over the body by ideology. This article reads The Fly alongside H. G. Wells's 1896 novel The Island of Dr. Moreau, arguing that both texts are allegorical explorations of the foundation of human politics, through surveillance and control of both individuals and populations. Brundle's transformation leads him to a Hobbesian 'state of nature', in which he asserts his natural right of self-preservation. The vivisected animals that Dr Moreau creates, however, exist in a highly ritualized political system predicated on the human capacity to experience, understand and remember pain. It is a political system that exemplifies Foucauldean notions of self-control through disciplinarian surveillance. The two texts serve as inverted reflections of one another: in The Island of Dr. Moreau, animals are humanized by the fear of pain, and in The Fly a human is animalized by the experience of pain. Both texts are reminders that, as Elaine Scarry has pointed out, pain has the capacity to eradicate individual humanity. They also remind us that empathy for the pain of others is essentially humanizing.


1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Rahul Kumar Ancheria ◽  
Saloni Jain ◽  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Shankar Lal Soni

Novel drug delivery systems are designed with an intend to deliver drugs to the specific site at a rate and extent directed by the needs of the body and it directs an active entity to specific site of action during the period of treatment. Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease, affecting about 70-80% of adolescents and young adults. It is a multifactorial disease of the pilosebaceous unit. it has been developed as possible carriers to deliver antifungal drugs to the target site and to enhance an epidermal permeation across the skin.this article we present benzoyl peroxide can increase solubility and permeability of topical used.when benzoyl peroxide is very widely used  in the  mild to moderate acne vulgaris and rosacea.   KEYWORDS-


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonu Ambwani ◽  
Roopali Tandon ◽  
Tanuj Kumar Ambwani

Herbal drugs have been used since ancient times in various parts of the world. These have wide acceptability due to their time-tested therapeutic values and minimal side effects in contrast to modern allopathic medicines. Mostly, the herbal drugs are either in dried powder form or in crude extract form prepared in different solvent systems. These preparations generally need large dose administration and also could be less effective in the form of conventional formulations. Moreover, these herbal formulations cannot be targeted to specific tissue in case of different chronic diseases. Oral consumed herbal formulations display reduced bioavailability as these are subjected to adverse pH, enzymatic degradation and ultimately poor gut absorption. Constraints associated with conventional phytopharmaceuticals have been improved by designing and using “Nano Delivery Systems” (NDS). The foremost aim of NDS is to provide sustained drug release, site-specific action, and improved patient’s compliance. Nanometal based herbal drugs can be used for targeted drug delivery in the body which improves their safety, effectiveness and reduces need of frequent large doses. Metal Nanocarriers loaded with herbal drugs can carry the optimal amount of the drug to their site of action avoiding different obstructions such as low pH in the stomach, metabolism by liver so that the drug can circulate into the blood for a longer period of time. Herbal drugs with NDS thus would be helpful in enhancing their efficacy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Garrepalli Samatha

The quest never ends. From the very beginning of the human race the quest is going on for newer and better alternatives and in case of drugs it will continue till we find a drug with maximum efficacy and no side effects. Many drugs, particularly chemotherapeutic agents, have narrow therapeutic window and their clinical uses are limited and compromised by dose limiting toxic effect. Thus, the therapeutic effectiveness of the existing drugs is improved by formulating them in an advantageous way. In the past few decades, considerable attention has been focused on the development of new drug delivery system (NDDS). The NDDS should ideally full fill two prerequisites. Firstly, it should deliver the drug at a rate directed by the needs of the body, over the period of treatment. Secondly, it should channel the active entity to the site of action. Conventional dosage forms including prolonged release dosage forms are unable to meet none of these. At present, no available drug delivery system behaves ideally, but sincere attempts have been made to achieve them through various novel approaches in drug delivery1. Approaches are being adapted to achieve this goal, by paying considerable attention either to control the distribution of drug by incorporating it in a carrier system, or by altering the structure of the drug at the molecular level, or to control the input of the drug into the bio environment to ensure an appropriate profile of distribution.


2020 ◽  
pp. 73-102
Author(s):  
Charlotte Epstein

This chapter assesses how security was established as the first absolute and natural right of the subject. Thomas Hobbes remains in focus, insofar as he articulated the furthest what had already become an established dogma of early modern thought, notably in natural right theories, and of nascent state practice. The chapter then considers the different kinds of natures that troubled the enterprise of naturalisation. For nature was also appearing, as a result of the scientific revolution, as a source of disorder. It was no longer simply the stable referent for the task of political ordering. This new, epochal instability in the constructions of nature and the way it was addressed by Hobbes in his epistemological writings contains resources for short-circuiting the naturalising work that Hobbes, amongst others, was engaged in. These resources include Hobbes’s nominalism, which marks him as the original constructivist, and his critique of universals, including ‘paternal dominion’, his term for patriarchy. Hence, the purpose of the chapter is to parse the initial naturalisation of security as the subject’s constitutive right, in order to denaturalise it. Ultimately, Hobbes played a central role, not only in theorising the state, but in securing what the author seeks to unsettle with this book: the body as history’s great naturaliser.


Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lola Corzo ◽  
Lucía Fernández-Novoa ◽  
Iván Carrera ◽  
Olaia Martínez ◽  
Susana Rodríguez ◽  
...  

The investigation of new alternatives for disease prevention through the application of findings from dietary and food biotechnology is an ongoing challenge for the scientific community. New nutritional trends and the need to meet social and health demands have inspired the concept of functional foods and nutraceuticals which, in addition to their overall nutritional value, present certain properties for the maintenance of health. However, these effects are not universal. Nutrigenetics describes how the genetic profile has an impact on the response of the body to bioactive food components by influencing their absorption, metabolism, and site of action. The EbioSea Program, for biomarine prospection, and the Blue Butterfly Program, for the screening of vegetable-derived bioproducts, have identified a new series of nutraceuticals, devoid of side effects at conventional doses, with genotype-dependent preventive and therapeutic activity. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics provide the opportunity to explore the inter-individual differences in the metabolism of and response to nutrients, achieving optimal results. This fact leads to the concept of personalized nutrition as opposed to public health nutrition. Consequently, the development and prescription of nutraceuticals according to the individual genetic profile is essential to improve their effectiveness in the prevention and natural treatment of prevalent diseases.


e-Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez ◽  
Aracely Serrano-Medina ◽  
Erick José Torres-Martínez ◽  
Graciela Lizeth Perez-González ◽  
José Manuel Cornejo-Bravo

AbstractConventional pharmaceuticals generally display the inability to transport active ingredients directly to specific regions of the body, amongst some of their main limitations. The distribution of the drugs in the circulatory system may lead to undesired toxicity, and therefore, adverse reactions. To address this situation, a selective transport of drugs is required, that is, releasing drugs specifically to the site of action in appropriate concentrations and in the right time. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to develop delivery systems that respond to several features, such as low toxicity, optimum properties for the transport and release of the drug, as well as a long half-life in the body. This feature paper critically provides an overview of different strategies of controlled drug release for two model antineoplasic drugs, i.e. doxorubicin (DOX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Any of the presented strategies for drug release possess advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of the strategy used will depend on the targeted tissue and nature of the drug.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 047-054
Author(s):  
Fidelis Bekeh Ada ◽  
Kenneth Igbang Sunday ◽  
Emmanuel Akomaye Ugbong

Venoms are poisons or toxins of animal origin in which the animal that produce the toxins are capable of introducing the toxins into the body of the victims. Animals that produce toxins but lack the ability to introduce the toxins into their victims are said to be poisonous animals. Venoms are classified based on their site of action in the bodies of their victims. Thus, they classified into local, auto pharmacological, antihaemostic, neurological mascular cardiac and renal types; and based on the type of animal producing the venom, it is difficult to classify venom based on chemical constitution because of the fact that a particular venom is highly complex chemically with many reactive sites. The role venoms play on organisms in the environment is highlighted.


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