Patterned Illumination Techniques in Optogenetics: An Insight Into Decelerating Murine Hearts

Much has been reported about optogenetic based cardiac arrhythmia treatment and the corresponding characterization of photostimulation parameters, but still, our capacity to interact with the underlying spatiotemporal excitation patterns relies mainly on electrical and/or pharmacological approaches. However, these well-established treatments have always been an object of somehow heated discussions. Though being acutely life-saving, they often come with potential side-effects leading to a decreased functionality of the complex cardiac system. Recent optogenetic studies showed the feasibility of the usage of photostimulation as a defibrillation method with comparatively high success rates. Although, these studies mainly concentrated on the description as well as on the comparison of single photodefibrillation approaches, such as locally focused light application and global illumination, less effort was spent on the description of excitation patterns during actual photostimulation. In this study, the authors implemented a multi-site photodefibrillation technique in combination with Multi-Lead electrocardiograms (ECGs). The technical connection of real-time heart rhythm measurements and the arrhythmia counteracting light control provides a further step toward automated arrhythmia classification, which can lead to adaptive photodefibrillation methods. In order to show the power effectiveness of the new approach, transgenic murine hearts expressing channelrhodopsin-2 ex vivo were investigated using circumferential micro-LED and ECG arrays. Thus, combining the best of two methods by giving the possibility to illuminate either locally or globally with differing pulse parameters. The optical technique presented here addresses a number of challenges of technical cardiac optogenetics and is discussed in the context of arrhythmic development during photostimulation.

Nicotine Ingestion Reduces Heart Rate Variability in Young Healthy Adults

Around the whole world, smoking is considered harmful to human health, such as increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD, such as coronary heart disease and stroke) and lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore whether nicotine, the main component of tobacco, has adverse effects on heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescents, so as to remind adolescents not to smoke and not to take pleasure in abusing nicotine. In this study, 40 male and 40 female young healthy nonsmoking subjects were selected to analyze the changes of HRV after taking 4 mg nicotine orally. We found that nicotine reduced HRV in young healthy male and female subjects, and there was no gender difference in this effect ( P > 0.05 ). In conclusion, smoking is harmful to the cardiac system of young people, especially when nicotine content ≥4 mg dosage.

Pulsometric Criteria of for the Classifications of Training Overload

Measuring heart rate gives us the opportunity to make the best analysis of the behaviour of the cardiac system during physical activity and aids us to decide for the ideal training programs a performer must undergo. The aim for the investigation was to draw observant conclusions which would aid us in choosing the activities in said program, as the results portrayed the body’s response to the different intensities of the physical tests. The pulsometric criteria for the classification of the training overloads among amateur runners and football players were used.

TWO CULPRIT ARTERIES IN A CO-DOMINANT CARDIAC SYSTEM

In a co-dominant cardiac system, the posterior descending artery arises from branches of both the right coronary artery and the left circumex artery. In the event of ischemia from a culprit artery, the other branch supplies the myocardium. Here we aim to report a case of occlusion of branches of both sides in a co-dominant system and both of them being culprit arteries.

Prevalence of Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in COVID-19 affected patients in public hospital facility of Pakistan, a retrospective study

COVID 19 infection is a devastating viral disease-causing multiorgan damage and severity of the complications. Several studies have reported the major effect of COVID 19 on the respiratory, cardiac system as well as on other organs. There has been an increased prevalence of the COVID-19 infection observed in patients with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) because of many unknown reasons.

Asprosin; effects and associations

Asprosin is a hormone that is released by the white adipose tissue. It stimulates the release of glucose, which is produced in the liver, into the blood. Asprosin targets many organs including the skeletal muscle, pancreas, liver, and cardiac system. In addition, asprosin stimulates appetite leading to weight gain. It also influences glucose metabolism, cell apoptosis, and insulin resistance. Furthermore, it has been implicated in some medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes.

The anesthesiologist and Covid-19 endocrinopathies

Covid-19 disease created a havoc since 2019, affected large number of number of people over worldwide. As the second wave is receding, we will be receiving patients with the long-term effects of Covid-19 for the surgeries either for their primary disease or for the complications arising from the Covid-19. Primarily, the Covid-19 is a disease affecting the pulmonary and cardiac system, many other systems including renal, hematology, central nervous, endocrine etc. also damaged with the same. Various endocrine glands are being involved in Covid-19 disease like pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenals, reproductive system etc. as they are highly expressed with ACE. This may even lead to the permanent damage. Because of the unfamiliarity with the disease, plausible impact on the endocrine functions is still unclear. This article elaborates various endocrine manifestations of SARS Cov and SARS Cov-2 for better understanding and management of Covid-19 recovered patients.

A Review of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Pathological Disorders in Patients

Firstly, a new coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China, sparking a pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans. Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) was declared as a pandemic after the infection spread globally and disease caused by the new type of coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was named as COVID-19. The virus originated from bats and has been passed to humans. Initially, SARS-CoV-19 infects respiratory system an acute serious viral infection mainly developed with over a million people worldwide were transmitted rapidly in a few months. SARS-CoV-19, progress a moderate to serious severe respiratory symptoms such as headache, cough, and breathlessness. Also, digestive system symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Although the precise of the mechanism of inflammation unclear but this virus firstly use the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of the alveolar cells of lung tissue causing inflammation and cell death. Then virus spreads and affects other important organ and tissues with complex pathophysiological alterations, the coronary disease, pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease and chronic liver disease are the most prevalent comorbidities among patients. In COVID-19 infection therapy lots agents recommended. Unfortunately, there is no clear effective drug for treatment. This review presented potential pathogenic pathway of the SARS-CoV-19 infection and symptoms in the patients and given the information about the negative effects on different systems in the respiratory, cardiac system, nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and urinary tract.

PTT-based Contact-less Blood Pressure Measurement using an RGB-Camera

Commonly used blood pressure measurement devices have noticeable limitations in accuracy, measuring time, comfort or safety. To overcome these limitations, we developed and tested a surrogate-based, non-invasive blood pressure measurement method using an RGB-camera. Our proposed method employs the relation between the pulse transit time (PTT) and blood pressure. Two remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) signals at different distances from the heart are extracted to calculate the temporal delay of the pulse wave. In order to establish the correlation between the PTT values and the blood pressure, a regression model is trained and evaluated. Tests were performed with five subjects, where each subject was recorded fifteen times for 30 seconds. Since the physiological parameters of the cardiac system are different for each person, an individual calibration is required to obtain the systolic and diastolic blood pressure from the PTT values. The calibration results are limited by the small number of samples and the accuracy of the reference system. However, our results show a strong correlation between the PTT values and the blood pressure and we obtained a mean error of 0.18 +/- 5.50 mmHg for the diastolic blood pressure and 0.01 +/- 7.71 mmHg for the systolic pressure, respectively.