scholarly journals FIRE CHARACTERISTICS OF ZAGROS FOREST ECOSYSTEM, KERMANSHAH PROVINCE, WESTERN IRAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Mohsen Javanmiri pour
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Habitat Factors ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Fire Area ◽  
Fire Characteristics ◽  
Terrestrial Biomes

Fires are an integral part of many terrestrial biomes and a major source of disturbance in nature. The purpose of this study is to assess the causes and characteristics of fires in the Zagros ecosystem in ten consecutive years from 2011 to 2020. To conduct this research, wholly fire events that occurred in natural areas in the Gilan-e Gharb basin during the fire season detailed in a decade. In practice, immediately after informed of the occurrence of fires in natural areas, research data recorded. Totally, 233 event fires have occurred in the ten years from 2011 to 2020. The fire affected approximately 11,420 hectares of natural areas. The highest frequency of monthly fires during the months of the fire season includes 53, 44, and 40 events, which concern August, July, and September, respectively. The frequency of fires in different components of natural resources shows that the highest and the least frequency includes non-wooded pastures (44.6±5.6) and mixed Forest-rangeland (14.25±4.11). The most causes of fire in natural areas include recreation and hunting (43.3±16.1). The maximum frequency of the fire area includes <100 hectares’ classes (83.6±20.57). Most fires suppressed in a very short period (64.27±26.17). Daneh Khoshk, Nawdar, Poshteh, Peikoleh, Belaleh, Cheleh – Ghalajeh as well as Chikan regions include a high risk of fire. The issues connected to the fire are multidimensional. It deals with climatic and habitat factors, social issues, and the nature conservation culture institutionalization among the local people. To reduce the fire and the resulting damage, it is necessary to perform basic proceedings in whole fields.

Analysis of natural regeneration of Scots pine forest in the high Campine after a fire

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lust
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Seed Supply ◽  
Regeneration Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Fire Area ◽  
Scots Pine Forest

The  study deals with the spontaneous resettlement of a fire area, after  destruction of 600 ha Scots pine forest. The following items have been  examined in particular: the composition of the tree species, the duration of  the regeneration period, the influence of the parent stand, the exposition,  the slope, the treatment, the fire regime and the social differentiation.      The resettlement took place very quickly and over a very short period.  Birch and Scots pine take up 95 % of the stem number. The regeneration result  is precarious, yet mostly good. The parent stand is favourable both to seed  supply and to microclimate, but only over a short distance. The Scots pine  prefers more open and dry areas, whereas birch needs more humidity.     Practice has shown that natural regeneration of Scots pine stands is  possible. The forest treatment, however, is very important. It determines not  only the immediate result of the regeneration, but also the composition and  the structure of the future stand.

scholarly journals Unveiling the Factors Responsible for Australia’s Black Summer Fires of 2019/2020

Fire ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Noam Levin ◽  
Marta Yebra ◽  
Stuart Phinn
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Burnt Area ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Average Area ◽  
Southeast Australia ◽  
Large Fires ◽  
Fire Area ◽  
Response Variables

The summer season of 2019–2020 has been named Australia’s Black Summer because of the large forest fires that burnt for months in southeast Australia, affecting millions of Australia’s citizens and hundreds of millions of animals and capturing global media attention. This extensive fire season has been attributed to the global climate crisis, a long drought season and extreme fire weather conditions. Our aim in this study was to examine the factors that have led some of the wildfires to burn over larger areas for a longer duration and to cause more damage to vegetation. To this end, we studied all large forest and non-forest fires (>100 km2) that burnt in Australia between September 2019 and mid-February 2020 (Australia’s Black Summer fires), focusing on the forest fires in southeast Australia. We used a segmentation algorithm to define individual polygons of large fires based on the burn date from NASA’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) active fires product and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burnt area product (MCD64A1). For each of the wildfires, we calculated the following 10 response variables, which served as proxies for the fires’ extent in space and time, spread and intensity: fire area, fire duration (days), the average spread of fire (area/days), fire radiative power (FRP; as detected by NASA’s MODIS Collection 6 active fires product (MCD14ML)), two burn severity products, and changes in vegetation as a result of the fire (as calculated using the vegetation health index (VHI) derived from AVHRR and VIIRS as well as live fuel moisture content (LFMC), photosynthetic vegetation (PV) and combined photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic vegetation (PV+NPV) derived from MODIS). We also computed more than 30 climatic, vegetation and anthropogenic variables based on remotely sensed derived variables, climatic time series and land cover datasets, which served as the explanatory variables. Altogether, 391 large fires were identified for Australia’s Black Summer. These included 205 forest fires with an average area of 584 km2 and 186 non-forest fires with an average area of 445 km2; 63 of the forest fires took place in southeast (SE) Australia (the area between Fraser Island, Queensland, and Kangaroo Island, South Australia), with an average area of 1097 km2. Australia’s Black Summer forest fires burnt for more days compared with non-forest fires. Overall, the stepwise regression models were most successful at explaining the response variables for the forest fires in SE Australia (n = 63; median-adjusted R2 of 64.3%), followed by all forest fires (n = 205; median-adjusted R2 of 55.8%) and all non-forest fires (n = 186; median-adjusted R2 of 48.2%). The two response variables that were best explained by the explanatory variables used as proxies for fires’ extent, spread and intensity across all models for the Black Summer forest and non-forest fires were the change in PV due to fire (median-adjusted R2 of 69.1%) and the change in VHI due to fire (median-adjusted R2 of 66.3%). Amongst the variables we examined, vegetation and fuel-related variables (such as previous frequency of fires and the conditions of the vegetation before the fire) were found to be more prevalent in the multivariate models for explaining the response variables in comparison with climatic and anthropogenic variables. This result suggests that better management of wildland–urban interfaces and natural vegetation using cultural and prescribed burning as well as planning landscapes with less flammable and more fire-tolerant ground cover plants may reduce fire risk to communities living near forests, but this is challenging given the sheer size and diversity of ecosystems in Australia.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE UTILITY OF THE ADVANCED HIMAWARI IMAGER TO DETECT ACTIVE FIRE OVER AUSTRALIA

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B8 ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hally ◽  
L. Wallace ◽  
K. Reinke ◽  
S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Land Management ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Fire Detection ◽  
Japan Meteorological Agency ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Detection And Attribution ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Fire Characteristics

Wildfire detection and attribution is an issue of importance due to the socio-economic impact of fires in Australia. Early detection of fires allows emergency response agencies to make informed decisions in order to minimise loss of life and protect strategic resources in threatened areas. Until recently, the ability of land management authorities to accurately assess fire through satellite observations of Australia was limited to those made by polar orbiting satellites. The launch of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Himawari-8 satellite, with the 16-band Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI-8) onboard, in October 2014 presents a significant opportunity to improve the timeliness of satellite fire detection across Australia. The near real-time availability of images, at a ten minute frequency, may also provide contextual information (background temperature) leading to improvements in the assessment of fire characteristics. This paper investigates the application of the high frequency observation data supplied by this sensor for fire detection and attribution. As AHI-8 is a new sensor we have performed an analysis of the noise characteristics of the two spectral bands used for fire attribution across various land use types which occur in Australia. Using this information we have adapted existing algorithms, based upon least squares error minimisation and Kalman filtering, which utilise high frequency observations of surface temperature to detect and attribute fire. The fire detection and attribution information provided by these algorithms is then compared to existing satellite based fire products as well as in-situ information provided by land management agencies. These comparisons were made Australia-wide for an entire fire season - including many significant fire events (wildfires and prescribed burns). Preliminary detection results suggest that these methods for fire detection perform comparably to existing fire products and fire incident reporting from relevant fire authorities but with the advantage of being near-real time. Issues remain for detection due to cloud and smoke obscuration, along with validation of the attribution of fire characteristics using these algorithms.

scholarly journals Rainfall patterns after fire differentially affect the recruitment of three Mediterranean shrubs

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 3721-3732 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Moreno ◽  
E. Zuazua ◽  
B. Pérez ◽  
B. Luna ◽  
A. Velasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mediterranean Shrubs ◽  
Rainfall Patterns ◽  
Fire Characteristics ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
In Fire

Abstract. In fire-prone environments, the "event-dependent hypothesis" states that plant population changes are driven by the unique set of conditions of a fire (e.g. fire season, climate). Climate variability, in particular changes in rainfall patterns, can be most important for seeder species, since they regenerate after fire from seeds, and for Mediterranean shrublands, given the high yearly variability of rainfall in these ecosystems. Yet, the role of rainfall variability and its interaction with fire characteristics (e.g. fire season) on plant populations has received little attention. Here we investigated the changes in seedling emergence and recruitment of three seeder species (Cistus ladanifer, Erica umbellata and Rosmarinus officinalis) after fires lit during three different years and at two times (early and late) during the fire season. Three plots were burned at each season, for a total of 18 plots burned during the three years. After fire, emerged seedlings were tallied, tagged and monitored during three years (two in the last burning year). Rainfall during the study period was rather variable and, in some years, it was well below average. Postfire seedling emergence varied by a factor of 3 to 12, depending on the species and on the burning year. The bulk of seedling emergence occurred during the first year after fire; seedling recruitment at the end of the study period was tightly correlated with this early emergence. Emergence in Erica and Rosmarinus, but not in Cistus, was correlated with precipitation in the fall and winter immediately after fire, with Erica being the most sensitive to reduced rainfall. Fire season was generally neither an important factor in controlling emergence nor, in particular, recruitment. We discuss how projected changes in rainfall patterns with global warming could alter the balance of species in this shrubland, and could drive some species to near local extinction.

scholarly journals The Research of Islamic Sustainable Urbanization in the Issue of Urban Poor to Achieve Food Security in Malaysia Work

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S3) ◽  
pp. 319-324
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Sustainable Urbanization ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Urban People

The number of urban people in Malaysia has increased exponentially from 1970 which is from 27% to 71% in 2010. The increase in number of the urban population in such a short period of time has led to multiple problems including high cost of living, crime rate, social issues, and deterioration of the environment, unemployment and poverty. The issue of urban poverty in Malaysia has been regarded as a striking phenomenon caused by the urbanization process. Normally, urban poor residents run the risks of facing limited access to food and quality food to the point that their food security is affected. Thus, how to manage an Islamic city to overcome the problem of the urban poor? What are the values that we need to have in such management to fulfill food-related needs especially among urban poor? How are the values able to help guarantee the food security of urban poor in Malaysia? To answer all these issues, this paper work intends to identify the values in Islamic sustainable urbanization. Next, it analyses the values in managing food security for urban poor in Malaysia. This qualitative study using content analysis with secondary data collection integrates values of fairness, welfare and solidarity in fulfilling economic and social needs of urban poor

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE UTILITY OF THE ADVANCED HIMAWARI IMAGER TO DETECT ACTIVE FIRE OVER AUSTRALIA

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B8 ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hally ◽  
L. Wallace ◽  
K. Reinke ◽  
S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Land Management ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Fire Detection ◽  
Japan Meteorological Agency ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Detection And Attribution ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Fire Characteristics

Wildfire detection and attribution is an issue of importance due to the socio-economic impact of fires in Australia. Early detection of fires allows emergency response agencies to make informed decisions in order to minimise loss of life and protect strategic resources in threatened areas. Until recently, the ability of land management authorities to accurately assess fire through satellite observations of Australia was limited to those made by polar orbiting satellites. The launch of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Himawari-8 satellite, with the 16-band Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI-8) onboard, in October 2014 presents a significant opportunity to improve the timeliness of satellite fire detection across Australia. The near real-time availability of images, at a ten minute frequency, may also provide contextual information (background temperature) leading to improvements in the assessment of fire characteristics. This paper investigates the application of the high frequency observation data supplied by this sensor for fire detection and attribution. As AHI-8 is a new sensor we have performed an analysis of the noise characteristics of the two spectral bands used for fire attribution across various land use types which occur in Australia. Using this information we have adapted existing algorithms, based upon least squares error minimisation and Kalman filtering, which utilise high frequency observations of surface temperature to detect and attribute fire. The fire detection and attribution information provided by these algorithms is then compared to existing satellite based fire products as well as in-situ information provided by land management agencies. These comparisons were made Australia-wide for an entire fire season - including many significant fire events (wildfires and prescribed burns). Preliminary detection results suggest that these methods for fire detection perform comparably to existing fire products and fire incident reporting from relevant fire authorities but with the advantage of being near-real time. Issues remain for detection due to cloud and smoke obscuration, along with validation of the attribution of fire characteristics using these algorithms.

scholarly journals Improving The Problem Solving Skill Through Metacognitive Strategies Assisted by Student Worksheets

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Johan Syahbrudin ◽  
Anita Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of metacognitive learning strategy assisted by student worksheets based on troubleshooting even though only for a short amount of time to develop students' physics problem solving abilities. This research design using quasi-experiment design. The study population was students of class XI MAN Yogyakarta 1 with two sample classes totaling 53 people taken through cluster random sampling techniques. Collecting research data through study documentation, observation, and tests. Analysis of research data using descriptive analysis techniques and quantitative analysis (independent sample t-test). This study shows the results that the application of metacognition learning strategy assisted by student worksheets based on troubleshooting in a relatively short period of time is not effective to produce physics problem solving abilities.

scholarly journals Emissions of isoprenoids and oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compounds from a New England mixed forest

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 28565-28633
Author(s):  
K. A. McKinney ◽  
B. H. Lee ◽  
A. Vasta ◽  
T. V. Pho ◽  
J. W. Munger
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Volatile Organic

Abstract. Fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds, including isoprene, monoterpenes, and oxygenated VOCs measured above a mixed forest canopy in western Massachusetts during the 2005 and 2007 growing seasons are reported. Measurements were made using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and converted to fluxes using the disjunct eddy covariance technique. Isoprene was by far the predominant BVOC emitted at this site, with summer mid-day average fluxes of 5.3 and 4.4 mg m−2 h−1 in 2005 and 2007, respectively. In comparison, mid-day average fluxes of monoterpenes were 0.21 and 0.15 mg m−2 h−1 in each of these years. On short times scales (days), the diel pattern in emission rate compared well with a standard emission algorithm for isoprene. The general shape of the seasonal cycle and the observed decrease in isoprene emission rate in early September was, however, not well captured by the model. Monoterpene emission rates exhibited dependence on light as well as temperature, as determined from the improved fit to the observations obtained by including a light-dependent term in the model. The mid-day average flux of methanol from the canopy was 0.14 mg m−2 h−1 in 2005 and 0.19 mg m−2 h−1 in 2007, but the maximum flux was observed in spring (29 May 2007), when the flux reached 1.0 mg m−2 h−1. This observation is consistent with enhanced methanol production during leaf expansion. Summer mid-day fluxes of acetone were 0.15 mg m−2 h−1 during a short period in 2005, but only 0.03 mg m−2 h−1 averaged over 2007. Episodes of negative fluxes of oxygenated VOCs, particularly acetone, were observed periodically, especially in 2007. Thus, deposition within the canopy could help explain the low season-averaged flux of acetone in 2007. Fluxes of species of biogenic origin at mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios of 73 (0.05 mg m−2 h−1 in 2005; 0.03 mg m−2 h−1 in 2007) and 153 (5 μg m−2 h−1 in 2007), possibly corresponding to methyl ethyl ketone and an oxygenated terpene, respectively, were also observed.

Quantifying the influence of fuel age and weather on the annual extent of unplanned fires in the Sydney region of Australia

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen F. Price ◽  
Ross A. Bradstock
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Fire Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mixed Modelling ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fire Extent

Planned fire is used globally to minimise the risk of unplanned fire, but it is important to measure the return for effort in terms of the reduction of risk per unit area of planned fire. Here, we use 30 years of fire mapping from four subregions of the Sydney region to compare the annual extent of unplanned fire with previous planned and unplanned fire. Using linear mixed modelling, we were able to discriminate the relative influence of previous fire, seasonal rainfall and weather during the peak fire season. The mean annual area burnt over the period was 4.11%, comprising 0.53% planned and 3.58% unplanned. We found that weather during the fire season was the most influential factor. Annual rainfall had a modest negative relationship with unplanned fire area. Past fire had some influence, but the relationship implied that approximately three units of planned fire are required to reduce the unplanned fire area by one unit. Managers would need to burn 5.4% per year to halve unplanned fire extent, a ten-fold increase on recent levels. This would increase the total area burnt, and have other effects that need to be considered (from smoke and greenhouse gas emissions, and changes to biodiversity).

scholarly journals Emissions of isoprenoids and oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compounds from a New England mixed forest

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4807-4831 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. McKinney ◽  
B. H. Lee ◽  
A. Vasta ◽  
T. V. Pho ◽  
J. W. Munger
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Volatile Organic

Abstract. Fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds, including isoprene, monoterpenes, and oxygenated VOCs measured above a mixed forest canopy in central Massachusetts during the 2005 and 2007 growing seasons are reported. Mixing ratios were measured using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and fluxes computed by the disjunct eddy covariance technique. Isoprene was by far the predominant BVOC emitted at this site, with summer mid-day average fluxes of 5.3 and 4.4 mg m−2 hr−1 in 2005 and 2007, respectively. In comparison, mid-day average fluxes of monoterpenes were 0.21 and 0.15 mg m−2 hr−1 in each of these years. On short times scales (days), the diel pattern in emission rate compared well with a standard emission algorithm for isoprene. The general shape of the seasonal cycle and the observed decrease in isoprene emission rate in early September was, however, not well captured by the model. Monoterpene emission rates exhibited dependence on light as well as temperature, as determined from the improved fit to the observations obtained by including a light-dependent term in the model. The mid-day average flux of methanol from the canopy was 0.14 mg m−2 hr−1 in 2005 and 0.19 mg m−2 hr−1 in 2007, but the maximum flux was observed in spring (29 May 2007), when the flux reached 1.0 mg m−2 hr−1. This observation is consistent with enhanced methanol production during leaf expansion. Summer mid-day fluxes of acetone were 0.15 mg m−2 hr−1 during a short period in 2005, but only 0.03 mg m−2 h−1 averaged over 2007. Episodes of negative fluxes of oxygenated VOCs, particularly acetone, were observed periodically, especially in 2007. Thus, deposition within the canopy could help explain the low season-averaged flux of acetone in 2007. Fluxes of species of biogenic origin at mass-to-charge ($m/z$) ratios of 73 (0.05 mg m−2 hr−1 in 2005; 0.03 mg m−2 hr−1 in 2007) and 153 (5 μg m−2 hr−1 in 2007), possibly corresponding to methyl ethyl ketone and an oxygenated terpene or methyl salicylate, respectively, were also observed.

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