scholarly journals Mapping Social Exclusion: The Geography of Unemployment

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Soldera
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Manifestation

This paper analyses the relationship between the spatial distribution of unemployment in an urban area and economic growth. According to the hysteresis argument inertias build up in recessions that are not dispelled during periods of growth. The most common manifestation is the continued growth of long-term unemployment. Long durations of unemployment reduce skill levels, confidence, contacts and the chances of regaining paid work. This paper examines the possibility that these duration effects are also tied to the spatial distribution of unemployment, generating a form of spatial hysteresis. According to this argument clusters of unemployment that grow during recessions fail to shrink during periods of growth. These spatial concentrations of unemployment create a range of negative externalities that inhibit individuals in their search for employment. Using a GIS applied to census data a clustering statistic was employed to analyse the changing spatial distribution of the unemployed in the Wellington metropolitan regions over the period 1986 to 1996. Statistically significant clusters that persisted over the decade strongly support the spatial hysteresis argument.

scholarly journals Mapping Social Exclusion: The Geography of Unemployment

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Soldera
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Manifestation

This paper analyses the relationship between the spatial distribution of unemployment in an urban area and economic growth. According to the hysteresis argument inertias build up in recessions that are not dispelled during periods of growth. The most common manifestation is the continued growth of long-term unemployment. Long durations of unemployment reduce skill levels, confidence, contacts and the chances of regaining paid work. This paper examines the possibility that these duration effects are also tied to the spatial distribution of unemployment, generating a form of spatial hysteresis. According to this argument clusters of unemployment that grow during recessions fail to shrink during periods of growth. These spatial concentrations of unemployment create a range of negative externalities that inhibit individuals in their search for employment. Using a GIS applied to census data a clustering statistic was employed to analyse the changing spatial distribution of the unemployed in the Wellington metropolitan regions over the period 1986 to 1996. Statistically significant clusters that persisted over the decade strongly support the spatial hysteresis argument.

scholarly journals Social Isolation as Stigma-Management: Explaining Long-Term Unemployed People’s ‘Failure’ to Network

Sociology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Peterie ◽  
Gaby Ramia ◽  
Greg Marston ◽  
Roger Patulny
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Depth Interviews

Social networks play an important role in helping people find employment, yet extant studies have argued that unemployed ‘job-seekers’ rarely engage in ‘networking’ behaviours. Previous explanations of this inactivity have typically focused on individual factors such as personality, knowledge and attitude, or suggested that isolation occurs because individuals lose access to the latent benefits of employment. Social stigma has been obscured in these debates, even as they have perpetuated stereotypes regarding individual responsibility for unemployment and the inherent value of paid work. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 80 unemployed Australians, this article argues that stigma-related shame is an important factor in networking decisions. First, it demonstrates that stigma is ubiquitous in the lives of the unemployed. Second, it identifies withdrawal from social networks and disassociation from ‘the unemployed’ as two key strategies that unemployed people use to manage stigma-related shame, and shows how these strategies reduce networking activities.

scholarly journals Midlife Work and Women’s Long-Term Health and Mortality

Demography ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-402
Author(s):  
Jennifer Caputo ◽  
Eliza K. Pavalko ◽  
Melissa A. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Later Life ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Work Patterns ◽  
Mature Women ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mental And Physical Health ◽  
Health And Mortality

AbstractAlthough paid work is a well-established predictor of health, several gaps in our knowledge about the relationship between adult work patterns and later health and mortality remain, including whether these benefits persist over long periods and whether they are dependent on subjective experiences with work. We draw on more than three decades of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women to assess how labor force participation over a period of 20 years during midlife is related to mental and physical health and mortality over the following 16–25 years. We find that consistent work earlier in life continues to predict improved health and longevity over many years as women enter late life, and this relationship does not differ between women with positive and those with negative subjective work experiences. These findings add to knowledge about how key adult social experiences are related to health as individuals enter later life.

scholarly journals Life prospects of the unemployed: invariant and variable components in the prism of the last decade (2009-2018)

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 02028
Author(s):  
Irina Ralnikova ◽  
Yana Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Planning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Relationship

The article discusses the results of a comparison of the content and structure of life prospects of the unemployed men and women surveyed in 2009 and 2018. The study showed the specificity of the relationship of the socio-cultural context of a person’s life and his/her life prospects. The invariant and variable components of the life prospects of the unemployed are revealed. Over the past ten years, a pessimistic and contradictory view of the future, a temporary orientation to a negative past and a fatalistic present, a weak eventful and targeted saturation of the future, lack of long-term planning, the existence of a conflict of time settings are invariant, which, in many respects, is a reflection of the difficulty of experiencing the absence of work. Along with the stable characteristics, transformations of the content of life planning in a situation of lack of work are revealed. The assessment of the life prospects of the unemployed, who tend to see the future as swift and useful, turned out to be varied.

Investigating Neighborhood Change in Airport-Adjacent Communities in Multiairport Regions, 1970–2010

2017 ◽  
Vol 2626 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Woodburn
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Center Effect ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Activity Center ◽  
The Relationship

This research generated new knowledge in the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of airport-adjacent communities to better understand patterns of exposure to the negative externalities of hub airports over time. The research asked the following question: How has the population of historically marginalized groups living near airports changed with the rise of the jet age? The spatial analysis and descriptive statistics showed that airport-adjacent communities in multiairport regions generally have increased numbers of persons of color and increased numbers of renters compared with their respective metropolitan regions. In addition, the communities often underperform socioeconomically with respect to their region. The study also tested three theories from the literature to explain the relationship between airport infrastructure and the airport’s surrounding communities: the “power to resist” effect, the “push–pull locally unwanted land use” effect, and the “airport-centric activity center” effect.

scholarly journals Activation Workers’ Perceptions of Their Long-term Unemployed Clients’ Attitudes towards Employment

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW DUNN
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Work Values ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Social Security Benefit ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
Benefit Sanctions ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Presence Of People

AbstractThe Work Programme's use of severe social security benefit sanctions reflects British coalition ministers’ belief that many people on out-of-work benefits do not want a job. While a substantial empirical literature has repeatedly demonstrated that in fact unemployed benefit claimants possess the same work values as the employed and that the vast majority want paid work, it has ignored some conservative authors’ pleas to consider the views and experiences of people who work with the unemployed. Forty employees of agencies contracted to help unemployed people into employment were interviewed in summer 2011. Respondents had spent an estimated combined total of 147,000 hours in the presence of people who have claimed Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA) for over six months. Most said that between a quarter and half of their present clients did not want employment. This finding does not contradict existing research, given that most JSA claimants re-enter employment within six months. However, all forty agreed that many others remained unemployed because they were choosy in the jobs they were willing to undertake, and, most strikingly, respondents overwhelmingly endorsed the view that a ‘dependency culture’ exists in households and neighbourhoods that have experienced joblessness for several generations.

scholarly journals Toronto: Planning for Diversity, Inclusion and Urban Resilience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixi Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
Immigrant Settlement ◽  
The World ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Relationship

Recent waves of global migration have led to profound social, cultural, economic, political, physical, and environmental effects in metropolitan regions of major immigrant settlement. As noted in the World Migration Report, more scholars are exploring the relationship between migrants and cities.1 Cities play an important role in the processes of immigrant settlement and integration. Not only do they serve as reception areas for newcomers to live, work, learn, play, and socialize like other city inhabitants; they are also important places for building diverse, inclusive, resilient, and equitable communities in the long term. It has become imperative for municipalities to understand the dynamics and complexity of the global migration phenomenon and tackle the challenges and opportunities it presents locally. This report presents the key takeaways from Toronto’s planning practices as part of the Building Inclusive Cities initiative.

scholarly journals Toronto: Planning for Diversity, Inclusion and Urban Resilience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixi Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
Immigrant Settlement ◽  
The World ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Relationship

Recent waves of global migration have led to profound social, cultural, economic, political, physical, and environmental effects in metropolitan regions of major immigrant settlement. As noted in the World Migration Report, more scholars are exploring the relationship between migrants and cities.1 Cities play an important role in the processes of immigrant settlement and integration. Not only do they serve as reception areas for newcomers to live, work, learn, play, and socialize like other city inhabitants; they are also important places for building diverse, inclusive, resilient, and equitable communities in the long term. It has become imperative for municipalities to understand the dynamics and complexity of the global migration phenomenon and tackle the challenges and opportunities it presents locally. This report presents the key takeaways from Toronto’s planning practices as part of the Building Inclusive Cities initiative.

Limiting Long-Term Illness and Household Structure among People Aged 45 and over, Great Britain 1991

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN GLASER ◽  
MIKE MURPHY ◽  
EMILY GRUNDY
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Family And Household ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Formal Services ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study reported here was to investigate the relationship between health and household composition among older people. The 1 per cent and 2 per cent SARs (Samples of Anonymised Records) drawn from 1991 British Census data were used to examine the frequency of a limiting long-term illness among older people according to different types of living arrangements. These data include the population in institutions and our results show that previous studies based only on the private household population have underestimated the prevalence of illness among older people. Long-term illness rates vary across family and household types, with higher frequencies found for those individuals not living in families (either alone or with others) or in lone parent families, compared with those living as part of a couple. Importantly, our results show a previously unreported clustering of long-term illness in households. Those over 45 suffering from a limiting long-term illness were more likely than those without such an illness, to live in households including others with long-term illness. These results indicate that health should be considered from a household, rather than just an individual, perspective. Our findings support those who have argued that families including an older ill member need more help from formal services. However, it is unlikely that this can be achieved solely by redeploying services from those living alone as long-term illness rates were also high in this group.

Multi-Center Calibration of the Second Reference Material for Thromboplastin, Rabbit, Plain, Coded CRM 149R

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryIn a collaborative trial of eleven laboratories which was performed mainly within the framework of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), a second reference material for thromboplastin, rabbit, plain, was calibrated against its predecessor RBT/79. This second reference material (coded CRM 149R) has a mean International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of 1.343 with a standard error of the mean of 0.035. The standard error of the ISI was determined by combination of the standard errors of the ISI of RBT/79 and the slope of the calibration line in this trial.The BCR reference material for thromboplastin, human, plain (coded BCT/099) was also included in this trial for assessment of the long-term stability of the relationship with RBT/79. The results indicated that this relationship has not changed over a period of 8 years. The interlaboratory variation of the slope of the relationship between CRM 149R and RBT/79 was significantly lower than the variation of the slope of the relationship between BCT/099 and RBT/79. In addition to the manual technique, a semi-automatic coagulometer according to Schnitger & Gross was used to determine prothrombin times with CRM 149R. The mean ISI of CRM 149R was not affected by replacement of the manual technique by this particular coagulometer.Two lyophilized plasmas were included in this trial. The mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and CRM 149R based on the two lyophilized plasmas was the same as the corresponding slope based on fresh plasmas. Tlowever, the mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and BCT/099 based on the two lyophilized plasmas was 4.9% higher than the mean slope based on fresh plasmas. Thus, the use of these lyophilized plasmas induced a small but significant bias in the slope of relationship between these thromboplastins of different species.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document