scholarly journals Complexity of Mental Representation: A Cognitive Pragmatics Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 464-479
Author(s):  
Saman Mohammad Othman ◽  
Salah Mohammed Salih
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mental Acts ◽  
Communicative Effect

This article attempts to elucidate the meaning construction process, mental states and mental relations, communicative intentions, and action plans and thereby to explore the complexity of mental representations from a purely cognitive pragmatics perspective. It also attempts to reevaluate the violations of cooperative principle and maxims. Cooperation, mental states and intentionality are the three basic tools for any communication process. Mental states are either conscious or unconscious. They are emotional and cognitive which include common attention, shared belief, and consciousness. Three different types of beliefs are differentiated: individual, common and shared. Intentionality is the relationship between mental acts and the external world. Every mental phenomenon has content and it is directed at an object. Two fundamental distinct meanings are attributed to the concept of intentionality: direction and deliberateness. Intentionality can be conceived of through communicative intentions and action plans. The main concepts of communication, namely, cooperation, sharedness and intentionality are indispensable concepts to understand the process of comprehension and reconstruction of response in communication. Without rich shared knowledge, the inferential chain in non-standard communication becomes lengthy and laborious. Other possibilities arise due to the absence of the fundamental concepts, one of which is failure of communication. Any mental process can be envisaged in terms of steps starting with the expression of an act, moving through speaker meaning, to the communicative effect, then to the reaction it creates and finally the production of overt communicative response. The paper examines the scale of complexity of mental representation and shows the underlying processes required in meaning construction. Additionally, the difference between standard and non-standard communication is presented in terms of complexity of inferential processes needed for each two different cases in communication.  

Pengaruh Unsur Budaya Lokal dalam Ungkapan Berbahasa Perancis

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Vincentia Tri Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Minimal Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complex Words

AbstrakFolklor yang menghasilkan tradisi lisan merupakan perwujudan budaya yang lahirdari pengalaman kelompok masyarakat. Salah satu bentuk tradisi lisan adalah ungkapan yangmengandung unsur budaya lokal dalam konstruksinya yang tidak dimiliki budaya lainnya.Ungkapan idiomatis memberikan warna pada bahasa melalui penggambaran mental. Dalambahasa Perancis, ungkapan dapat berupa locution dan expression. Perbedaan motif acuansuatu ungkapan dapat terlihat dari pengaruh budaya masyarakat pengguna bahasa. Sebuahleksem tidak selalu didefinisikan melalui unsur minimal, tidak juga melalui kata-kata,baik kata dasar atau kata kompleks, namun dapat melalui kata-kata beku yang maknanyatetap. Hubungan analogis dari makna tambahan yang ada pada suatu leksem muncul dariidentifikasi semem yang sama. Semem tersebut mengarah pada term yang diasosiasikan danyang diperkaya melalui konteks (dalam ungkapan berhubungan dengan konteks budaya).Kata kunci: folklor, ungkapan, struktur, makna idiomatis, kebudayaanAbstractFolklore which produces the oral tradition is a cultural manifestation born out theexperience of community groups. One form of the oral tradition is a phrase that containsthe elements of local culture in its construction that is not owned the other culture. Theidiomatic phrase gives the color to the language through the mental representation. InFrench, the expression can consist of locution and expression. The difference motivesreference of an expression can be seen from the influence of the cultural community thelanguage users. A lexeme is not always defined through a minimal element, nor throughwords, either basic or complex words, but can be through the frost words whose meaningsare fixed. The analogical connection of the additional meanings is on a lexeme arises fromthe identification of the same meaning. The meaning ‘semem’ leads to the associated termsand which are enriched through the context (in idiom related to the cultural context).Keywords : folklore, idioms, structure, idiom meaning, cultureI PENDAHULUAN

scholarly journals Painting perception models of art groups «Zhyvopysnyi zapovidnyk» and «Paryzka komuna»

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-37
Author(s):  
Ilona Tkachuk
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Perception System ◽  
Perception Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Development Objectives

Background. A painting perception is a complex multilevel process of reception and transformation of information, which forms a subjective image of objects, serves as a communicative form of interaction between individuals, societies and cultures. A painting is a complicated system, which reflects the cultural situation in a society of a certain epoch, the worldview, conveys the complex of human feelings and beliefs, arises as a means of cognition. Everyone deliberately or involuntarily becomes a painting recipient, more or less engaging himself into the process of communication. Therefore, the approach to a painting is valid according to individual matrices of ideological notions complexes, concepts, principles, mentality, education and preparedness of a creator and a perceiver as a kind of non-verbal communication with a transfer of certain information during this process. Published scientific works refer to the narrow specifics of certain disciplines in the study of perception process of the painting, therefore, they do not constitute a holistic system of knowledge concerning this phenomenon. Among them we note the fundamental researches, which, in particular, set out aesthetic theories: perceptual (M. Beardsley), cognitive (R. Arnheim, D. Berlyne), informational (A. Moles); achievements in neuroaesthetics (V. Ramachandran), psychology of painting perception (V. Molyako, J. Gibson, S. Kosslyn). However, known presented painting perception algorithms do not take into account the entire range of components, parameters and the context of current communication process with art creation. It was revealed that the establishment of variants of components' interaction within the system «artist—painting—recipient», as different ways of cognition and coexistence in the information space, remains at the stage of formation and needs a fundamental development. Objectives. The objectives of the research are to identify concrete models of subjective-objective interaction within the system «artist—painting—recipient» as a result of perception the paintings of the groups «Zhyvopysnyi zapovidnyk» and «Paryzka komuna» in the artistic environment. As a material for conducting a practical investigation there were chosen the paintings of above-mentioned groups, because their art, both — as horizontal and vertical, formed a peculiar matrix of Ukrainian visuality. The art code of their works gives the opportunity to see the regularities of historical development of National visual experience. The range of painting form in all its aspects, from transavantgarde — to abstract, makes it possible to consider and analyze the difference between its specific characteristics and accordingly, different models of recipients' perception. Methods. Studying the disclosure of interactive features of interplay between painting and the recipient is related with certain difficulties, mainly of a methodical nature. Exceptionally an interdisciplinary research approach makes the most complete disclosure of the specifics of this process possible, determines its place in culture. During the research the system approach was used as well as such methods: experiment, modeling, structural-functional, statistical and comparative. In order to test the hypothesis, to reproduce the model of information system developed by author in real conditions, arose the need of organization of empirical study. An experiment was chosen as a method that assumes the allocation of significant factors which affect the results of the formation of a particular interaction model within the system «artist—painting—recipient». The investigation with recipients' poll aims to study cause-effect relationships in painting perception process, which assumes the practical modeling of the phenomenon and conditions of its course. Results. It is substantiated that the artistic strategy of two groups — narrative «Paryzka komuna» and non-narrative «Zhyvopysnyi zapovidnyk», has created a unique matrix of Ukrainian visuality, and the art code of paintings enables the revealing of patterns of historical development of National visual experience. Review and analysis of the specific features complex of modernist and postmodernist paintings allowed to identify the origins of four different perception models formation by recipients. Within the framework of the study there were critically comprehended known published painting perception algorithms. As a result of investigation, the informational painting perception system was formed and at the same time there was carried out its correlation with fundamental researches of Western scientists. In particular, they relate to perceptual, cognitive and informational aesthetic theories; achievements in neuroaesthetics and psychology of painting perception. Present model is an attempt to take into account the whole complex of components, parameters and context of communication process with the painting, as well as interpretive art models of corresponding period. Conclusions. Summarizing the results of the experiment, we can conclude that recipients from the range of artistic community clearly manifested the change of perception model — from nonclassical to post-nonclassical. It depended on presented painting — whether narrative artwork or «painting-opened-structure-object» was shown. The first one personifies the painters' works of «Paryzka komuna», and the second — artists' painting practice of «Zhyvopysnyi zapovidnyk». Also there were stated the individual manifestations of primordial and classical interaction painting models with their complexes of inherent specific features. Obtained results can form the support material for the evaluation of artworks — both within and outside the art institutions. Also the main theoretical positions can be relevant for artists in process of their work with the construction of further strategy, as well as for recipients interacting with painting

scholarly journals Neuronal Coherence Agent for Shared Intentionality: A Hypothesis of Neurobiological Processes Occurring during Social Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Igor Val Danilov ◽  
◽  
Sandra Mihailova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Neuronal Coherence

The present interdisciplinary study discusses the physical foundations of the neurobiological processes occurring during social interaction. The review of the literature establishes the difference between Intentionality and Intention, thereby proposing the theoretical basis of Shared Intentionality in humans. According to the present study, Shared Intentionality in humans (Goal-directed coherence of biological systems), which is the ability among social organisms to instantly select just one stimulus for the entire group, is the outcome of evolutionary development. Therefore, this interaction modality should be the preferred, archetypal, and most propagated modality in organisms, attributed to the Model of Hierarchical Complexity Stage 3. This characteristic of biological systems facilitates the training of the new members of the group and also ensures efficient cooperation among the members of the group without requiring communication. In humans, Shared Intentionality contributes to the learning of newborns. The neurons of a mature organism may teach the neonate neurons regarding the fitting reactions to the excitatory inputs of the specific structural organization. This enables the neonate neurons to develop a Long-Term Potentiation that links particular stimuli with specific embodied sensorimotor neural networks. The present report discusses three possible neuronal coherence agents that could involve quantum mechanisms in cells, thereby enabling the distribution of the quality of goal-directed coherence in biological systems (Shared Intentionality in humans). Recently reported case studies conducted online with the task of conveying the meaning of numerosity to the children of age 18–33 months revealed the occurrence of Shared Intentionality in mother-child dyads in the absence of sensory cues between the two, which promoted cognitive development in the children. The findings of these case studies support the concept of physical foundations and the hypothesis of the neurophysiological process of social interaction proposed in the present study.

Bridging the Gap Between Expectations and Teaching on the Field Practice: Instituto Franklin-UAH as Intercultural Mediator for Language Assistants in Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-152
Author(s):  
Iulia Vescan ◽  
Bianca Vitalaru
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Academic Difficulties ◽  
Lead Teachers ◽  
Bilingual Teaching ◽  
Field Practice ◽  
Bilingual Schools ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Basic research has shown that some differences between educational aspects of Spanish and American culture, such as perceptions about on roles, attitudes, communication, teaching methods and even expectations, can manifest into actual academic difficulties for American Language Assistants in Spanish bilingual schools. This paper will focus on describing the elements that, when analyzed, outline the role of Instituto Franklin-UAH as an intercultural and academic mediator between two cultures and education systems (Spain and US) and the context that justifies the different measures taken to attend to the particular needs or circumstances of the agents involved (students, teachers and academic advisors). Two perspectives will be included: a) a historical one, related to Instituto Franklin-UAH’s background and context related to bilingual teaching; b) an analytical one, focusing, on the one hand, on the perception of the agents involved and, on the other hand, on the actions that have turned Instituto Franklin-UAH into an actual mediator between its students and the schools where they act as Language Assistants. Ultimately, the paper underlines the difference in terms of the perception of the same aspects by the groups involved and the need for measures to improve the communication process between American LAs and Spanish lead teachers in bilingual schools.

Disorders of consciousness, memory, and will

2018 ◽  
pp. 51-86
Author(s):  
Walter Glannon
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Mental States ◽  
External World ◽  
The Body ◽  
Disorders Of Consciousness ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Flexible Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter examines major psychiatric disorders as disorders of consciousness, memory, and will. All of these disorders involve disturbances in how the brain processes and integrates information about the body and external world. Distorted mental content in these psychopathologies impairs the capacity to consider different action plans, and to form and execute particular plans in particular actions. Dysfunctional mental states correlating with dysfunctional neural states impair the capacity for flexible behavior and adaptability to the environment. This dysfunction also impairs the capacity for insight into a psychiatric disorder and understanding the need for and motivation to seek treatment.

In the Mood for Paradox? Das Verhältnis von Fiktion, Stimmung und Welterschließung aus mentalistischer und phänomenologischer Perspektive

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-320
Author(s):  
Benjamin Gittel
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Explanatory Role ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Characteristic Connection ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Propositional Form

Abstract It is widely acknowledged that responses to fiction can be divided into two categories: emotions or moods. Research on the paradox of fiction, however, solely focused on emotional responses to fiction. This paper analyses the different potentials of the mood concept with regard to the paradox of fiction: its potential to avoid the paradox on the one hand and its potential to rise a new paradox of fiction, a paradox of fiction for moods, on the other. To this end, the paper distinguishes two different meanings of the everyday concept of mood and two different paradigms in the research on moods. The mood concept can designate not only affective states of an individual (moods1), but elusive, nuanced atmospheres of objects, places or situations (moods2). The mentalistic paradigm, widespread in psychology and analytic philosophy, generally assumes that moods are mental states with a certain quality of feeling (and physical symptoms). Moods2 are regarded by such approaches, if they discuss them, as a secondary phenomenon based on subjective perception. In contrast, the phenomenological paradigm focuses on moods2 and, if it accommodates moods1 as well, often postulates a characteristic connection between the two: moods1 reveal extra-individual atmospheres (moods2) that are assumed to exist in some ontologically robust sense. Therefore, moods1 can be said to have a world-disclosing function within the phenomenological paradigm. Researchers in the mentalistic paradigm deal, among other issues, with the difference of emotions and moods1. One way in which moods1 differ from emotions is that they lack an intentional object and it is for that reason that the concept of mood1, at first glance, seems to offer a solution to the paradox of fiction. The paradox of fiction presumes that we have emotions with regard to fictional objects. If it were possible to redescribe the alleged emotions as more subtle mood1 responses without clear intentional objects, this would undermine a central premise of the paradox and dissolve it. However, such a redescription seems not equally plausible for all cases discussed in the debate (e. g. the green slime case). Therefore, moods1 can only be one element of a more subtle ›phenomenology‹ of affective reactions towards fiction and the »paradox avoiding potential« of the mood concept is limited. The paradox creating potential of the mood concept emerges if one takes into account the outlined complex semantics of the concept »mood« and the postulated world-disclosing function of moods1. It seems possible to construct a new paradox, the paradox of fiction for moods: (a) Only real entities or representations of real entities can evoke moods1 with world-disclosing function (because this mood1 evocation is actually immersion in an atmosphere). (b) Many entities in fictions are not real. (c) Nevertheless, fictions can evoke moods1 with world-disclosing functions (e. g. with regard to places, situations) in the recipient. The paper argues that the outlined paradox can be dissolved by pointing out that the expression »moods1 with world-disclosing function« in sentence (a) means something different than in (c). While the expression in (a) relates to the idea of grasping an atmosphere (mood2) that somehow is »in the world«, it means acquiring a non-propositional form of knowledge, namely knowledge of what-it-is-like to be in a certain situation, in (c). The idea that it is possible to acquire knowledge of what-it-is-like by means of fiction has often been postulated in the research literature, but rarely been spelled out in greater detail. The paper argues that such an acquisition can occur, among other possibilities, on the basis of mood1 evocation, but that the conditions for the acquisition of knowledge of what-it-is-like by means of fiction are more demanding than under usual circumstances: A recipient of fiction can reasonably be said to acquire knowledge of what-it-is-like to be in a certain situation if the fictional representation evokes a mood1 which is characteristic of a situation S and the recipient understands this mood1 as an affective reaction to a situation of the type S. Please note that moods2 play no explanatory role in the second interpretation of »world-disclosing function«. Since assumption (a) and assumption (c) concern different world-disclosing functions or, in other words, different mechanisms of world-disclosure, there is no paradox. Although moods1 evoked by fictional representations (with some limitations pointed out in section 4) do not possess a world-disclosing function in the sense the phenomenological tradition postulated, it is possible to ascribe these moods1 a world-disclosing function, even within a non-phenomenological framework: They allow the recipient the acquisition of a knowledge of what-it-is-like to be in a certain situation or in a certain place. Ultimately, for the paradox of fiction for moods seems to hold what could be said about the classical paradox of fiction as well: Even if the paradox ultimately dissolves, its analysis can be instructive for related research fields like the debate on knowledge from fiction which takes moods rarely into account until now.

Naturalist Theories of Meaning

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Papineau
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Linguistic Representation ◽  
Theories Of Meaning

Naturalist theories of meaning aim to account for representation within a naturalist framework. This programme involves two ideas: representation and naturalism. Both of these call for some initial comment. To begin with the former, representation is as familiar as it is puzzling. Sentences can represent, and so can mental states. By and large, naturalist theories of meaning take mental representation to be basic, and linguistic representation to be derivative. Most such theories aim first to account for the representational powers of mental states — paradigmatically beliefs — and then to account for the representational powers of sentences in public languages by viewing the latter as in some sense ‘expressing’ mental states.

Developmental Pragmatics

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Rosenthal Rollins
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Child ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
Communicative Intention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Early Interaction

This chapter traces the development of communicative intention, conversation, and narrative in early interaction from infancy to early childhood. True communicative intention commences once the infant acquires the social cognitive ability to share attention and intention with another. The developing child’s pragmatic understanding is reflective of his/her underlying motivations for cooperation and shared intentionality. As children begin to understand others’ mental states, they can take others’ perspectives and understand what knowledge is shared and with whom, moving from joint perceptual focus to more decontextualized communicative intentions. With adult assistance, the young child is able to engage in increasingly more sophisticated conversational exchanges and co-constructed narratives which influence the child’s autonomous capabilities.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Heart Rate Variability Measures of Fatigued Drivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8499
Author(s):  
Chao Zeng ◽  
Wenjun Wang ◽  
Chaoyang Chen ◽  
Chaofei Zhang ◽  
Bo Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Frequency Domain Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg

The effects of fatigue on a driver’s autonomic nervous system (ANS) were investigated through heart rate variability (HRV) measures considering the difference of sex. Electrocardiogram (ECG) data from 18 drivers were recorded during a simulator-based driving experiment. Thirteen short-term HRV measures were extracted through time-domain and frequency-domain methods. First, differences in HRV measures related to mental state (alert or fatigued) were analyzed in all subjects. Then, sex-specific changes between alert and fatigued states were investigated. Finally, sex differences between alert and fatigued states were compared. For all subjects, ten measures showed significant differences (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.01) between different mental states. In male and female drivers, eight and four measures, respectively, showed significant differences between different mental states. Six measures showed significant differences between males and females in an alert state, while ten measures showed significant sex differences in a fatigued state. In conclusion, fatigue impacts drivers’ ANS activity, and this impact differs by sex; more differences exist between male and female drivers’ ANS activity in a fatigued state than in an alert state.

scholarly journals An Application of Grice’s Cooperative Principle to the Analysis of a Written Business Negotiation Model

2021 ◽  
Vol IX(253) (45) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
R. Baghramyan
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Institutional Discourse ◽  
Negotiation Model ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Business Negotiation ◽  
Role Function ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Sentence Meaning ◽  
Natural Flow

This article focuses on institutional discourse pragmatics, highlighting its salient features in a business to customer negotiation model, based on an authentic business correspondence (email), through a prism of H. Grice’s Theory of Cooperative Principle. The central thrust of this theory is the application of the maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner to speech acts to secure identification of participants’ intentions and sentence meaning, excluding irrelevancies throughout the communication process. Any kind of interaction in our life is accompanied by diverse tangible and intangible components. The role, function and impact of these aggregate components on the natural flow of communication irrespective of the form (oral/written) are the concern of pragmatics.

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