Forage palatability of Broussonetia papyrifera an invasive species in Ghana: Relative preference and palatability by sheep and goats

Broussonetia papyrifera is an exotic tree widely grown for paper production. Due to its prolific regeneration it has invaded forestcanopy gaps and degraded farmlands and has now become an invasive species in Ghana. In enhancing its value for use the plantwas evaluated as potential forage for grazing animals vis-à-vis other two existing forage plants: Ficus exasperata and Leucaenaleucocephala.The study assessed the palatability and preference of Broussonetia papyrifera using sheep and goats for the wet anddry seasons.The species were assessed in indoor pen feeding trials using eight-unit (3×3 m) pens with the cafeteria method.The amount of forage offered was 100g (fresh material) in all instances for each species and for ten minutes. Adesign basedon 3×2×2 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used to test the differences in palatability betweenthe three forage species.Results revealed that palatability was higher (P<0.05) in Leucaena leucocephala compared with Ficusexasperata and Broussonetia papyrifera for sheep and goats across seasons. The trend shown might be the result of the effectsof familiarity with the Leucaena leucocephala since animals tend to select plants that are familiar than newly introduced andunfamiliar plants. The study also revealed high level of condensed tannin (CT) in Broussonetia papyrifera which might haveinterfered with forage intake by the animals.There were no significant differences in palatability of Broussonetia papyrifera forgoat in both dry and wet season interactions and Ficus exasperata for goat in both dry and wet season interactions (P>0.05).Thestudy concluded that Broussonetia papyrifera could be a potential feed for both sheep and goats across seasons.The researchrecommended that livestock farmers should incorporate Broussonetia papyrifera feed into their programmes for both sheep andgoats and should be introduced to animals from infancy so that it may become a familiar feed for them.

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Long Term Interactions of Native and Invasive Species in a Marine Protected Area Suggest Complex Cascading Effects Challenging Conservation Outcomes

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13020071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Charalampos Dimitriadis ◽

Ivoni Fournari-Konstantinidou ◽

Laurent Sourbès ◽

Drosos Koutsoubas ◽

Stelios Katsanevakis

Keyword(s):

Invasive Species ◽

Native Species ◽

High Performance ◽

Marine Protected Area ◽

Habitat Degradation ◽

Population Increase ◽

Rocky Reef ◽

Cascading Effects ◽

High Level

Understanding the interactions among invasive species, native species and marine protected areas (MPAs), and the long-term regime shifts in MPAs is receiving increased attention, since biological invasions can alter the structure and functioning of the protected ecosystems and challenge conservation efforts. Here we found evidence of marked modifications in the rocky reef associated biota in a Mediterranean MPA from 2009 to 2019 through visual census surveys, due to the presence of invasive species altering the structure of the ecosystem and triggering complex cascading effects on the long term. Low levels of the populations of native high-level predators were accompanied by the population increase and high performance of both native and invasive fish herbivores. Subsequently the overgrazing and habitat degradation resulted in cascading effects towards the diminishing of the native and invasive invertebrate grazers and omnivorous benthic species. Our study represents a good showcase of how invasive species can coexist or exclude native biota and at the same time regulate or out-compete other established invaders and native species.

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Selection of drought tolerant rice varieties for the western mid hills of Nepal

Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science ◽

10.3126/jiaas.v33i0.20705 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 195-206

Author(s):

B. B. Adhikari ◽

B. Mehera ◽

S. M. Haefele

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Block Design ◽

Cropping System ◽

Root Weight ◽

Total Production ◽

Wet Season ◽

Growth Duration ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Participatory Varietal Selection ◽

Drought Tolerant

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is the most important staple food crop in Nepal, but current yields are low and total production varies, mostly due to drought. To evaluate high yielding and drought tolerant rice genotypes in typical rainfed lowland conditions, a participatory varietal selection trials was conducted with farmers in farmer’s field at Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal during the wet season 2009 and 2010. Trials were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with six replications. Results obtained from two years’ experiment indicated that the genotypes IR-74371-54-1 and IR74371-70-1 matured at the same duration as the local check Radha-4 (120-123 days growth duration). Both genotypes had a high average chlorophyll content (SPAD reading of 15.9-16.1), were medium tall (110-112 cm), non-lodging, had a high number of filled grains and little sterility, and a high grain yield (mean yield 5.0 and 4.8 t ha-1, respectively). They also had the highest root length (22.4-26.2 cm) and root weight (9.5-10 g hill-1) which could tolerate more drought than the other genotypes tested. The maximum cost/benefit ratio was found in IR-74371-54-1 (1:1.72) followed by IR-74371-70-1 (1:1.66) and IR-74371-46-1-1 (1:1.65). All three lines were highly preferred by farmers in preference rankings during field visits and were released in Nepal in 2011 as Sookhadhan-2, Sookhadhan-3 and Sookhadhan-1 varieties, respectively. They fit easily into the existing cropping system in rainfed lowlands, are economically viable and safe to cultivate for the farmers in the mid hills of Nepal.Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science.Vol. 33-34, 2015, page: 195-206

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The effect of Broussonetia papyrifera invasion on the regeneration of selected native timber species in a tropical moist forest in Uganda

10.21203/rs.3.rs-831520/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Davis Mark Ssemanda ◽

Enock Ssekuubwa

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forests ◽

Linear Models ◽

Block Design ◽

Basal Area ◽

Timber Production ◽

Timber Species ◽

Production Potential ◽

Broussonetia Papyrifera ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Moist Forest

Abstract Broussonetia papyrifera has been identified as one of the top invasive species in some African tropical forests with potentially devastating impacts on the conservation and timber production potential of the forests. This study determined the effect of B. papyrifera on the regeneration of selected native timber species in Mabira Forest Reserve, Uganda. The abundance, basal area and population structure of the timber species were compared between areas invaded and uninvaded by B. papyrifera. Employing a complete randomized block design, a total of forty plots (30 x 30 m each), and equally distributed between invaded and uninvaded areas with similar habitat conditions were surveyed. Counts of seedlings were recorded and diameter of saplings and trees measured. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the abundance, tree basal area and size class distributions of the selected species. The study revealed that the effects of B. papyrifera invasion vary depending on the growth stage and species studied. Overall, B. papyrifera invasion significantly reduced tree abundance and basal area, and suppressed the regeneration of some but not all the selected species. Our results demonstrate that if the spread of B. papyrifera is not abated, it will lower the conservation and timber production potential of tropical forests. Therefore, we call for interventions to control the spread of B. papyrifera to the uninvaded parts of the forests and halt its multiplication in invaded areas so as to enhance the regeneration and growth of timber species.

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PENGARUH PEMBERIAN QUERCETIN TERHADAP KADAR LEPTIN SERUM TIKUS WISTAR YANG DIBERI DIET TINGGI LEMAK

Saintika Medika ◽

10.22219/sm.v6i2.1019 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sudiarto . ◽

Sri Hidayati Suprihatin

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Block Design ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Control Group ◽

Diet Induced Obesity ◽

Post Test ◽

Ultimate Cause ◽

Chronical Disease ◽

High Level

Obesity, one of the degenerative diseases, is a risk factor for chronical disease and an ultimate cause of metabolic syndrome which ismarked by the raising level of leptin on blood (hyperleptinemia). Metabolic syndrome is marked by the size of the waist is more than 40 inchfor man or 35 inch for woman, hypertension, hyperglycemia, high level of triglyceride, and the level of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is low.This research is aimed to know the giving of quercetin (which has high anti oxide activities) on the declining level of leptin to the giving of DIO(Diet Induced Obesity). An experimental study using Post Test Control Group was done to the experimental wistar rats. Samples werechosen by using randomized complete block design. Rats were treated for 8 weeks. The dose of given quercetin were 2 mg/kgBB/day, 10mg/kgBB/day, and 50 mg/kgBB/day during the last 8 weeks of research. The variable measured in this research is the level of leptin onblood. Based on the experiment, quercetin is proven that gives influence to the level of leptin on obesity wistar rats’ serum compare to the givenlevel of leptin on controlled rats. There is different average on the level of leptin on wistar rats’ serum which being obesity on each grouptreatment. The giving of quercetin have significant correlation (p<0.05) with the level of leptin on wistar rats’ serum which being obesity (r = -0.704, p = 0.001). The conclusion from this research is the giving of quercetin to obesity rats for 8 weeks can decline the level of leptin onblood.Keywords: quercetin, leptin, high fat diet

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Intake and apparent digestibility of Leucaena leucocephala for Santa Inês sheep diet

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200013478 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 2003 ◽

pp. 188-188

Author(s):

C. Longo ◽

A. A. M. de A. Oliveira ◽

S. P. Gobbo ◽

I. C. S. Bueno ◽

A. L. Abdalla

Keyword(s):

Leucaena Leucocephala ◽

Condensed Tannin ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

Nutritional Factor ◽

Santa Inês

The use of leguminous forages is an alternative of protein supplementation in animal diets. Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) is lifelong leguminous forage that can be directly grazed or harvested, offered fresh, hay or silage to animals. Many leguminous show anti-nutritional factors that may reduce the use of these plants in animal diets. Condensed tannin (CT) is one common anti-nutritional factor present in the leucaena. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of Leucaena leucocephala in Santa Inês sheep diets on intake and digestibility parameters.

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Isolation and Characterization of Proteolytic Ruminal Bacteria from Sheep and Goats Fed the Tannin-Containing Shrub Legume Calliandra calothyrsus

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.65.7.3075-3083.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 65 (7) ◽

pp. 3075-3083 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Christopher S. McSweeney ◽

Brian Palmer ◽

Rowan Bunch ◽

Denis O. Krause

Keyword(s):

Ribosomal Dna ◽

Condensed Tannin ◽

High Rate ◽

Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽

Polymorphism Analysis ◽

Ruminal Bacteria ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

16S Ribosomal Dna ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

High Specific Growth Rate

ABSTRACT Tannins in forages complex with protein and reduce the availability of nitrogen to ruminants. Ruminal bacteria that ferment protein or peptides in the presence of tannins may benefit digestion of these diets. Bacteria from the rumina of sheep and goats fed Calliandra calothyrsus (3.6% N and 6% condensed tannin) were isolated on proteinaceous agar medium overlaid with either condensed (calliandra tannin) or hydrolyzable (tannic acid) tannin. Fifteen genotypes were identified, based on 16S ribosomal DNA-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and all were proteolytic and fermented peptides to ammonia. Ten of the isolates grew to high optical density (OD) on carbohydrates (glucose, cellobiose, xylose, xylan, starch, and maltose), while the other isolates did not utilize or had low growth on these substrates. In pure culture, representative isolates were unable to ferment protein that was present in calliandra or had been complexed with tannin. One isolate, Lp1284, had high protease activity (80 U), a high specific growth rate (0.28), and a high rate of ammonia production (734 nmol/min/ml/OD unit) on Casamino Acids and Trypticase Peptone. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence showed that Lp1284 was related (97.6%) to Clostridium botulinum NCTC 7273. Purified plant protein and casein also supported growth of Lp1284 and were fermented to ammonia. This is the first report of a proteolytic, ammonia-hyperproducing bacterium from the rumen. In conclusion, a diverse group of proteolytic and peptidolytic bacteria were present in the rumen, but the isolates could not digest protein that was complexed with condensed tannin.

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Use of interracial hybridization in breeding the race Durango common bean

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps93-101 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 785-793 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Shree P. Singh ◽

Albeiro Molina ◽

Carlos A. Urrea ◽

J. Ariel Gutiérrez

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Common Bean ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Block Design ◽

Bean Common Mosaic Virus ◽

Mass Selection ◽

Plant Seed ◽

High Level

Recently, interracial hybridization was used successfully in breeding common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), but its use has not been adequately documented. Approximately 125 lines with medium-sized seed were selected in the first cycle, mostly from race Durango × race Mesoamerica (both from the Middle American domestication center) single- and multiple-cross populations, for disease resistance and race Durango characteristics. Fifteen of these improved lines, three race Durango control cultivars, and one control cultivar each from races Jalisco and Mesoamerica were evaluated for 3 yr (1989–1991) at three locations in Colombia. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Lines were developed using visual mass selection for seed yield and/or resistance to diseases in F2 and F3, followed by single plant harvests in F4 or F5 and seed increases in F6 or F7. Lines resistant to bean common mosaic virus and possessing other desirable traits were yield-tested in F7 or F8. All but two lines outyielded Alteño and Flor de Mayo, the highest yielding control cultivars from races Durango and Jalisco, respectively. Two lines also outyielded Carioca, the race Mesoamerica control cultivar. Improved lines tended to possess higher yield per day. All lines were resistant to bean common mosaic virus and most lines also carried a high level of resistance to anthracnose. Plant, seed, and maturity characteristics of most improved lines were similar to those of race Durango control cultivars. These results support the use of interracial hybridization in improving race Durango common bean. Key words: Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, race Durango, interracial populations, seed yield, disease resistance

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Biological fixation of nitrogen by native isolates of Rhizobium sp. symbionts of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit

Acta Agronómica ◽

10.15446/acag.v68n2.69322 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 75-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan Guillermo Cubillos-Hinojosa ◽

Pablo Ernesto Milian Mindiola ◽

Jorge Luis Hernández Mulford ◽

Arnaldo De Jesús Peralta Castilla

Keyword(s):

Leucaena Leucocephala ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Block Design ◽

Stem Length ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Symbiotic Association ◽

Silvopastoral Systems ◽

Biological Fixation ◽

Commercial Strain ◽

Rhizobium Sp

Forage legumes such as Leucaena leucocephala, besides being a rich source of protein for animal feed, its inclusion in silvopastoral systems provides fundamental components to improve soil properties. These plants have the ability to establish symbiotic association with the genus Rhizobium sp. and fix biologically atmospheric nitrogen favoring growth and development, being reflected in production increases. The objective of this research was to evaluate the capacity of native isolates of Rhizobium sp. and a commercial strain in biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in L. leucocephala plants. Two separate bioassays to evaluate the efficiency of the FBN of the native isolates and the commercial strain under greenhouse conditions, followed by a randomized complete block design with 7 x 2 factorial arrangement, seven treatments, two factors: native isolates and commercial strains and bacterial concentrations (106 and 108 cells.ml-1), with three repetitions and five experimental units. The first bioassay was carried out with seeds, determining the percentage of germination, the length and thickness of the stem, number of leaves, dry weight of the aerial part, number of nodule/plant and the percentage of nitrogen accumulated in the area part of the plant. In the second bioassay with 30-day-old seedlings, the same variables of the first bioassay were determined, with the exception of the percentage of germination. In the first bioassay, a greater stimulation was found in the germination of L. leucocephala seeds at a concentration of 108 cells.mL-1. Regarding stem length and thickness, accumulated dry matter, leaf development and nitrogen accumulation, better results were found in the treatments with the native isolates L27, L36 and L38 in a concentration of 106 cells.mL-1 above the commercial strain in concentration of 108 cells.mL-1. The native isolates of Rhizobium sp. exert a positive effect on the FBN and the germination of plants of L. leucocephala, which will allow to conduct future field studies that allow to potentiate the culture of L. leucocephala and silvopastoral systems for bovine feeding.

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First record of the seed beetle Merobruchus paquetae (Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in the exotic tree Leucaena leucocephala

Caldasia ◽

10.15446/caldasia.v42n2.80061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 336-338

Author(s):

Angela R. Amarillo-Suárez ◽

Mariana Camacho-Erazo

Keyword(s):

Leucaena Leucocephala ◽

First Record ◽

Host Association ◽

Seed Beetle ◽

Legume Tree ◽

Exotic Tree ◽

Native Legume ◽

First Time

We record for the first time the host association of the seed beetle Merobruchus paquetae with the invasive legume tree Leucaena leucocephala. This species of beetle was associated in Colombia to the native legume tree Pseudosamanea guachapele.

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