Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Cannabis Use in Massachusetts Youth

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julie Johnson ◽

Samantha Doonan

Keyword(s):

Protective Factors ◽

Risk Behavior ◽

Sexual Behaviors ◽

Risky Behaviors ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Medical Cannabis ◽

Cannabis Policy

Cannabis policies are continuously evolving, over half of U.S. youth now live in a state with a form of legalized cannabis. Monitoring risk and protective factors is critical to ensure evidence-based youth prevention in this post cannabis-prohibition era. Massachusetts has enacted and implemented three forms of legalization: (1) Decriminalization (2008), (2) medical cannabis (2012), and (3) adult-use cannabis (2016). This study used state Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data of participants in grades 9-12 from 2007-2017 (N=17,691). Logistical regression models were run to assess effects of varying cannabis policy and risk or protective behaviors on cannabis use outcomes: (1) Lifetime use; (2) Past 30-day; and (3) Past 30-day heavy use. The enactment of cannabis policies was not associated with greater odds of youth reporting Lifetime and Past 30-day cannabis use behaviors. Any adult-support [heavy use OR=0.43 (95% CI=0.37,0.50), p<.001], better grades [heavy use OR=0.25 (95% CI=0.21,0.29), p<.001], and being heterosexual [heavy use OR=0.42 (95% CI=0.34,0.51), p<.001] were associated with lower odds of all cannabis use outcomes. Multiple risk factors broadly categorized under: risky sexual behaviors, non-heterosexual orientation, weapon carrying/exposure, hopelessness and suicidality behaviors, driving behaviors, and disability were associated with greater odds of cannabis use. Sensitivity analyses showed only one risk behavior was moderate by cannabis policy enactment. Results suggest that cannabis prevention efforts should not occur in a silo, rather evidence-based models for reducing risky behaviors generally may have the largest impact. Building and supporting relationships with trusted adults for youth at higher risk should be emphasized.

Download Full-text

Narrative stories of high risk sexual behaviors among adolescents in Makassar City

Journal of Public Health Research ◽

10.4081/jphr.2020.1830 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Indra Fajarwati Ibnu ◽

Chatarina Umbul Wahyuni ◽

Shrimarti Rukmini Devy

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Risk ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Risk Behavior ◽

Sexual Intercourse ◽

Sexual Behaviors ◽

Personal Development ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Moderator Effect ◽

Factors Affecting

Background: Dating behavior by some Indonesian adolescents is against the social norms of the society, showing moral gaps and psychosocial unconventionality. Several challenges emanate from this issue, including risk behavior-sexual intercourse. This research aims to describe the adolescents’ risk behavior-sexual intercourse in Makassar City. Design and Methods: The study uses a narrative qualitative approach with a criterion sampling technique. Three adolescents who participated in this research: two males and one female, between 17 and 19 years of age. The data are obtained through an in-depth interview based on the guideline from to Adolescent Health and Development Questionnaire by Jessor. Results: The result shows that risk behavior such as premature sexual intercourse is caused by high risk factors, including behavior, opportunity, models, and vulnerability risks. The moderator effect of protection form protective factors, such as behavior, controls, models protection and supports protections toward risk factors, play less significant roles in minimizing the possibility of indulging in risk behavior in sexual intercourse and in dating. Conclusions: The risk of sexual intercourse starts from dating, which leads to sexual intercourse. Additionally, this issue is also attributed to the risk and protective factors, affecting preparation for adulthood, personal development, and health

Download Full-text

Alcohol and Risky Behaviors

Annual Review of Nursing Research ◽

10.1891/0739-6686.23.1.327 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 327-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Colleen M. Corte ◽

Marilyn S. Sommers

Keyword(s):

Protective Factors ◽

Sensation Seeking ◽

Sexual Aggression ◽

Risky Behaviors ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Risky Sex ◽

Risky Drinking ◽

Risky Driving ◽

Attitudes And Behaviors ◽

And Behaviors

The purpose of this chapter is to review and critique the literature on risky drinking, driving, and sexual behaviors. To complete this review, electronic searches using databases from the disciplines of nursing, medicine, and psychology were used with keywords alcohol and risky behavior, risky drinking, risky driving, risky sex, and sexual aggression, as well as other relevant terms.The basic tenets of contemporary theoretical models of risky behaviors are used as a framework for reviewing the literature. Most relevant to the discussion are the relationships among the behaviors, risk and protective factors, and major unresolved theoretical and methodological issues. In the literature, sensation seeking was differentially associated with risky drinking, driving, and sex, but causal assertions are premature.Important conceptual and physiological issues are clarified. First, unconventionality contributes to risky drinking, risky driving, and, among adolescents, risky sex. Second, the pharmacologic effects of alcohol on cognitive processing contribute to risky sex, but only among persons who feel conflicted about risky sex (e.g., condom use). This perception may be particularly true for men who have a belief that alcohol will enhance sex. Third, sexual aggression appears to stem from a variety of factors, including the pharmacologic effects of alcohol on aggression and stereotypes about drinking women.Exploration of risk and protective factors adds breadth and depth to the discussion of risk taking. Risk factors include (1) high tolerance for deviance, (2) unconventional attitudes and behaviors such as early alcohol use and precocious sex, (3) peer norms for deviance, (4) high sensation seeking, and, to a lesser extent, (5) disturbed risk perception and positive beliefs about alcohol. Protective factors appear to mitigate risk and include (1) conventional attitudes and behaviors and (2) having peers that model conventional attitudes and behaviors. Although empirical evidence suggests that risky behaviors tend to covary, most intervention trials to date have focused on single behaviors, and often are based on clinical information rather than existing theoretical and empirical knowledge.

Download Full-text

Adolescent Risk Behavior in Italy and The Netherlands

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040.14.3.180 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 180-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Silvia Ciairano ◽

Wendy Kliewer ◽

Emanuela Rabaglietti

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Risk Behavior ◽

Problem Drinking ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Adolescent Risk Behavior ◽

Adolescent Risk ◽

Risk Vulnerability ◽

Peer Models ◽

Risk Protection

Jessor et al.’s (2003) model of relationships among protective factors (models protection, controls protection, support protection), risk factors (models risk, opportunity risk, vulnerability risk), and adolescent risk behavior (delinquency, problem drinking, marijuana use, tobacco use, sexual activity) was investigated in adolescent samples of both genders from Italy (n = 488, M age = 17 years) and the Netherlands (n = 480, M age = 17 years). After accounting for sociodemographic variables, risk and protective factors and their interactions accounted for 46–52% of additional variation in risk behavior. Although levels of risk, protection, and risk behavior differed by country and by sex, the association of risk and protective factors with risk behavior was similar for Italian and Dutch youth and for boys and girls. Controls protection (e.g., intolerance of deviancy, parental control and disapproval, friends’ disapproval) and models of risk (family and peer models of risk behavior) had the strongest associations with adjustment. Additionally, controls protection moderated the influence of models risk among the Italians while support protection buffered vulnerability risk among the Dutch. These data support the utility of the explanatory model in these national contexts.

Download Full-text

Evidence-based suicide prevention strategies during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention ◽

10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0096 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 795-800

Author(s):

Danuta Wasserman ◽

Vladimir Carli

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Care ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Suicide Prevention ◽

Ecological Model ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Suicide Rates ◽

The Impact

Evidence has shown that during times of crises, suicide rates can decrease but tend to increase as the crisis alleviates. The consequences of the global COVID-19 pandemic, whether direct or indirect, will be far reaching. In this chapter the impact of the pandemic on the risk and protective factors of suicide, grouped according to the socio-ecological model at individual, relationship, community, and society levels, is described. To prevent unnecessary suicides, the effects of Covid-19 pandemic, on health care and public health suicide prevention strategies, and recommendations for implementation are presented.

Download Full-text

Cannabis use in adolescents: the impact of risk and protective factors and social functioning

Drug and Alcohol Review ◽

10.1080/09595230500292920 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 483-488 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

DAVID BEST ◽

SAMANTHA GROSS ◽

VICTORIA MANNING ◽

MICHAEL GOSSOP ◽

JOHN WITTON ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protective Factors ◽

Social Functioning ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

The costs and benefits of cannabis control policies

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience ◽

10.31887/dcns.2020.22.3/whall ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 281-287

Keyword(s):

Developed Countries ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Medical Cannabis ◽

Considerable Uncertainty ◽

Trade Offs ◽

The Face ◽

Cannabis Policy ◽

Recreational Use ◽

Harmful Effects

As is the case for most drugs, cannabis use has costs and benefits, and so do the policies that attempt to minimize the first and maximize the second. This article summarizes what we know about the harmful effects of recreational cannabis use and the benefits of medical cannabis use under the policy of prohibition that prevailed in developed countries until 2012. It outlines three broad ways in which cannabis prohibition may be relaxed, namely, the depenalization of personal possession and use, the legalization of medical use, and the legalization of adult recreational use. It reviews evidence to date on the impacts of each of these forms of liberalization on the costs and benefits of cannabis use. It makes some plausible conjectures about the future impacts of the commercialization of cannabis using experience from the commercialization of the alcohol, tobacco, and gambling industries. Cannabis policy entails unavoidable trade-offs between competing social values in the face of considerable uncertainty about the effects that more liberal cannabis policies will have on cannabis use and its consequences for better or worse.

Download Full-text

Predictors of Early-Onset Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risks for Substance Use Disorder Symptoms in Young Adulthood

Journal of Drug Issues ◽

10.1177/00220426211049356 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002204262110493

Author(s):

Gabriel J. Merrin ◽

Bonnie J. Leadbeater ◽

Clea M. B. Sturgess ◽

Megan E. Ames ◽

Kara Thompson

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Substance Use Disorders ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Early Onset ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Heavy Episodic Drinking ◽

Group Differences ◽

Onset Group

Early detection of risks for substance use disorders is essential to lifelong health and well-being for some youth. Very early-onset use is proposed as an indicator of risk for substance use disorders, but risk and protective factors related to early-onset use have not been identified. The current study compared risk and protective factors that distinguish early- and late-onset cannabis users from abstainers using data collected from a large community sample. The study also examined onset-group differences in participants’ reports of substance use disorder symptoms a decade later. Heavy episodic drinking (early-onset: OR = 7.29 CI = [1.60, 33.19]) and engagement with peers involved in deviant behaviors (early-onset: OR = 2.50 CI = [1.50, 4.13]) are risk factors for early-onset cannabis use. Protective factors, including parent monitoring (early-onset: OR = 0.73 CI = [0.58, 0.93]), engagement with peers involved in positive behaviors (early-onset: OR = 0.54 CI = [0.39, 0.76]), school engagement (early-onset: OR = 0.83 CI = [0.72, 0.96]), and academic grades (early-onset: OR = 0.37 CI = [0.21, 0.65]) also predicted early versus later onset-group differences. Early age of onset may be distinctly related to risk and protective factors previously associated with risks for substance use in all adolescents.

Download Full-text

Risk and protective factors for mental disorders beyond genetics: an evidence‐based atlas

World Psychiatry ◽

10.1002/wps.20894 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 417-436

Author(s):

Celso Arango ◽

Elena Dragioti ◽

Marco Solmi ◽

Samuele Cortese ◽

Katharina Domschke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Evidence Based

Download Full-text

POLICY SERIES: REEFER MADNESS, SADNESS, OR GLADNESS? THE CANNABIS AND OLDER PERSONS STUDY

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.735 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S203-S203

Author(s):

Brian P Kaskie ◽

Julie Bobitt

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Program Implementation ◽

Policy Development ◽

Older Persons ◽

Symptom Relief ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Medical Cannabis ◽

Dementia Caregivers ◽

Provider Perspectives ◽

Cannabis Policy

Abstract In 2016, we began our examination of the intersection between cannabis and older persons by convening focus groups with 163 older adults from senior centers and dispensaries in nine states with varying levels of cannabis legalization. Since then, we have secured competitive research grants and contracts to examine cannabis use among older persons in California, Colorado, Illinois and Iowa. Our work is guided by the primary hypothesis that cannabis use among older persons is shaped by an individual’s calculations concerning risk (e.g., developing a cannabis use disorder, lawbreaking) and reward (e.g., relaxation, symptom relief), and individuals living in a state with a legal cannabis program may perceive less risk and also may be receiving more information about the benefits of cannabis. We also hypothesize that older adults’ access to and use of cannabis is shaped by where they live, particularly defined by local cannabis program implementation efforts and relevant contextual conditions. In this symposium, we will examine our latest work concerning (a) life-span attitudes toward cannabis, (b) clinical perspectives on counseling and certifying older persons for medical cannabis, (c) provider perspectives on state cannabis policy and program implementation, (d) cannabis use among a sample of dementia caregivers and (e) outcomes experienced by older persons who use cannabis for medical or recreational purposes. Our discussion focuses on implication for policy development and program implementation.

Download Full-text