scholarly journals The Swedish Language of Formal Communication in the Modern and Contemporary Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 162 (5) ◽  
pp. 210-223
Author(s):  
I.V. Matytsina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Formal Communication ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Modern Era

Processes typical of the Swedish business language during the modern era were described. The study is of high importance, because this functional style of the Swedish language has been insufficiently investigated despite the regulation and normalization processes in it are of obvious interest to specialists in the Germanic languages. The main research method is synchronic analysis enabling examination and description the material in terms of the existing norms. A wide range of examples were provided to illustrate that in the modern era the language of law gradually gets closer to the language of notifications, rules, orders, regulations, etc., i.e., to documents that are usually implied when talking about officialese (the official and business style). It was concluded that the modern period was marked by not only the distinction between these two stylistic types of text, but also by the fact that they both acquired features common to Swedish non-fiction texts (sakprosan). In the 19th century, these processes were not very evident and, despite some minor innovations, the Swedish business language still contained a number of archaic features revealed in the so-called “substantival sickness” (substantivsjukan). A fundamental change took place in the 20th century and is associated with the spelling reform of 1906, as well as significant changes in such elements of the Swedish business language as syntax, morphology, and vocabulary that emerged mostly in the second half of the 20th century. The results obtained are of great importance for studying the Swedish stylistics, as well as for understanding the essence and roles of language policy in the process of normalizing and codifying the literary language.

scholarly journals Some notes on a historical perspective of panic disorder

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Egidio Nardi
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Greek Mythology ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article aims to describe important points in the history of panic disorder concept, as well as to highlight the importance of its diagnosis for clinical and research developments. Panic disorder has been described in several literary reports and folklore. One of the oldest examples lies in Greek mythology - the god Pan, responsible for the term panic. The first half of the 19th century witnessed the culmination of medical approach. During the second half of the 19th century came the psychological approach of anxiety. The 20th century associated panic disorder to hereditary, organic and psychological factors, dividing anxiety into simple and phobic anxious states. Therapeutic development was also observed in psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic fields. Official classifications began to include panic disorder as a category since the third edition of the American Classification Manual (1980). Some biological theories dealing with etiology were widely discussed during the last decades of the 20th century. They were based on laboratory studies of physiological, cognitive and biochemical tests, as the false suffocation alarm theory and the fear network. Such theories were important in creating new diagnostic paradigms to modern psychiatry. That suggests the need to consider a wide range of historical variables to understand how particular features for panic disorder diagnosis have been developed and how treatment has emerged.

Modern Nepal

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Lecomte-Tilouine
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Internal Logic ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era

Within the study of the modern period of Nepali history, history is considered here both as a narrative with its internal logic, notably the periodization of history produced by Nepali historians, as well as a series of statements, events, regulations, etc., which are incorporated in this narrative. Periodization of history in Nepal establishes a direct and necessary link between modern Nepal and its national territory. Indeed, the beginning of the modern era is determined by the “unification” of the fifty independent kingdoms and tribal territories that gave birth to the anational territory of Nepal during the second half of the 18th century. Such a correspondence makes modernity and the unified territory of Nepal coincide in a single space time. Yet, a closer examination of the logic behind periodization sheds light on its Kathmandu-centric, and dynastic perspective. This resulted in the formation of a hybrid conception of the national territory and of its center of power. From being the standard of the territory’s time and space, the Kathmandu Valley became the chronotope of the historical narrative dealing with the first half of the 19th century. It continued to form the territory’s remarkable center following the seizing of power by the Rana prime ministers (1846–1951), but now by assuming a futurist dimension, which conversely, plunged the rest of the country back in time.

scholarly journals České kramářské tisky – pokus o definici a typologii

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Jakub Ivánek
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Broadside Ballads ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper focuses on the issue of a relatively wide range of kramářské tisky – the medium of Czech popular literature of the Early Modern period and the 19th century. They mostly contained kramářské písně (Czech equivalent for broadside ballads), which are currently in the spotlight of Czech research interest. Kramářský tisk can also be defined by means of equivalents in other languages. The English term chapbooks, for example, may be helpful in emphasising the commercial focus of this literature (kramářské tisky could be literally translated as ‘chapman prints’). Although the English term cannot be clearly defined either, researchers generally come to an agreement that it is a publication of booklet character, of smaller extent as well as format (usually octavo or smaller, made of no more than three sheets of paper or having up to 99 pages). It was distributed by tradesmen at fairs, by colportage or soliciting. It was cheap (both in terms of production and price) and it brought what the broad spectrum of readers in towns and later in the countryside demanded – popular reading in the true sense of the word. It is complicated to include popular histories (knížky lidového čtení) in the comparison – they fit most of the features above, but they were made by folding and joining more sheets of paper and greatly exceed the imaginary limit of 99 pages. Therefore, this paper also deals with boundary media, which surpass the defined extent but principally are still chapman goods (i.e. small-format books of various lengths distributed at fairs and by soliciting). The text of the study draws attention to the appearance and development of certain types of kramářské tisky of both religious and secular content. For a better illustration, many of these types are mediated by an image.

Introductory remarks

1991 ◽  
Vol 337 (1647) ◽  
pp. 309-310
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Systematic Theory ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Computer Technology

Current research on statistical topics spans a wide range of ideas and fields of application. Much is connected with the systematic theory of methods for the analysis of empirical data, especially for situations, common in many areas of science and technology, where the random or haphazard element in the data is too strong to be ignored. Modern computer technology is important in enabling large amounts of data to be explored quickly and efficiently, in allowing methods involving iterative calculations to be handled as a matter of routine and in facilitating display of the results of analysis via sophisticated graphical devices. This has allowed both the development of new methods and also the application of ideas long known in principle but until relatively recently too complicated for other than occasional use. Some of the key ideas involved go back in essence to the 19th century, for example to Gauss, and others are more strongly associated with the first half of the 20th century, in particular to the pioneering work of R. A. Fisher, although many of the detailed developments are, of course, much more recent.

scholarly journals Contribution of Alexey Suvorin and His Newspaper Novoye Vremya into Russian Culture of the Second Half of 19th – Early 20th Century’

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
N. V. Shevtsov ◽  
M. D. Krynzhina
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Chief Editor ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Public ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Literary Figure ◽  
Old Men ◽  
The 19Th Century

Novoye Vremya (The New Time) newspaper was considered as the leading daily periodical of the pre-revolutionary Russia. In 1876, Aleksey Suvorin, an outstanding Russian publisher and literary figure, became its owner and chief editor. He turned the newspaper into a source of information, which seriously influenced the public opinion in Russia. Novoye Vremya provoked constant interest among readers of all social levels. It was popular both among high-ranking government officials and people without any ranks, conservatives and liberals, people with higher education and those who did not even graduate a gymnasium. Newspaper stories were apprehensible not only for educated people but for any common person. Young and old, men and women liked Novoye Vremya. It had never forced its opinion and suggested the readers to make personal judgement through its reports. Suvorin managed to form the audience that valued the newspaper and believed in it. Not only Novoye Vremya stood out for its excellent materials on politics, economy, and non-fiction. In its reviews the newspaper gave a fair evaluation of the Russian authors’ works. Moreover, it became famous with the literary works of the top writers, the classics of Russian literature. Therefore, it is not by accident that the author of this article pays special attention to the cooperation between Novoye Vremya and the most known Russian writers of the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century. Thanks to Suvorin, the talent of Anton Chekhov, who started publishing his works in the newspaper under a different name, opened up. Novoye Vremya published the stories which were later included into his collection In the Twilight. Here he also published his famous novella The Duel. Despite the fact that Novoye Vremya was considered to be a newspaper rather than a literary magazine, it worked together with such writers as Leo Tolstoy, Nikolay Nekrasov, Nikolay Leskov, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, for whom the newspaper was not only a serious periodical but also a source of education and knowledge. In Soviet times the directive was to forget about Suvorin. And when they did remember, they certainly wrote about him as a reactionary, chauvinist, notorious monarchist. And if another major pre-revolutionary publisher I.D. Sytin was recognized by the Soviet government, although he lost his printing house and real estate, then Suvorin was in disgrace.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF LOIK SHERALI’S LITERARY CRITIQUE

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Бохир Мукаммилович Раджабов
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
Political Conditions

В статье предпринимается попытка определения направлений и особенностей литературной критики таджикского поэта Лоика Шерали, который начиная со второй половины 60-х годов ХХ века до конца своей творческой деятельности, кроме поэтических произведений, написал около 150 критических и публицистических работ - статей, рецензий, интервью, выступлений, вступительных слов, предисловий, писем, послесловий и т.п., подтверждающих его значительное место в литературно-критической публицистике и литературной критике. Благодаря своей деятельности в качестве публициста, критика, историка и социолога Л. Шерали завоевал особое место не только в поэзии, но и в литературоведении, лингвистике, публицистике и литературной критике. Основными методами исследования послужили историко-сравнительный анализ материалов и описательный метод. Материал исследования составили сборники научно-публицистических статей Л. Шерали, публицистические произведения и литературно-критические статьи его современников.Размышляя над проблемами художественной литературы и литературной критики, Лоик Шерали акцентирует внимание на роли поэта и назначении поэзии, особенно с учетом социально-политических условий. В статьях Л. Шерали значительное место занимает критика творчества начинающих поэтов. В своих рассуждениях он настаивает на необходимости искусного владения языком, эрудированности, знания творчества классиков и правил сочинения стихов, законов аруза, метрики, логики, средств художественного выражения и т.п. В его критических произведениях прослеживаются социальные мотивы, отражаются проблемы национальных традиций и родного языка, имеют место проявление патриотизма и обращение к исторической теме, а также осмысляются вопросы литературных взаимосвязей и перевода. The author of the article makes an attempt to determine the streamlines and peculiarities of literary criticism of the Tajik poet Loik Sherali, who had written (besides poetic works) about 150 critical and publicistic literary works (articles, reviews, interviews, speeches, welcoming remarks, prefaces, letters, epilogues, etc.) since the late 60s of the 20th century to the end of his career, thus, confirming his significant place in literary critical journalism and literary criticism, in general. Owing to his activity as a publicist, critic, historian and sociologist, Sherali holds a special place not only in poetry, but in literary criticism, linguistics, journalism and literary criticism.The main research method is a comparative-historical analysis of materials as well as a descriptive one. The research material was compiled by the collections of L. Sherali's scientific-journalistic articles, his contemporaries’ publicistic works and literary critical articles. Reflecting on the problems beset with belles-lettres literature and literary criticism, Loik Sherali pays his particular attention to the poet’s role and his poetry target taking into consideration socio-political conditions. Criticism of the works of novice poets occupies a significant place in L. Sherali’s articles. Sherali insists on the need for erudition, knowledge of the classics and the rules for composing poetry, the laws of aruz, metrics, logic, means of artistic expression, language, etc. in his reasoning. The influence of social motives and the problems of national traditions and the native language, manifestation of patriotism, an appeal to a historical theme are reflected in his critical literary works. The issues in regard to literary interrelations and translation are taken into account as well.

Russian Literature: 20th Century and Modernity : сollective monograph for the anniversary of Professor M. M. Golubkov

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Collective Work ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Modern Russian

Text edition is devoted to the analysis of modern Russian literature. The collective work is written by disciples and colleagues of M. M. Golubkov. The monograph features a wide range of writers names and literary phenomena: of the turn of 19th-20th centuries and the first decades of the 20th century (M. Gorky, L. Andreev, A. Grin, A. Gaidar, M. Zoshchenko, V Mayakovsky, Yu. Olesha, etc.), mid-20th century (heritage of A. Solzhenitsyn, A. Tvardovsky, M. Solovyev, V Bykov, V Astafyev, V Soloukhin), modern period (Yu. Polyakov, V. Sorokin, T.Tolstaya, etc.). All the studied issues are in contact with the field of prof. M.M. Golubkov's literary research. The participants of collective work sought to reflect the breadth of scientific interests of their colleague and teacher, to present in the form of chapters of the book their developments of the aspects to which M. M. Golubkov pays the most attention in his research activities.

scholarly journals The Role of Onomatopoeic and Predicative Words in Formation of Concretizing Relations in Tatar Language

2018 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Damir H. Husnutdinov ◽  
Ramilya K. Sagdieva ◽  
Ramil H. Mirzagitov ◽  
Gulnaz T. Karipzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Components

This article examined the roles of onomatopoeic and predicative words in the formation of a concretizing relations in the Tatar literary language. For many years, language onomatopoeic and predicative words in Tatar language had been studied as a part of the modal speech. Since the end of the 20th century, onomatopoeic words have been included into the list of notional parts of speech. Predicative words also stand between the notional and service parts of speech, that is, as a separate unit. In syntactic terms, both of these can be attributed to notional parts of speech, as they form word combinations. In this scientific work, the authors were first to study the concretizing relations between onomatopoeic words, verbs, and nouns and also between predicative words and nouns, pronouns, and verbs. The article also shed light on semantic nuances and means of communication.A concretizing link refers to an expression of a concretizing relation between words using special means of communication. The category of concretizing relations includes a rather wide range of semantic nuances between notions; therefore, the means of their expression are very diverse. The scientific novelty of this article was determined by the functional-semantic analysis of the concretizing relationship, wherein onomatopoeic and predicative words were either dependent or dominant components.The research method was determined by the goals and objectives of the work, as well as by the specificity of the material being studied. The main research method was descriptive-analytical, with its main components: observation, generalization, and interpretation. Comparative-historical method was also used for the purpose of comprehensive analysis of linguistic features of speech, allowing determining certain tendencies in the development of grammatical system of national literary language. The study also involved comparative-typological and statistical methods.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

Main Forms of Propagandistic Activities of the Right-Wing Parties (1904–1914)

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 656-676
Author(s):  
Igor V. Omeliyanchuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the main forms and methods of agitation and propagandistic activities of monarchic parties in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century. Among them the author singles out such ones as periodical press, publication of books, brochures and flyers, organization of manifestations, religious processions, public prayers and funeral services, sending deputations to the monarch, organization of public lectures and readings for the people, as well as various philanthropic events. Using various forms of propagandistic activities the monarchists aspired to embrace all social groups and classes of the population in order to organize all-class and all-estate political movement in support of the autocracy. While they gained certain success in promoting their ideology, the Rights, nevertheless, lost to their adversaries from the radical opposition camp, as the monarchists constrained by their conservative ideology, could not promise immediate social and political changes to the population, and that fact was excessively used by their opponents. Moreover, the ideological paradigm of the Right camp expressed in the “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” formula no longer agreed with the social and economic realities of Russia due to modernization processes that were underway in the country from the middle of the 19th century.

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