scholarly journals Ketone bodies in blood of dairy cows: Prevalence and monitoring of subclinical ketosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Krempaský ◽  
Iveta Maskaľová ◽  
Lukáš Bujňák ◽  
Vladimír Vajda
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Photometric Method ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Lactation Phase ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Photometrical Method

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between concentration of non-esterified fatty acid and ketone bodies in blood of dairy cows, and to evaluate these concentrations for the detection of prevalence of subclinical ketosis. The second aim was to compare the concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid determined by an electronic handheld meter Precision Xtra® with serum concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid analysed in laboratory with izotachometric and photometric method, respectively. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein 4–6 h after morning feeding in three groups of Holstein cows (n = 909) according to the lactation phase from 51 different herds with similar husbandry characteristics. High lipomobilization (non-esterified fatty acid ≥ 0.35 mmol·l-1, mean concentration 0.34 ± 0.15 mmol·l-1) was detected in 30.3% of antepartum cows, while increased concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid (≥ 1.0 mmol·l-1, prevalence of subclinical ketosis) were detected in 18.5% and 14.1% of the early lactation and mid lactation cows, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r = 0.84, P < 0.001; r = 0.93, P < 0.001) was found between measurements of whole blood β-hydroxybutyric acid of 60 and 38 dairy cows determined with the Precision Xtra® test and plasma or serum β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration determined by isotachophoresis and photometrical method, respectively. Our results show that the monitoring of changes in the blood concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid in high-yielding cows in the early postpartum period by the electronic handheld meter Precision Xtra® may be effective in reducing the incidence of ketosis and health problems associated with ketosis in dairy cattle herds.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Precision Xceed® for on-site monitoring of blood ß-hydroxybutyric acid and glucose in dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. PANOUSIS (Ν. ΠΑΝΟΥΣΗΣ) ◽  
M. KRITSEPI (Μ. ΚΡΙΤΣΕΠΗ) ◽  
I. KARAGIANNIS (Ι. ΚΑΡΑΓΙΑΝΝΗΣ) ◽  
E. KALAITZAKIS (ΕΜ. ΚΑΛΑΪΤΖΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
E. LAFI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Site Monitoring ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Positive Correlations

The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Precision Xceed® hand-held meter as an on-site method for determining blood ß-hydroxyboutyric acid (BHBA) and glucose concentrations, for the diagnosis of subclinical ketosis in dry and lactating dairy cows. A total of 163 clinically healthy Holstein cows (113 lactating, 8-50 days-in-milk; and 50 dry, 10-40 days pre-partum) from 5 farms located around Thessaloniki region, were blood-sampled once, from the jugular vein of each animal, 5 to 8 hours after the start of morning feeding. BHBA was determined in all 163 cows, whereas glucose only in 114 cows (50 dry and 64 lactating cows). These analyses were performed, for each cow, by both laboratory method (in serum) and Precision Xceed® meter (in whole blood, cowside). Using laboratory serum BHBA concentrations > 1.2 mmol/L as the cut-off point, 11/163 (6.7%) of the tested cows were considered as subclinically ketotic, whereas raising the cut-off to > 1.4 mmol/L, 9/163 (5.5%) cows had subclinical ketosis. All these cows (11 and 9, respectively) were lactating. None of the dry cows had subclinical ketosis at BHBA cut-off of > 1.4 mmol/L. One out of the 50 dry cows (2%) and 15/113 (13.3%) lactating cows sampled were classified as subclinically ketotic when the Precision Xceed® meter was set at BHBA concentrations > 1.2 mmol/L. Overall, mean BHBA and glucose concentrations were not statistically different (P>0.05) between the two methods. Significant positive correlations were found for BHBA (strong correlation: r=0.99; n=163; P<0.01) and glucose (moderate correlation: r=0.63; n=114; P<0.01) concentrations between Precision Xceed® and laboratory results. Precision Xceed® is less accurate for measuring glucose (glucometer) compared to BHBA (ketometer). The low percentage of false positive (<0.6%) and false negative (<4%) indicating that the Precision Xceed® meter is an accurate screening test and its results are highly reliable under field conditions. Precision Xceed® meter was highly sensitive (90.9%) and specific (96.05%) at cut off point of BHBA concentrations > 1.2 mmol/L and it had excellent test agreement for detection of subclinical ketosis when using a threshold of blood BHBA > 1.4 mmol/L.

The relationship between milk progesterone and milk traits during estrus in dairy Cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gavelis ◽  
V. Þilaitis ◽  
A Juozaitis ◽  
V. Juozaitienë ◽  
G. Urbonavièius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk progesterone concentration (P4) and milk traits at the start of estrus time and 12h after start of the estrus in dairy cows. The 96 milk samples of 48 Lithuanian dairy cows without reproduction disorders and 90–100 days after calving were evaluated. Cows were classified into two groups based on milk yield per day: less than 30 kg (n=20) and e”30 kg (n=28). Data were categorized by milk fat and protein content at the start estrus and 12h after start of estrus to evaluate relationship between P4 and milk traits examined. P4 at estrus time in dairy cows was significantly positively correlated with milk yield (P less than 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with milk protein (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.01) and fat at 12h after start of estrus. Dairy cows with F/P from 1.0 to 1.5 had the lowest P4 in milk. Results of the pregnancy in dairy cows were related with lower P4 and milk yield level (P less than 0.001), higher milk fat (P less than 0.05) and milk protein content (P less than 0.001). These cows had 1.90 times lower prevalence of the signs of subclinical ketosis (P less than 0.05) at estrus time when compared with non-pregnant cows. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that P4 in dairy cows can help to evaluate and improve the reproductive properties of cows.

scholarly journals Changes in the Relationship between Ionized and Total Calcium in Clinically Healthy Dairy Cows in the Period around Calving

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1036
Author(s):  
Dorothee Ott ◽  
Katharina Schrapers ◽  
Jörg Aschenbach
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Multivariable Model ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Routine Measurement ◽  
Serum Ionized Calcium ◽  
The Relationship

We aimed to establish a model for prediction of iCa from tCa, using multivariable regressions with diverse blood constituents. Blood was taken from 14 cows at days −2, 0, 2, 4, 7, and 14 relative to parturition. Cows were clinically healthy, and no hypocalcaemia prophylaxis and treatment were applied. Total calcium and further parameters were determined from frozen serum. Ionized calcium, blood gases, and electrolytes were determined from heparin-stabilized blood samples. Linear regression between iCa and tCa was estimated. Precision improved only slightly using a multivariable model. Best precision was achieved when estimating the iCa:tCa ratio from other blood constituents. To identify the reason behind the poorly predictive value of tCa for iCa, the relative changes of iCa and tCa around calving were calibrated to the respective values of day −2 (=100%) for each cow. An increase in the iCa:tCa ratio was observed from 0.43 at day −2 to 0.48 at day 0, followed by a gradual decrease towards 0.43 at day 7. We conclude that routine measurement of iCa should be implemented in the diagnosis of hypocalcaemia. An optimized estimate of iCa from tCa with non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyric acid, cholesterol, and phosphorous as co-predictors is still poorly satisfying.

scholarly journals Metabolic evaluation of dairy cows submitted to three different strategies to decrease the effects of negative energy balance in early postpartum

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra M.B García ◽  
Felipe C Cardoso ◽  
Rómulo Campos ◽  
Diego X Thedy ◽  
Félix H.D González
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis

In early lactation dairy cattle suffer metabolic alterations caused by negative energy balance, which predisposes to fatty liver and ketosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic condition of high yielding dairy cows subjected to three treatments for preventing severe lipomobilization and ketosis in early lactation. Fifty four multiparous Holstein cows yielding >30 L/day were divided into four groups: control (CN= no treatment), glucose precursor (PG= propylene-glycol), hepatic protector (Mp= Mercepton®), and energy supplement with salts of linolenic and linoleic faty acids (Mg-E= Megalac-E®). Treatments were administrated randomly at moment of calving until 8 weeks postpartum. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 postpartum. Body condition score (BCS) was evaluated at the same periods and milk yield was recorded at 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks of lactation. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), albumin, AST, ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), cholesterol, glucose, total protein, urea and triglycerides were analyzed in blood samples. Cut-off points for subclinical ketosis were defined when BHBA >1.4 mmol/L and NEFA >0.7 mmol/L. General occurrence of subclinical ketosis was 24% during the period. An ascendant curve of cholesterol and glucose was observed from the 1st to the 8th week of lactation, while any tendency was observed with BHBA and NEFA, although differences among treatments were detected (p<0.05). BCS decreased from a mean of 3.85 at 1st week to 2.53 at 8th week of lactation (p=0.001). Milk yield was higher in the Mg-E group compared with the other treatment groups (p<0.05) Compared with the CN group, the treatments with Mp and PG did not show significant differences in blood biochemistry and milk yield. Cows receiving PG and Mg-E showed higher values of BHBA and NEFA (P<0.05), indicating accentuated lipomobilization. Supplementation with Mg-E also resulted in significant higher concentrations of cholesterol, BHBA, urea, AST and lower values of glycemia. This performance may be explained by the highest milk yield observed with this treatment. Treatments with PG and Mp did not improve milk yield, compared with control cows, but did not show metabolic evidence of ketosis, fat mobilization or fatty liver. These results suggest that treatment with Mg-E improves milk production but induces a higher negative energy balance leading to moderated lipomobilization and ketone bodies production, increasing the risk of fatty liver.

scholarly journals Subclinical Ketosis on Dairy Cows in Transition Period in Farms with Contrasting Butyric Acid Contents in Silages

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Vicente ◽  
María Luisa Rodríguez ◽  
Adela Martínez-Fernández ◽  
Ana Soldado ◽  
Alejandro Argamentería ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis

This study examines the relationship between subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy cows and the butyric acid content of the silage used in their feeding. Twenty commercial farms were monitored over a period of 12 months. The feed at each farm and the silages used in its ration were sampled monthly for proximal analysis and for volatile fatty acid analysis. A total of 2857 urine samples were taken from 1112 cows to examine the ketonuria from about 30 days prepartum to 100 postpartum. Wide variation was recorded in the quality of silages used in the preparation of diets. Approximately 80% of the urine samples analyzed had no detectable ketone bodies, 16% returned values indicative of slight SCK, and the remainder, 4%, showed symptoms of ketosis. Most of the cases of hyperkenuria were associated with the butyric acid content of the silage used (r2=0.56;P<0.05). As the metabolizable energy content of the feed was similar, no relationship was observed between the proportion of cows with SCK and the energy content of the feed. In our study, the probability of dairy cows suffering SCK is higher when they are eating feed made from silage with a high butyric acid content (35.2 g/kg DM intake).

scholarly journals Unraveling the Relationship between Milk Yield and Quality at the Test Day with Rumination Time Recorded by a PLF Technology

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1583
Author(s):  
Rosanna Marino ◽  
Francesca Petrera ◽  
Marisanna Speroni ◽  
Teresa Rutigliano ◽  
Andrea Galli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Variance Component Analysis ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Lactation Phase ◽  
The Relationship

The study aimed to estimate the components of rumination time (RT) variability recorded by a neck collar sensor and the relationship between RT and milk composition. Milk test day (TD) and RT data were collected from 691 cows in three farms. Daily RT data of each animal were averaged for 3, 7, and 10 days preceding the TD date (RTD). Variance component analysis of RTD, considering the effects of farm, cow, parity, TD date, and lactation phase, showed that a farm, followed by a cow, had major contributions to the total variability. The RT10 variable best performed on TD milk yield and quality records across models by a multi-model inference approach and was adopted to study its relationship with milk traits, by linear mixed models, through a 3-level stratification: low (LRT10 ≤ 8 h/day), medium (8 h/day < MRT10 ≤ 9 h/day), and high (HRT10 > 9 h/day) RT. Cows with HRT10 had greater milk, fat, protein, casein, and lactose daily yield, and lower fat, protein, casein contents, and fat to protein ratio compared to MRT10 and LRT10. Higher percentages of saturated fatty acid and lower unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid were found in HRT10, with respect to LRT10 and MRT10 observations.

EVALUATION OF DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS IN DAIRY COWS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-151
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Milk Samples

The article presents the results of a study of the sensitivity and specificity of two types of ketone test strips for detecting latent ketosis in dairy cows. During the experiment, test strips KetoPHAN and Keto-Test, showing the number of ketone bodies in milk and urine, were used in 108 Holstein-Friesian cows for 2-15 days after calving. Blood, urine and milk samples were taken simultaneously from the same cows. In general, subclinical ketosis in cows was determined by the level of beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood plasma by an enzymatic method («gold standard» method). The sensitivity and specificity of the test tests were evaluated at various levels of β-hydroxybutyrate. The maximum level of subclinical ketosis in cows was calculated as a β-hydroxybutyrate concentration of 1.2 mmol / L or higher. When evaluating test strips on urine and milk samples, the best results were obtained in the β-hydroxybutyrate range of 1.4 mmol / L and above. In this range, the sensitivity of the test strips to urine was high (95%), the specificity was moderate (70%). The sensitivity and specificity of milk tests were high (90% and 96%, respectively). The prevalence of subclinical ketosis in cows was studied using an electronic device (FreeStyle Optium). The prevalence of latent ketosis was different: FreeStyle - 25.0%, KetoPHAN - 48.1%, Keto-Test - 13.1%. The data obtained from the electronic device is close to the data obtained according to the "gold standard" (22.2%). Although milk and urine test strips are optimal for the diagnosis of subclinical ketosis at a plasma β-hydroxybutyrate level of 1.4 mmol / L, they can be used to predict and control ketosis in dairy cows due to their simplicity and availability.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Radojica Djokovic ◽  
Zoran Ilic ◽  
Vladimir Kurcubic ◽  
Milos Petrovic ◽  
Marko Cincovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Gold Standard Test ◽  
Increased Risk

Ketosis is a common disease in high producing dairy cows during the early lactation period. Subclinical ketosis (SCK) and periparturient diseases considerably account for economic and welfare losses in dairy cows. Subclinical ketosis poses an increased risk of production-related diseases such as clinical ketosis, displaced abomasum, retained placenta, lameness, mastitis and metritis. Production efficiency decreases (lower milk production, poor fertility, and increased culling rates), which results in economic losses. Increased concentrations of circulating ketone bodies, predominantly ?-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), without the presence of clinical signs of ketosis are considered as SCK. It is characterized by increased levels of ketone bodies in the blood, urine and milk. The gold standard test for ketosis is blood BHB. This ketone body is more stable in blood than acetone or acetoacetate. The most commonly used cut-points for subclinical ketosis are 1.2 mmol/L or 1.4 mmol/L for BHB in the blood. Clinical ketosis generally involves much higher levels of BHB, about 3.0 mmol/L or more. Usually, detection of SCK is carried out by testing ketone body concentrations in blood, urine and milk. A variety of laboratory and cowside tests are available for monitoring ketosis in dairy herds. But no cowside test has perfect sensitivity and specificity compared to blood BHB as the gold standard test. The aim of this review is to overview diagnostic tests for SCK in dairy cows, including laboratory and cowside tests.

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