scholarly journals Clostridioides difficile in national food surveillance, Slovenia, 2015 to 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerija Tkalec ◽  
Urska Jamnikar-Ciglenecki ◽  
Maja Rupnik ◽  
Stanka Vadnjal ◽  
Katja Zelenik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Intestinal Pathogen ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Minced Meat ◽  
Positive Results

Background Clostridioides difficile is an important human and animal intestinal pathogen. Because of increasing indications of an association between C. difficile and food, in 2015, the Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary Sector and Plant Protection (UVHVVR) included C. difficile in its national food surveillance. Aim We aim to report the results and experience with a nationwide and long-term testing of food for C. difficile as a part of a regular national food surveillance programme. Methods Retail minced meat and meat preparations (beef, pork and poultry) were sampled within a three-year period, 2015 to 2017. Selected raw retail vegetables, leaf salads and root vegetables, and ready-to-eat salads were only sampled during 2016 and 2017. Seafood was only sampled in 2017. Results Altogether, 434 samples were tested, with 12 of 336 (3.6%) meat samples and 6 of 98 (6.1%) raw vegetables contaminated with C. difficile. Twelve of 18 recovered food isolates were toxigenic (toxinotypes 0, III, V, XII). The isolates belonged to 13 different PCR ribotypes, 001 being most common (5 isolates). Several food types with an increased potential of being contaminated with C. difficile were detected by surveillance. Conclusion The three-year C. difficile testing within the national food surveillance revealed a low proportion of C. difficile-contaminated food and high genotype variability. Because the risk of C. difficile infection associated with C. difficile-contaminated food is unknown, no measures were recommended in the case of positive results.

scholarly journals Genotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridioides difficile in Camel Minced Meat

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1640
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Fayez ◽  
Waleed R. El-Ghareeb ◽  
Ahmed Elmoslemany ◽  
Saleem J. Alsunaini ◽  
Mohamed Alkafafy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Type A ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Minced Meat ◽  
Butcher Shops

The present study aimed to determine the occurrence, genotypes, and antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) in camel minced meat samples collected from small butcher shops and supermarkets in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. A total of 100 camel minced meat samples were randomly collected from small butcher’s shops (n = 50) and supermarkets (n = 50) in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. C. perfringens and C. difficile were isolated and identified using the VITEK-2 compact system and 16S rRNA gene amplification. Genotypes, toxin genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were determined. Moreover, ELISA was used to detect C. perfringens and C. difficile toxins. C. perfringens and C. difficile were isolated from 14% and 4% of the tested minced meat samples, respectively. Out of the 14 C. perfringens isolates, type A (64.3%), type B (7.1%), type C (21.5%), and type D (7.1%) were detected. However, out of the four C. difficile isolates, three (75%) were type A+B+ and one (25%) was type A−B+. None of the C. perfringens or C. difficile toxins were identified using ELISA. C. perfringens and C. difficile isolates exhibited a high rate of resistance to tetracycline (56% and 75%, respectively). However, all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Multidrug resistance was observed in three (21.4%) C. perfringens and one (25%) C. difficile isolates. In conclusion, camel minced meat was contaminated with C. perfringens and C. difficile, which present a potential risk of food poisoning. The majority of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and some isolates were multidrug-resistant. Therefore, food safety standards and frequent inspections of abattoirs, small butcher shops, and supermarkets should be enforced.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGIZATION FACTORS ON THE YIELD OF WINTER RYE IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE KAMA OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Марсель Ахметзянов ◽  
Marsel Akhmetzyanov
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
The Republic

The research was carried out on the experimental field of the General Agriculture, Plant protection and Selection Department of Kazan State Agrarian University by bookmarking a long-term in-patient experience. Research was conducted on two bookmarks of the stationary experience of General Agriculture Department in the links of the crop rotation of fallows - winter rye. The following issues were laid and studied at the station: crop rotations, nutrition backgrounds, soil cultivation. One of the tasks, set before the research, was to determine the effect of embedding biological agents into the soil on the indices of soil fertility and on crop yields in crop rotations. Nutrients contributed to the formation of a higher crop, even in the absence of fertilizers, for example, the straw yield was generated 22.5 centner per hectare, and with the use of intermediate syderat - 23.6, while without biogenes - 20.08 centner per hectare. A comparatively high yield was obtained with the use of siderate for a combined treatment system - 26.7 centner per hectare. When the estimated doses of mineral fertilizers were applied into the soil in terms of biologic background, the winter rye productivity increased even further, the increase to the background without fertilizers was 9.6-14.0 centner per hectare.

scholarly journals A narrative synthesis on the epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Diana SPATARU ◽  
Angela PARASCHIV ◽  
Ion BERDEU
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Republic

Introduction. Clostridium difficile has been identified as the leading cause of antibiotic therapy-associated diarrhea and colitis, which has evolved from sporadic complications of antimicrobial therapy to severe, sometimes fatal events that have eventually become an endemic life-threatening issue among hospitalized and immunosuppressed patients worldwide. Material and methods. The analysis of the relevant bibliographic sources retrieved from the PubMed, Google Scholar, and other platforms was carried out. All the articles related to these research objectives were selected, followed by exclusion of articles focused on clinics and diagnosis. The study included 43 content-based relevant articles. This present article reveals the evolving epidemiology of C. difficile infection (CDI). Results. Clostridium difficile is a sporulated bacterium responsible for infectious diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, showing high morbidity and mortality rates among patients, especially in high-risk groups. C. difficile mainly affects hospitalized people over 65 years old, who have been exposed earlier to antibiotics. The risk factors for C. difficile in these individuals include depletion of the protective intestinal flora by antibiotics and a low immune response to C. difficile due to both advanced age and medical comorbidities. The major outbreaks commonly occur in health care, as well as in long-term care institutions. However, CDI is not supervised in the Republic of Moldova. Conclusions. A system for reporting and monitoring of C. difficile infection needs to be implemented in order to promptly and efficiently manage hospital outbreaks.

Sinn Féin and the IRA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Sinn Fein ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Irish Republicanism ◽  
The Republic ◽  
British State ◽  
State Responses

When Sinn Féin and the IRA emerged in Northern Ireland in 1969 they used a combination of revolutionary politics and violence to an effort to overthrow British rule. Today, the IRA is in a state of ‘retirement’, violence is a tactic of the past, and Sinn Féin is a co-ruler of Northern Ireland and an ever growing political player in the Republic of Ireland. This is one of the most startling transformations of a radical violent movement into a peaceful political one in recent times. So what exactly changed within Irish republicanism, what remains the same, and, crucially, what caused these changes? Where existing studies explain the decision to end violence as the product of stalemate or strategic interplay with the British state, this book draws on a wealth of archival material and interviews to argue that moderation was a long-term process of increasing inclusion and contact with political institutions, which gradually extracted moderate concessions from republicanism. Crucially, these concessions did not necessitate republicans forsaking their long-term ethno-national goals. The book also considers the wider implications of Irish republicanism for other cases of separatist conflict, and has significance for the future study of state responses to violent separatism and of comparative peace processes.

The elicitor protein BcIEB1 and the derived peptide ieb35 provide long‐term plant protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 807-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Pérez‐Hernández ◽  
Mario González ◽  
Celedonio González ◽  
Nélida Brito
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection

Population abundance of the common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius in the Haut Niger National Park, Republic of Guinea / Abondance de la population d'hippopotame commun Hippopotamus amphibius dans le Parc National du Haut Niger, République de Guinée

Mammalia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 70 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brugière ◽  
Bakary Magassouba ◽  
Amidou Sylla ◽  
Halimou Diallo ◽  
Mamadou Sow
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Republic Of Guinea ◽  
Hippopotamus Amphibius ◽  
The Status ◽  
Grazing Area ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Republic

AbstractThe Republic of Guinea is thought to contain the largest population of common hippopotamus in West Africa. However, no systematic field survey has been carried out recently and the information available is limited to informal observations. To clarify the status of the common hippopotamus in Guinea, we carried out a biannual population survey along the section of the Niger River (the largest river in Guinea) within the Haut Niger National Park. We counted 93 hippopotamuses in 28 groups in the dry season and 77 hippopotamuses in 23 groups in the wet season. Mean group size and number of neonates did not change between the seasons. Hippopotomuses were more numerous along the river sections bordering uncultivated floodplains. This underlines the significance of this habitat (which is used as a grazing area) for conservation of this species. Haut Niger National Park is the most important protected area in Guinea for conservation of the common hippopotamus. Hippopotamus-human and -cattle conflicts in terms of floodplain use in the park's buffer zone should be closely monitored. Floodplain conversion to rice fields represents one of the most important threats to the long-term conservation of hippopotamus populations in Guinea.

scholarly journals Molecular and HPLC-based approaches for detection of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A released from toxigenic Aspergillus species in processed meat

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelazeem M. Algammal ◽  
Mahmoud E. Elsayed ◽  
Hany R. Hashem ◽  
Hazem Ramadan ◽  
Norhan S. Sheraba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Beef Meat ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Minced Meat ◽  
Mold Count

Abstract Background Meat-products are considered an enriched media for mycotoxins. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of toxigenic Aspergillus species in processed meat samples, HPLC-quantitative measurement of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A residues, and molecular sequencing of aflR1 and pks genes. One hundred and twenty processed beef meat specimens (basterma, sausage, and minced meat; n = 40 for each) were collected from Ismailia Province, Egypt. Samples were prepared for total mold count, isolation, and identification of Aspergillus species. All samples were analyzed for the production of both Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A mycotoxins by HPLC. Molecular identification of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus was performed using PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region; furthermore, the aflR1 and pks genes were sequenced. Results The total mold count obtained from sausage samples was the highest one, followed by minced meat samples. The prevalence of A. flavus was (15%), (7.5%), and (10%), while the prevalence of A. ochraceus was (2.5%), (10%), and (0%) in the examined basterma, sausage, and minced meat samples, respectively. Using PCR, the ITS region was successfully amplified in all the tested A. flavus and A. ochraceus strains. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in six basterma samples (15%). Moreover, the ochratoxin A was detected only in four sausage samples (10%). The aflR1 and pks genes were amplified and sequenced successfully and deposited in the GenBank with accession numbers MF694264 and MF694264, respectively. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the HPLC-Molecular-based approaches for the detection of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in processed beef meat in Egypt. The production of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in processed meat constitutes a public health threat. Aflatoxin B1 is commonly associated with basterma samples. Moreover, ochratoxin A was detected frequently in sausage samples. The routine inspection of mycotoxins in processed meat products is essential to protect human consumers.

The impact of Vaccination worldwide on SARS-CoV-2 infection: A Review on Vaccine Mechanisms, Results of Clinical Trials, Vaccinal Coverage and Interactions with Novel Variants

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Henrique Pereira Damasceno ◽  
Arthur Aguiar Amaral ◽  
Cecília Andrade Silva ◽  
Ana Cristina Simões e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Novel Variants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Epidemiological Information ◽  
Long Term Studies

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic demanded a global effort towards quickly developing safe and effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Objective: This review aimed to discuss the main vaccines available, their mechanisms of action, results of clinical trials and epidemiological behavior. The implications of viral variants were also debated. Methods: A non-systematic literature review was performed between February and March 2021 by searching the Pubmed, Scopus, and SciELO databases, using different combinations of the following terms: "vaccines", "clinical trials" , "SARS-CoV-2", "Coronavirus", "COVID-19", "mechanisms of action". Data regarding clinical trials of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and epidemiological information were also searched. Results: The mechanisms of action included vector-virus, mRNA and inactivated virus vaccines. The vaccines showed positive results in phases 2/3 clinical trials. The efficacy of the mRNA 1273 and of mRNA BNT 162b2 vaccines were 94.1% and 95%, respectively. The effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine varied according to the scheme, with an overall value of 70.4%. The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine had an efficacy of 91.6%. Regarding the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, 99% or more of seroconversion was observed in all subgroups 29 days after vaccination. The CoronaVac vaccine induced an immune response in 92% of the volunteers receiving 3ug and in 98% with 6ug, in comparison to 3% in the placebo group. Conclusion: Global efforts have resulted in vaccines available in record time, with good safety and immunogenicity profile. However, only long-term studies can provide more information on duration of immunity and the need for additional doses.

Clinical features, treatment, and outcome of dogs with Coccidioides osteomyelitis

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Stephanie L. Shaver ◽  
Daniel S. Foy ◽  
Todd D. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Medical Records ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Serologic Test ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Radiographic Appearance ◽  
One Year ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe signalment, clinical signs, serologic test results, treatment, and outcome of dogs with Coccidioides osteomyelitis (COM) and to compare those findings with findings for dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA). ANIMALS 14 dogs with COM and 16 dogs with OSA. PROCEDURES Data were retrospectively gathered from electronic medical records. RESULTS Dogs with COM were younger and weighed less than dogs with OSA. Six dogs with COM had appendicular lesions, 5 had axial lesions, and 3 had both appendicular and axial lesions; 9 had monostotic disease, and 5 had polyostotic disease. Axial lesions and nonadjacent polyostotic disease were more common in dogs with COM than in dogs with OSA, but radiographic appearance was not different between the 2 groups. Median IgG titer at diagnosis of COM was 1:48 and was significantly decreased after 6 and 12 months of treatment. Percentage of dogs with COM that had clinical signs was significantly decreased after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment. One year after initiation of treatment, 9 of 9 dogs were still receiving fluconazole and 8 of 9 dogs had positive results for serum IgG titer testing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs with COM typically had a rapid improvement in clinical signs after initiating treatment with fluconazole but required long-term antifungal treatment. Dogs with COM differed from dogs with OSA, but radiographic features had a great degree of overlap between groups, confounding the ability to make a diagnosis on the basis of diagnostic imaging alone.

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