scholarly journals Pacing strategy during Olympic Cross-Country Mountain Bike: effects of performance level, age and sex

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Everton Crivoi Do Carmo ◽  
Allan Inoue ◽  
Cesar Cavinato Cal Abad ◽  
Frederico Antonio dos Santos Andrade ◽  
Valmor Tricoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Mountain Bike ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Age And Sex

Objectives: the aim of the present study was to verify the pacing strategy during a season of a Cross-Country Mountain Bike (XCO-MTB) and the effects of performance level, age and sex. Method: Overall, 802 paces in 4 age-sex categories were analyzed: male elite (EliteM; n = 272), female elite (EliteF; n = 170), male under-23 (U23M; n = 247) and female under-23 (U23F; n = 113). Races were divided into Initial Lap; middle one (Middle1); middle two (Middle2) and Final Lap. The athletes were divided into high performance (HP); intermediated performance (IP) and low performance (LP). The magnitude-based inference and the effect size were assessed to check the changes clinically important. Results: it was observed a similar fast-start strategy for all categories. Both HP EliteM and EliteF athletes showed higher speed in Final Lap than LP (EliteM - ES = 0.5; 90%CI -0.8 to -0.2; very likely and EliteF - ES = 1.0; 90%CI -1.4 to -0.6; almost certain). The U23F athletes showed higher speeds in Initial Lap than EliteF (ES = 0.21; 90%CI - 0.1 to 0.5; likely), however in Final Lap the speeds was lower in U23F (ES = 1; 90%CI -1.3 to -0.6; very likely). Conclusion: the fast-start strategy is typically used during a XCO-MTB race independently of performance level, age or sex. HP Elite athletes are able to maintain higher speeds in the Final Lap. U23F athletes used to do a more variable pacing strategy with more aggressive fast-start strategy and lower speed in Final Lap than EliteF.

Power Output and Pacing During International Cross-Country Mountain Bike Cycling

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1243-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Granier ◽  
Chris R. Abbiss ◽  
Anaël Aubry ◽  
Yvon Vauchez ◽  
Sylvain Dorel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Power ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Mountain Bike ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
World Class ◽  
Physiological Profiles ◽  
Road Cyclists ◽  
Cross Country

Purpose: To characterize the physiological profiles of elite cross-country mountain-bike (XCO-MTB) cyclists and to examine their pacing and power-output (PO) distribution during international races. Methods: Over 2 competitive seasons, 8 male XCO-MTB cyclists (VO2max 79.9 [5.2] mL·min−1·kg−1, maximal aerobic power [MAP] 411 [18] W and 6.3 [0.4] W·kg−1) regularly undertook incremental tests to assess their PO and heart rate (HR) at first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) and at VO2max. During the same period, their PO, HR, speed, and cadence were recorded over 13 international races (total of 30 recorded files). Results: Mean PO, speed, cadence, and HR during the races were 283 (22) W (4.31 [0.32] W·kg−1, 68% [5%] MAP), 19.7 (2.1) km·h−1, 68 (8) rpm, and 172 (11) beats·min−1 (91% [2%] HRmax), respectively. The average times spent below 10% of MAP, between 10% of MAP and VT1, between VT1 and VT2, between VT2 and MAP, and above MAP were 25% (5%), 21% (4%), 13% (3%), 16% (3%), and 26% (5%), respectively. Both speed and PO decreased from the start loop to lap 1 before stabilizing until the end of the race.Conclusions: Elite off-road cyclists demonstrated typical values of world-class endurance cyclists with an excellent power-to-mass ratio. This study demonstrated that XCO-MTB races are performed at higher intensities than reported in previous research and are characterized by a fast start followed by an even pace.

scholarly journals Pacing strategy during cross-country short track mountain bike event

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhaí André Arriel ◽  
Moacir Marocolo
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Biking ◽  
Mountain Bike ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Performance Group ◽  
Technical Ability ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Race Performance ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Although in recent years, cross-country short track (XCC) mountain biking became more popular among athletes and coaches, no study has analyzed the main determinants of performance in this modality. Thus, this study investigates performance and pacing profile of professional cross-country cyclists on different technical sections during a XCC competition. Twenty male professional cross-country cyclists (25.9 ± 5.4 years; eight under 23 and twelve elite), performed 6 laps of a XCC 2020 UCI International Mountain Bike Cup. Average speed (lap by lap and in five different technical sections of the track) were analyzed according to athletes, categories and race performance group. For race performance analyses, cyclists were divided into 4 groups (1-4; n=5 each), according to total race time, presenting group 1 the better performance. In general, XCC athletes adopted a positive pacing profile during competition but no differences in speed over the race or in each circuit section were found between categories (p > 0.05). Race performance groups adopted different pacing profiles: group 1 maintained a more even pacing profile, groups 2 and 3 adopted a positive pacing profile and group 4 adopted a reverse J-shaped pacing profile. No difference in speed was found between categories across track sections. Group 1 was 17.9% and 8.3% faster than the group 4 (p < 0.05) on the non-technical uphill section and more technical uphill/downhill section, respectively. A general positive pacing profile during XCC is adopted by the mainly of athletes and this choice of pacing profile is influenced by race performance, regardless of cyclist category. Furthermore, physical fitness is more relevant than technical ability in this competition.

scholarly journals Síla odrazu běžců na lyžích u vybraných technik běhu

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Pavel Korvas ◽  
Jiří Suchý
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Kinetic Characteristics ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Maximal Force ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
High Performance Level

The contribution is the descriptive study which is dealing with the basic kinetic characteristics of main cross country ski skating techniques. We observed and analysed the leg force during the stroke for open fi eld skating or V1 and V2 skating. Next we studied the time of the stroke (kick). Th e measurement was made with the help of the system Pedar [Novel, GER]. Our observed group created the high performance level competitors, who`s placed till 25th in the SLCR ranking. We found out the various fi gures of maximal force for both technique, usually higher for open fi eld and V1 technique than for V2 skating, the higher force during the skating on the fl at terrain than on the slope for training and race speed. Th e average value of maximal force on the fl at terrain during open fi eld or V1 skating were 1,2 – 1,5 multiple of body weight (BW), for V2 skating we found 1,1 – 1,4 (BW). In the uphill the value were 1,2 – 1,4 (BW) for open fi eld or V1 skating and 1 – 1,2 (BW) for V2.

scholarly journals Pacing during a cross-country mountain bike mass-participation event according to race performance, experience, age and sex

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-801
Author(s):  
Samantha Louise Moss ◽  
Ben Francis ◽  
Giovanna Calogiuri ◽  
Jamie Highton
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Bike ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Mass Participation ◽  
Race Performance ◽  
Age And Sex

scholarly journals Survey of Viral Reactivations in Elite Athletes: A Case-Control Study

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Lari Pyöriä ◽  
Maarit Valtonen ◽  
Raakel Luoto ◽  
Wilma Grönroos ◽  
Matti Waris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Viral Immunity ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Exercise Induced

Exercise-induced immune perturbations have been proposed to increase susceptibility to viral infections. We investigated the replication of persisting viruses as indicators of immune function in elite cross-country skiers after ten months of sustained high-performance exercise. The viruses evaluated, nine human herpesviruses (HHVs) and torque teno virus (TTV), are typically restrained in health but replicate actively in immunosuppressed individuals. We collected sera from 27 Finnish elite cross-country skiers at the end of the competition’s season and 27 matched controls who perform moderate exercise. We quantified all the HHVs and - TTV via highly sensitive qPCRs. To verify equal past exposures between the groups, we assessed the IgG antibody prevalences toward HHV-4 (Epstein–Barr virus, EBV) and HHV-5 (human cytomegalovirus, HCMV). We found equal TTV DNA prevalences in athletes (63%) and controls (63%) and loads with respective geometric means of 1.7 × 103 and 1.2 × 103 copies/mL of serum. Overall, the copy numbers were low and consistent with those of healthy individuals. Neither of the groups presented with herpesvirus viremia despite similar past exposures to HHVs (seroprevalences of EBV 70% vs. 78% and HCMV 52% vs. 44% in athletes and controls, respectively). We found no evidence of increased replication of persistent viruses in elite athletes, arguing against impaired viral immunity due to high-performance exercise.

Tell me only what I want to know: Congruent self-motivation and feedback

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1523-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Huang Lin ◽  
Yidan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Practical Implications

Electronic equipment has enabled consumers to track their behavior and better understand themselves. To investigate whether or not the data provided by quantification devices result in enjoyment for the users, we invited 456 Taiwanese students to take part in an experiment. We examined the interrelationship of user enjoyment and congruent or incongruent feedback from a computer program with self-motivation and performance level. The results demonstrated that mismatched feedback and self-motivation decreased users' enjoyment and matched feedback and self-motivation increased their enjoyment. However, both these effects were attenuated for participants in the low-performance condition as compared with the effect for participants in the high-performance condition. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Pacing in Time-Limited Ultramarathons from 6 to 24 Hours—The Aspects of Age, Sex and Performance Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2705
Author(s):  
Hagen Deusch ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
José Ramón Alvero-Cruz ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
And Training ◽  
Age And Sex

(1) Background: Compared with marathon races, pacing in time-limited ultramarathons has only been poorly discussed in the literature. The aim of the present study was to analyze the interaction of performance level, age and sex with pacing during 6 h, 12 h or 24 h time-limited ultramarathons. (2) Methods: Participants (n = 937, age 48.62 ± 11.80 years) were the finishers in 6 h (n = 40, 17 women and 23 men), 12 h (n = 232, 77 women and 155 men) and 24 h (n = 665, 166 women and 409 men) ultramarathons. The coefficient of variation (CV), calculated as SD/mean, was used to described pacing. Low scores of CV denoted a more even pacing, and vice versa. A two-way analysis of variance examined the main effects and interactions of sex and race duration on age, race speed and pacing. (3) Results: More men participated in the longer race distances than in the shorter ones and men were older and faster than women. Comparing the 6 h, 12 h and 24 h races, the finishers in the 6 h were the fastest, the finishers in the 12 h were the oldest and the finishers in the 24 h showed the most variable pacing. Furthermore, the faster running speed in the 12 h (women, r = −0.64; men, r = −0.49, p < 0.001) and the 24 h (r = −0.47 in women and men, p < 0.001) was related to less variable pacing. (4) Conclusions: These data might help runners and coaches to choose the the proper duration of a race and training programs for their athletes.

scholarly journals Evaluating objective measures of impairment to trunk strength and control for cross-country sit skiing

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Rosso ◽  
Vesa Linnamo ◽  
Yves Vanlandewijck ◽  
Walter Rapp ◽  
Benedikt Fasel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Testing Device ◽  
Trunk Control ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Control ◽  
Trunk Strength

AbstractIn Paralympic cross-country sit skiing, athlete classification is performed by an expert panel, so it may be affected by subjectivity. An evidence-based classification is required, in which objective measures of impairment must be identified. The purposes of this study were: (i) to evaluate the reliability of 5 trunk strength measures and 18 trunk control measures developed for the purposes of classification; (ii) to rank the objective measures, according to the largest effects on performance. Using a new testing device, 14 elite sit-skiers performed two upright seated press tests and one simulated poling test to evaluate trunk strength. They were also subjected to unpredictable balance perturbations to measure trunk control. Tests were repeated on two separate days and test–retest reliability of trunk strength and trunk control measures was evaluated. A cluster analysis was run and correlation was evaluated, including all strength and control measures, to identify the measures that contributed most to clustering participants. Intraclass correlations coefficients (ICC) were 0.71 < ICC < 0.98 and 0.83 < ICC < 0.99 for upright seated press and perturbations, respectively. Cluster analysis identified three clusters with relevance for strength and balance control measures. For strength, in upright seated press peak anterior pushing force without backrest (effect size = 0.77) and ratio of peak anterior pushing force without and with backrest (effect size = 0.72) were significant. For balance control measures, trunk range of motion in forward (effect size = 0.81) and backward (effect size = 0.75) perturbations also contributed. High correlations (− 0.76 < r < − 0.53) were found between strength and control measures. The new testing device, protocol, and the cluster analysis show promising results in assessing impairment of trunk strength and control to empower an evidence-based classification.

scholarly journals Oral health problems in high-performance athletes at 2019 Pan American Games in Lima: a descriptive study

BDJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Opazo-García ◽  
Jeel Moya-Salazar ◽  
Karina Chicoma-Flores ◽  
Hans Contreras-Pulache
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Pan American

Abstract Introduction Dental care is provided for high-performance athletes at national and international sports events. Elite athletes may seek care for sports-related injuries and pre-existing oral diseases. Previous studies indicate an association between oral health problems and negative performance impacts in elite athletes. Objectives To determine the prevalence of the most common oral pathologies in high-performance athletes during the emergency dental care performed at the Lima 2019 Pan American Games (JPL-19). Methodology All reports of athletes (≥18 years old, of both sexes, from 41 countries) who received emergency dental care at Pan American Villas during the JPL-19 were included. Injuries and types of oral diseases were classified according to the Injury and Disease Surveillance System proposed by the International Olympic Committee. Results Of the 6680 participating athletes, 76 (1.14%) presented as dental emergencies, 90.8% (69/76) of the athletes seen presented pre-existing oral pathological conditions, the most frequent were periodontal diseases (34%, 26/76) and dental caries (29%, 22/76). Among the sports with the most cases, there were 22 (29%) in athletics, 6 (8%) in soccer, and 6 (8%) in taekwondo. The most frequent dental emergencies came from Peru, Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Grenada, and Venezuela. Conclusions Pre-existing oral diseases were more frequent than sports-related accidents. The most prevalent diseases were periodontal disease and dental caries disease. It is necessary to implement new care strategies for athletes, based on prevention, before and during sports competitions.

scholarly journals Can artificially selected phenotypes influence a component of field fitness? Thermal selection and fly performance under thermal extremes

2006 ◽  
Vol 274 (1611) ◽  
pp. 771-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Nygaard Kristensen ◽  
Volker Loeschcke ◽  
Ary A Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Correlated Patterns ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Selected Traits

Artificially selected lines are widely used to investigate the genetic basis of quantitative traits and make inferences about evolutionary trajectories. Yet, the relevance of selected traits to field fitness is rarely tested. Here, we assess the relevance of thermal stress resistance artificially selected in the laboratory to one component of field fitness by investigating the likelihood of adult Drosophila melanogaster reaching food bait under different temperatures. Lines resistant to heat reached the bait more often than controls under hot and cold conditions, but less often at intermediate temperatures, suggesting a fitness cost of increased heat resistance but not at temperature extremes. Cold-resistant lines were more common at baits than controls under cold as well as hot field conditions, and there was no cost at intermediate temperatures. One of the replicate heat-resistant lines was caught less often than the others under hot conditions. Direct and correlated patterns of responses in laboratory tests did not fully predict the low performance of the heat selected lines at intermediate temperatures, nor the high performance of the cold selected lines under hot conditions. Therefore, lines selected artificially not only behaved partly as expected based on laboratory assays but also evolved patterns only evident in the field releases.

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