"NOTORIOUS POSITION": LIFE AND "SERVICE" OF THE FAVORITE AT THE COURT OF CATHERINE II IN THE LATE 18TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-58
Author(s):  
Igor' V. Kurukin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Late 18Th Century

This report attempts to examine the daily activities of the last favorite of Catherine II, P.A. Zubov. The complex of published sources (letters of the Empress, chamber-Fourier journals and memoirs of contemporaries) and archival materials from the funds of the RGADA and RGIA (RSHA) allows us to characterize both Zubov’s duties at court as an adjutant General and one of the closest persons to the Empress, as well as his informal activities. The latter were connected primarily not with his official positions, but with the role of an influential intermediary, a channel of unofficial communication between subjects and the Supreme power. However, the same activity did not turn the favorite into a ruler, but rather, on the contrary, made him an Executive official within the existing mechanism of the office of state secretaries.

scholarly journals The Origin of Feminism and the Feminist Movement in the Late 18th — Early 19th Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
О.В. Захарова ◽  
Е.А. Нойкова
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Feminist Movement ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Colonial Oppression

Вторая половина XVIII века в истории Европы богата не только войнами, революциями, колониальной политикой и множеством важных научных, технических и культурных открытий, но также и коренным социальными преобразованиями на европейском общественном пространстве. Именно эпоха Просвещения заложила начало к переоценке женщины как независимой личности, способной на равных правах с мужчинами полноценно участвовать в экономической, политической и производственной деятельности. Период протофеминизма дает богатый исторический материал о начале зарождения первых женских движений, лозунгов и выдвигаемых требований. На данном этапе появляются первые борцы за равноправие между мужчинами и женщинами, первые праматери феминистских движений, заложившие основы и постулаты для будущих поколений, появляются первые труды и первые произведения, положившие начало движению к равноправной гендерной свободе и борьбе женщин за свои права. In the late 18th century, Europe witnessed many wars, revolutions, colonial oppression, but it also saw many important scientific, technical and cultural discoveries and dramatic social changes. The Age of Enlightenment reassessed the role of women as independent personalities who can fully participate in economics, politics and manufacturing at par with men. Protofeminism anticipated modern feminism with its mottos and aspirations. In that era, there appeared first activists fighting for gender equality, forerunners of the feminist movement who formulated the principles of feminism. There appeared first works which lay the foundation of the gender equality movement and initiated womenʼs struggle for their rights.

Foundations, 1872–1918

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-111
Author(s):  
Wilson McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Education System ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
State Education ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses the first wave of Gaelic revival activity in Scotland from the late 18th century onwards, with a focus on the period from 1872 to 1918. It considers the development of different Gaelic organisations and their varying perspectives on the role of Gaelic and the appropriate strategies for development. Most important of these was An Comunn Gaidhealach, which became the main Gaelic organisation until the 1980s. The most important field of controversy concerned the role of Gaelic in the state education system, which was established in 1872. Over time, the education authorities made limited concessions that gave Gaelic a greater role, most notably the clause in the Education (Scotland) Act 1918 requiring education authorities in Gaelic-speaking areas to make provision for the language in the curriculum. The chapter also considers the role of Gaelic in public administration and the churches, and issues concerning the development of linguistic resources for the language.

Books of the 18th century in the collection of the Tambov regional universal scientific library named after A.S. Pushkin

Neophilology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
Ruslan M. Zhitin ◽  
Aleksey G. Topilsky ◽  
Lyudmila N. Patrina
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Russian Media ◽  
System Information ◽  
Basic Research Project

We analyze the qualitative and quantitative composition of the book collection of the civil press of the 18th century, which are in the collection of the Tambov regional universal library named after A.S. Pushkin (hereinafter TRUL). The relevance of the work is connected with the need to restore an objective picture of the creation and functioning of manor libraries of the late 18th century as an element of the cultural environment. The implementation of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research project allowed showing the world of the Tambov book of the 18th century in all its diversity. The novelty of the work lies in a system approach to the study of the array of books in Russian and foreign languages of pre-revolutionary libraries of the Russian province. We consider Tambov collections of foreign books of the 18th century, system information of which is currently absent in historiography and appears only as separate mentions in the works of local historians. The work with the existing repertoire of the library showed the key importance of Derzhavin library for the formation of modern Tambov collections of rare books of the 18th century. It is shown that the main array of the identified publications reflects the products of the Capital printing houses of the 18th century. The variety of thematic composition of the revealed collections is demonstrated. Among these collections of TRUL books there are publications on history, literature, philosophy, religion and natural sciences. The research proves that the study of the composition of the book collections of civil press of the 18th century gives important information for the study of book culture of the Tambov province, allows to analyze the appearance of the book works in the region and to find out the degree of attention to foreign and Russian media. Also it allows to detect the role of the book in the structure of cultural environment.

scholarly journals The Persistent Legacy of the Fallen Empires. Assessing the Effects of Poland's Historical Partitions on Contemporary Social Norms Regarding Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (55) ◽  
pp. 330-351
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Herbst
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Educational Achievements ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Better Than

Abstract This paper refers to the historical experience of Poland in order to demonstrate the importance of former institutions on present regional differences in the norms regarding education. Previous studies revealed significant discrepancies between the scholastic achievements of students in different regions in Poland, ones that correspond to the partition of the country by its three neighbours (Austria, Prussia, and Russia), lasting from the late 18th century to the close of WWI. In particular, students in the former Austrian partition perform better than their peers in the two other regions. In this study, a self-designed survey of parents is used to operationalize different kinds of norms regarding education. As it turns out, parents from the region formerly under Austrian rule show more trust in educational institutions, more belief in the formative role of schooling, and less conviction in the material returns from education. The results show that contemporary discussions on the geography of educational achievements need to take into account the broad cultural context of education.

scholarly journals Apocalyptics of revolution and self-sacrifice in the poem “Lieutenant Schmidt” by B. L. Pasternak

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Oksana A. Maltseva
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features

The paper investigates the structure and significance of a mythopoetic component in the poem “Lieutenant Schmidt” (1926–1927) by B. Pasternak, revealing that mythopoetics contributes to the expression of the author’s Christian views on the events of the Russian revolution of 1905–1907. It depicts the Sevastopol Uprising as a kind of repetition of the tragic history of capture of Kyiv by Mongols-Tatars in the 13th century, as well as the represents bloody realities of the Great French Revolution of the late 18th century, since these events resulted from the fact that society neglected the spiritual and moral foundations of its existence. According to the author the images, arising in the subtext, the images of the Church of the Tithes destroyed in 1240, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) and the October Manifesto (1905), not implemented in time, are the embodiments of such foundations. At the same time, the study emphasizes the significance of a philistine appearance of the “sleeping” fortress-city of Sevastopol. The author draws attention to the fact that the leitmotif of representing the spiritual sleep, lying and violence is the image of the rampant demonic force which eventually engulfed both warring parties. As she argues, there is, however, an antagonistic spiritual origin of this element in the poem — it is exactly in the image of Lieutenant Schmidt who embodies the idea of evangelical self-sacrifice in the era of violence and lack of spirituality. The paper analyzes the nature of internal conflict experienced by the hero, as well as the dynamics of the plot lines connected with him and highlights the role of biblical, historical and literary allusions. The author concludes that the work under study reveals characteristic features of a historical and mythological poem.

Dilettantismus oder „Nebenwerk“?

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-499
Author(s):  
Martin Mulsow
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Part Time Work

Dilettantism or “Nebenwerk”? A Gotha Proposal on the Position of Science at the Courts in the Late 18th Century This essay discusses the contents of a presumably collective program that Gotha intellectuals published in 1776. In the text under study, “Von der spielenden Gelehrsamkeit”, they seek to legitimate their scientific and scholarly part-time work in addition to their employment as court officials or professionals in the ducal residence. The text is polyphonious and seems to be based on compromises between different authors. Accordingly, it does not present a consistent argument. For the historian, the consistency of the text is less relevant than what it reveals about the precarious status of part-time science and how it was viewed by contemporaries. The authors of the proposal argue that a self-confident form of patriotism – a patriotism that is related to the princely territory – and the emphasis on practical applications could help to prevent science and scholarship from sliding into pedantic specialization. For the authors, however, this did not mean rejecting the micrology, the collection of seemingly insignificant individual observations. On the contrary: micrology should be possible precisely because the part-time scholars – through their work for the principality at court – would never lose sight of the big picture. In the previous research discussion about the role of dilettantism in the genesis of science, the question of the relationship between the main activity at court and the secondary activity, the Nebenwerk, as a scientist has so far been neglected. The text under discussion therefore throws an important light on the coupling attempts that have been made here between different social subsystems.

scholarly journals Rethinking savagery: Slavery experiences and the role of emotions in Oldendorp’s mission ethnography

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Van Gent
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
West Indies ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
The People ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Philosophy Of Love ◽  
Danish West Indies ◽  
Colonial Contact

By the late 18th century, the Moravian mission project had grown into a global enterprise. Moravian missionaries’ personal and emotional engagements with the people they sought to convert impacted not only on their understanding of Christianity, but also caused them to rethink the nature of civilization and humanity in light of their frontier experiences. In this article I discuss the construction of ‘savagery’ in the mission ethnography of C. G. A. Oldendorp (1721–87). Oldendorp’s journey to slave-holding societies in the Danish West Indies, where Moravian missions had been established in the 1730s, and his own experiences of the violence of these societies had such an impact on him that his proto-ethnographic descriptions of all the inhabitants of the Danish West Indies – from slaves to slaveholders – broke with traditional representations of savagery. He suggested two different paths for emotional transformation: one for slaves, and another for slaveholders. His views aligned with those of the later abolitionists, yet he was writing sixty years before those movements first gained public momentum in Great Britain. In many ways, therefore, this early mission ethnography reshaped contemporary understandings of ‘savagery’. I consider how Oldendorp did this in relation to a Moravian theology of the heart and love of Christ, the emerging Scottish Enlightenment philosophy of ‘love of humanity’ and its use in colonial encounters between missionaries and local people, and especially the emotions that were provoked by the extreme violence of the slavery system in this colonial contact zone.

scholarly journals Особенности иконографии в калмыцкой вышивке: традиционные и современные практики

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-336
Author(s):  
Tatyana I. Sharaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Spiritual Guidance ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Religious Cult ◽  
Private And Public

Introduction. The Kalmyks are a Mongolic Buddhist people that arrived in the Volga region in the 17th century. The specific ethnic features of Buddhism professed by the Kalmyks took shape over centuries of Russian suzerainty and were determined by various historical factors, including prolonged remoteness from Buddhist centers, the total eradication of Buddhist monasteries and centuries-long ban on spiritual guidance experienced in the 20th century, and the official Buddhist restoration by the early 21st century. Goals. The work aims at identifying and comparing traditional and contemporary Buddhist thangka patterns as elements to mirror particular features of Kalmyk iconography, as essential objects of religious cult and cultural heritage at large. Results. The paper shows that in the pre-20th century period Kalmyks used different techniques for producing thangkas — painting, embroidery, and applique ones. In the late 18th century onwards, imports of religious attributes from Tibet and Mongolia were restricted, and the role of art workshops affiliated to local Buddhist temples increased. That resulted in further development of thangka painting schools and the shaping of somewhat ethnic style in depicting Buddhist deities characterized by certain differences from canonical images. The old thangkas from private and public collections have served a basis for the restoration of ethnic painting traditions integral to Kalmykia’s Buddhism proper. The contemporary practices of producing divine images are closely related to stages in the regional development of Buddhism from the late 20th century to the present, lay Buddhist experiences, women’s leisure-time activities, and ethnic entrepreneurship. The study concludes contemporary Kalmyk needlewomen are guided by traditional rules of religious craftsmanship.

Study of Poligar Violence in Late 18th Century Tamil Country in South India

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 245-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raman N. Seylon
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
South India ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Traditional Mode

Abstract This paper is written in an effort to understand the nature and the causes behind the brutal acts of violence unleashed by the poligar military households of South India. It particularly focuses on the poligar rajah Kattabomma Nayakar, who has, since the early 1950s, assumed the role of an ancestor figure of Tamil nationalism. I have relied mainly on colonial archival materials and a few folkloric accounts as my sources and used the anthropological insights of F. G. Baily, Victor Turner, and Steward Gordon in their studies of the political conflicts. In this paper, I do not so much question the reliability and accuracy of the colonial materials. However, I examine their interpretations and the motivations that many historians seem to have overlooked. This is particularly so in the case of poligar led violence as its true causes are often misrepresented and misunderstood in colonial records. We could even say that there is a vested colonial interest in misunderstanding these acts of violence, which are often used as citations to justify the subsequent colonial policies directed not only against the poligars but also against the entire the civil population of the Tamil country. In this paper, I argue that the poligars such as Kattabomma Nayakar were rebels with a cause. They saw themselves indulging in most cases in activities that stood within the bounds of the poligars' traditional mode of conduct. Further, I will also demonstrate how the political violence is intimately linked with political mobility and state formation in pre modern South India. A wider applicability of the results of this study to other parts of South Asia is useful in illuminating the causes and the nature of the political conflicts in various cross cultural settings.

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