Electrochemical cleaning of soils with different concentrations of oil pollution using a single source of electrical voltage

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 674-680
Author(s):  
Nikolay S. Shulaev ◽  
◽  
Valeriya V. Pryanichnikova ◽  
Ramil R. Kadyrov ◽  
Inna V. Ovsyannikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Electrode Space ◽  
Soil Excavation ◽  
Interelectrode Resistance

The most essential scientifific and practical task in the area of ecological safety of pipelines operation is the development and improvement of methods of purifification and restoration of oil-contaminated soils. One of the most effificient and cost effective methods is electrochemical purifification, that does not require the use of expensive chemical reagents and soil excavation. However, the consideration of non-uniform contamination of various soil sections is required. The article examines the features of the organization and technological infrastructure for electrochemical purifification of non-uniformly contaminated soils when using a single electrical energy source, a method for calculating the design parameters of the corresponding installation is proposed. Effificient purifification of non-uniformly contaminated soil when using a specifified voltage is possible through the use of different-sized electrodes. For each soil type, the amount of transmitted electric charge required for soil purifification is determined by the concentration of the contaminant. Allocation of cathodes and anodes as parallel batteries and their connection using individual buses is an effective and energy-effificient solution, since an almost-uniform electric fifield is created in an inter-electrode space, thus allowing the reduction of the interelectrode resistance of the medium.

Monitoring of Petroleum-Related Environmental Contamination Using Fluorescence Fingerprinting

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Literathy ◽  
M. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Aromatic Components ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Petroleum and its refined products are considered the most complex contaminants frequently impacting the environment in significant quantities. They have heterogeneous chemical composition and alterations occur during environmental weathering. No single analytical method exists to characterize the petroleum-related environmental contamination. For monitoring, the analytical approaches include gravimetric, spectrometric and chromatographic methods having significant differences in their selectivity, sensitivity and cost-effectiveness. Recording fluorescence fingerprints of the cyclohexane extracts of the water, suspended solids, sediment or soil samples and applying appropriate statistical evaluation (e.g. by correlating the concatenated emission spectra of the fingerprints of the samples with arbitrary standards (e.g. petroleum products)), provides a powerful, cost-effective analytical tool for characterization of the type of oil pollution and detecting the most harmful aromatic components of the petroleum contaminated matrix. For monitoring purposes, the level of the contamination can be expressed as the equivalent concentration of an appropriate characteristic standard, based on the fluorescence intensities at the relevant characteristic wavelengths. These procedures are demonstrated in the monitoring of petroleum-related pollution in the water and suspended sediment in the Danube river basin

Analytic Optimization of Cost Effective Thermoelectric Generation on Top of Rankine Cycle

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuaki Yazawa ◽  
Yee Rui Koh ◽  
Ali Shakouri
Keyword(s):  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Steam Temperature ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Fuel Consumption Rate ◽  
The Impact

Thermoelectric (TE) generators have a potential advantage of the wide applicable temperature range by a proper selection of materials. In contrast, a steam turbine (ST) as a Rankine cycle thermodynamic generator is limited up to more or less 630 °C for the heat source. Unlike typical waste energy recovery systems, we propose a combined system placing a TE generator on top of a ST Rankine cycle generator. This system produces an additional power from the same energy source comparing to a stand-alone steam turbine system. Fuel efficiency is essential both for the economic efficiency and the ecological friendliness, especially for the global warming concern on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. We report our study of the overall performance of the combined system with primarily focusing on the design parameters of thermoelectric generators. The steam temperature connecting two individual generators gives a trade-off in the system design. Too much lower the temperature reduces the ST performance and too much higher the temperature reduces the temperature difference across the TE generator hence reduces the TE performance. Based on the analytic modeling, the optimum steam temperature to be designed is found near at the maximum power design of TE generator. This optimum point changes depending on the hours-of-operation. It is because the energy conversion efficiency directly connects to the fuel consumption rate. As the result, physical upper-limit temperature of steam for ST appeared to provide the best fuel economy. We also investigated the impact of improving the figure-of-merit (ZT) of TE materials. As like generic TE engines, reduction of thermal conductivity is the most influential parameter for improvement. We also discuss the cost-performance. The combined system provides the payback per power output at the initial and also provides the significantly better energy economy [$/KWh].

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Cost-Optimal Method Applied to Existing Schools Considering PV System Optimization

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Cecilia Ciacci ◽  
Neri Banti ◽  
Vincenzo Di Naso ◽  
Frida Bazzocchi
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heating System ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Environment ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
The Cost

In Italy in 2020, only 15.5% of school building heritage was retrofitted from an energy and environmental point of view. In this paper, the cost-optimal method was applied to two different school buildings belonging to the same Italian cold climate zone but characterized by different structural and technological solutions. The research aims at defining the cost-effective redevelopment solution among several ones proposed to apply to this building type. At the same time, this paper provides a critical analysis of the methodology applied, highlighting deficiencies related to a not proper evaluation of environmentally friendly retrofitting measures. In a cost-effective context, the main results show that the intervention on the heating system is more convenient than the retrofitting of the envelope. The energy saving is equal to about 35% for both considered schools. Among the different proposed requalification configurations, the adoption of PV (photovoltaic) electric generation is included. In this regard, an optimization procedure was implemented in a generative design environment to maximize energy production with reference to different design parameters. As a result, a solution with south oriented PV modules with a tilt angle of 42° and arranged in 0.7 m spaced rows proved to be the most effective.

scholarly journals Design parameters influencing the operation of a CHP plant within a micro-grid: application of the ANOVA test

2020 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Alberto Fichera ◽  
Arturo Pagano ◽  
Rosaria Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Cogeneration System ◽  
Micro Grid ◽  
Cost Parameters

Combined heat and power systems are widely recognized as a cost-effective solution for the achievement of sustainable and energy efficiency goals. During the last decade, cogeneration systems have been extensively studied from both the technological and operational viewpoints. However, the operation of a cogeneration system is a topic still worth of investigation. In fact, along with the determination of the optimal configurations of the combined heat and power systems, it is likewise fundamental to increase the awareness on the design and cost parameters affecting the operation of cogeneration systems, especially if considering the micro-grid in which they are inserted. In this direction, this paper proposed a mixed integer linear programming model with the objective of minimizing the total operational costs of the micro-grid. Different scenarios include the satisfaction of the cooling demands of the micro-grid as well as the opportuneness to include a heat storage. The influence of the main design and cost parameters on the operation of the micro-grid has been assessed by adopting the statistical tool ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance). The model and the experimental application of the ANOVA have been applied to a micro-grid serving a hospital located in the South of Italy.

Sensitivity Study of Critical Parameters Influencing the Uncertainty of Fatigue Damage in Steel Catenary Risers

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zi Li ◽  
Ying Min Low
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Steel Catenary Riser ◽  
Bending Stresses ◽  
Steel Catenary Risers ◽  
Touchdown Point

The most challenging aspect of a deepwater development is the riser system, and a cost-effective choice is the Steel Catenary Riser (SCR). Fatigue is often a governing design consideration, and it is usually most critical at the touchdown point (TDP) where static and dynamic bending stresses are highest. Unfortunately, it is also at this region that uncertainty is the maximum. The increased uncertainty casts doubt on the applicability of generic safety factors recommended by design codes, and the most consistent way of ensuring the structural safety of the SCR is to employ a reliability-based approach, which has so far not received attention in SCR design. As the number of basic random variables affects the complexity of a reliability analysis, these variables should be selected with caution. To this end, the aim of this paper is to draw up a comprehensive list of design parameters that may contribute meaningfully to the uncertainty of the fatigue damage. From this list, several parameters are selected for sensitivity studies using the commercial package Orcaflex. It is found that variations in seabed parameters such as soil stiffness, soil suction and seabed trench can have a pronounced influence on the uncertainty of the fatigue damage at the touchdown point.

Analysis and Optimization of a Passive Micromixer With Curved-Shaped Baffles for Efficient Mixing With Low Pressure Loss in Continuous Flow

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar A. Cortes-Quiroz ◽  
Alireza Azarbadegan ◽  
Emadaldin Moeendarbary ◽  
Mehrdad Zangeneh
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Mixing Efficiency ◽  
Outlet Section ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Mixing Index ◽  
Trade Offs

Numerical simulations and an optimization method are used to study the design of a planar T-micromixer with curved-shaped baffles in the mixing channel. The mixing efficiency and the pressure loss in the mixing channel have been evaluated for Reynolds number (Re) in the mixing channel in the range 1 to 250. A Mixing index (Mi) has been defined to quantify the mixing efficiency. Three geometric dimensions: radius of baffle, baffles pitch and height of the channel, are taken as design parameters, whereas the mixing index at the outlet section and the pressure loss in the mixing channel are the performance parameters used to optimize the micromixer geometry. To investigate the effect of design and operation parameters on the device performance, a systematic design and optimization methodology is applied, which combines Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with an optimization strategy that integrates Design of Experiments (DOE), Surrogate modeling (SM) and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) techniques. The Pareto front of designs with the optimum trade-offs of mixing index and pressure loss is obtained for different values of Re. The micromixer can enhance mixing using the mechanisms of diffusion (lower Re) and convection (higher Re) to achieve values over 90%, in particular for Re in the order of 100 that has been found the cost-effective level for volume flow. This study applies a systematic procedure for evaluation and optimization of a planar T-mixer with baffles in the channel that promote transversal 3-D flow as well as recirculation secondary flows that enhance mixing.

An efficient protocol for the isolation of fungal DNA for strains obtained from oil contaminated fields

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 162-165
Author(s):  
Bhavya Ravi ◽  
Madhulika Rai ◽  
Sandhya Mehrotra ◽  
Rajesh Mehrotra
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Dna Isolation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Dna Yield ◽  
Genomic Study ◽  
Fungal Dna

A natural ecosystem contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons is likely to favor the growth of taxonomically diverse microbes having the ability to degrade these organic compounds. They can be exploited for purposes like bioremediation of oil contaminated soils and to obtain enzymes like lipases having important industrial applications. In this paper, a novel “IBG” (Improved ‘Bust and Grab’) protocol has been reported for the isolation of fungal DNA from strains collected from oil contaminated fields. Conventional methods for DNA isolation from fungi require the use of enzymes, liquid nitrogen, glass beads etc. The method reported here circumvents the use of enzymes or glass beads and is cost effective and can be used while handling large number of samples. The DNA yield obtained by the IBG protocol is significant and of good quality. The good quality DNA isolated by IBG protocol can be used for the quick and cost effective isolation of fungal genomic DNA facilitating the genomic study of microbes obtained from oil contaminated fields.

Building 8500+ Trail Bridges in the Himalayas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Groeli
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Suspension Bridge ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Suspension Bridges ◽  
Teaching Resources ◽  
Economic Output

<p>Mobility is one of the most challenging fundamentals of rural livelihood in the Himalayan hills and mountains. More than 8500 trail bridges, comprising an overall span-length of about 650 kilometers have been constructed to date, saving millions of walking hours for people living in the rural Himalayan areas. Previously, crossing rivers was dangerous and sometimes impossible, especially in the rainy season. These bridges created vital connections which enabled children to go to school and people to access public services and visit medical centers and sanctuaries. They also boost local economic output by reducing the effort required to run local farms, gather crops and visit regional markets.</p><p>Fig. 1:The struggles and dangers of crossing a river and its solution</p><p>Swiss technical assistance for rural trail bridges started in the early sixties with the construction of a few suspension bridges in the hill areas of Nepal. In 1964 the Nepalese Government established the Suspension Bridge Division (SBD), and starting in 1972 the Swiss Government began providing continuous technical and financial assistance. Similarly, the Public Works Department in Bhutan initiated a country wide trail bridge construction program in 1971 for which assistance was provided from 1985-2010. Exchanges of experiences between these programs created a collaborative environment where new ideas could be evaluated and tested in the field. After SBD initially developed the basic technical norms, design parameters and standard designs suitable for long-span bridges, demand for simpler shorter span bridges rose tremendously. This prompted the program to develop “community executable bridge designs” adapted to the local skills and materials while conforming to established engineering standards. As a result, cost-effective, easy to implement technologies and community-based approaches were developed, which have been replicated in numerous countries leading to multiple successful partnerships in international development cooperation.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to highlight the following outcomes of the trail bridge-program:</p><ul><li><p>Standardized cost-effective trail bridge designs based on local capabilities and bridge-building techniques</p></li><li><p>Published of manuals, technical drawings and teaching resources for design, construction and fabrication</p></li><li><p>Engaged local communities in the construction, operation and maintenance of trail bridges</p></li><li><p>Compiled comprehensive trail bridge directory for planning, monitoring and maintenance</p></li><li><p>Established Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) with institutional frameworks at national and local level</p></li><li><p>‘South-South Cooperation’ with Bhutan, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Laos, Burundi, Honduras, Guatemala</p></li></ul>

scholarly journals Economic aspects of management and planning of waste processing system development

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 02079
Author(s):  
Edvard Tshovrebov ◽  
Evgeniy Velichko ◽  
Ural Niyazgulov ◽  
Yuliya Sadchikova
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
Production And Consumption

Annually, increasing volumes of industrial and municipal waste generation and disposal, leading to increasing anthropogenic environmental and sanitary-epidemiological pressure on the environment and, as a consequence, significant environmental damage and associated economic damage to natural ecosystems, represent one of the main threats to environmental safety territories, life and health of the population. At the same time, numerous valuable components extracted from processed production and consumption wastes can be an important source of reserve for the development of industries and sectors of the economy, entrepreneurial activities in the use of secondary resources for production, services, works and energy. This factor dictates the need to search for new sound management, economic, organizational and technical approaches and solutions to lawmaking, planning and forecasting the cost-effective organization of the system of separate collection, processing, disposal, disposal of production and consumption waste, the development of an appropriate industrial, scientific and technological infrastructure, increasing the share of secondary material and energy resources extracted from waste, the development of instruments of state oh support and economic incentives for this activity.

Sensorless Detection of Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parasuram P. Harihara ◽  
Alexander G. Parlos
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Load ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Centrifugal Pumps ◽  
Detection Scheme ◽  
Pump Design ◽  
Electric Power Supply

Analysis of electrical signatures has been in use for some time for estimating the condition of induction motors, by extracting spectral indicators from motor current waveforms. In most applications, motors are used to drive dynamic loads, such as pumps, fans, and blowers, by means of power transmission devices, such as belts, couplers, gear-boxes. Failure of either the electric motors or the driven loads is associated with operational disruption. The large costs associated with the resulting idle equipment and personnel can often be avoided if the degradation is detected in its early stages prior to reaching failure conditions. Hence the need arises for cost-effective detection schemes not only for assessing the condition of the motor but also of the driven load. This prompts one to consider approaches that use no add-on sensors, in order to avoid any reduction in overall system reliability and increased costs. This paper presents an experimentally demonstrated sensorless approach to detecting varying levels of cavitation in centrifugal pumps. The proposed approach is sensorless in the sense that no mechanical sensors are required on either the pump or the motor driving the pump. Rather, onset of pump cavitation is detected using only the line voltages and phase currents of the electric motor driving the pump. Moreover, most industrial motor switchgear are equipped with potential transformers and current transformers which can be used to measure the motor voltages and currents. The developed fault detection scheme is insensitive to electric power supply and mechanical load variations. Furthermore, it does not require a priori knowledge of a motor or pump model or any detailed motor or pump design parameters; a model of the system is adaptively estimated on-line. The developed detection algorithm has been tested on data collected from a centrifugal pump connected to a 3 φ, 3 hp induction motor. Several cavitation levels are staged with increased severity. In addition to these staged pump faults, extensive experiments are also conducted to test the false alarm performance of the algorithm. Results from these experiments allow us to offer the conclusion that for the cases under consideration, the proposed model-based detection scheme reveals cavitation detection times that are comparable to those obtained from vibration analysis with a detection threshold that is significantly lower than used in industrial practice.

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